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Tang Z, Lv Y, Zhu Z, Lu Y, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Liao Y, Wang B. Biomechanical characteristic differences of two new types of intramedullary nail devices in the treatment of comminuted intertrochanteric fractures of femur: a comparative study based on finite element analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:583. [PMID: 39304891 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the recent application of two new types of intramedullary nail devices in the treatment of comminuted femoral intertrochanteric fractures (CFIFs), there is still a lack of deep understanding and comparative evaluation of their biomechanical properties. Therefore, this study aims to systematically compare the advantages and disadvantages of these two new devices with traditional proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) and InterTan nails in the fixation of CFIFs through finite element analysis. METHODS Based on the validated finite element model, this study constructed an accurate CFIFs model. In this model, PFNA, InterTan nails, proximal femoral bionic nails (PFBN), and new intramedullary systems (NIS) were implanted, totaling four groups of finite element models. Each group of models was subjected to simulation tests under a vertical load of 2100 N to evaluate the displacement and Von Mises stress (VMS) distribution of the femur and intramedullary nail devices. RESULTS Under a vertical load of 2100 N, a comparative analysis of the four finite element models showed that the NIS device exhibited the most superior performance in terms of peak displacement, while the PFNA device performed relatively poorly. Although the NIS device had the highest peak stress in the femur, it had the smallest peak displacement of both the femur and intramedullary nail devices, and the peak stress was mainly concentrated on the lateral side of the femur, with significantly lower stress in the proximal femur compared to the other three intramedullary nail devices. In contrast, the PFBN device had the lowest peak stress in the femur, and its peak displacement of both the femur and intramedullary nail devices was also less than that of PFNA and InterTan nails. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that in the treatment of CFIFs, PFBN and NIS devices exhibit superior biomechanical performance compared to traditional PFNA and InterTan nail devices. Especially the NIS device, which can achieve good biomechanical results when fixing femoral intertrochanteric fractures with missing medial wall. Therefore, both PFBN and NIS devices can be considered reliable closed reduction and internal fixation techniques for the treatment of CFIFs, with potential clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Zhexi Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yafei Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haibin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yazhong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Yifeng Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China.
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Duan W, Liang H, Fan X, Zhou D, Wang Y, Zhang H. Research Progress on the Treatment of Geriatric Intertrochanteric Femur Fractures with Proximal Femur Bionic Nails (PFBNs). Orthop Surg 2024. [PMID: 38982572 DOI: 10.1111/os.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Intertrochanteric femur fracture is the most common hip fracture in elderly people, and the academic community has reached a consensus that early surgery is imperative. Proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) and InterTan are the preferred internal fixation devices for intertrochanteric femur fractures in elderly individuals due to their advantages, such as a short lever arm, minimal stress shielding, and resistance to rotation. However, PFNA is associated with complications such as nail back-out and helical blade cut-out due to stress concentration. As a new internal fixation device for intertrochanteric femur fractures, the proximal femoral biodegradable nail (PFBN) addresses the issue of nail back-out and offers more stable fracture fixation, a shorter lever arm, and stress distribution compared to PFNA and InterTan. Clinical studies have shown that compared to PFNA, PFBNs lead to faster recovery of hip joint function, shorter non-weight-bearing time, and faster fracture healing. This article provides a literature review of the structural characteristics, biomechanical analysis, and clinical studies of PFBNs, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of internal fixation devices for the treatment of intertrochanteric femur fractures in elderly patients and to improve the quality of life of patients during the postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Duan
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Department of Traumatic, Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Department of Traumatic, Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Department of Traumatic, Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Traumatic, Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Department of Traumatic, Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Haidong Zhang
- Department of Traumatic, Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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Zhang YF, Ren C, Yao MX, Zhao SG, Ding K, Wang HC, Chen W, Zhang Q, Zhang YZ. Biomechanical comparison of the therapeutic effect of a novel proximal femoral bionic intramedullary nail and traditional inverted triangle hollow screw on femoral neck fracture. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:359. [PMID: 38880901 PMCID: PMC11181575 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel Proximal Femoral Bionic Nail (PFBN) has been developed by a research team for the treatment of femoral neck fractures. This study aims to compare the biomechanical properties of the innovative PFBN with those of the conventional Inverted Triangular Cannulated Screw (ITCS) fixation method through biomechanical testing. METHODS Sixteen male femoral specimens preserved in formalin were selected, with the donors' age at death averaging 56.1 ± 6.3 years (range 47-64 years), and a mean age of 51.4 years. The femurs showed no visible damage and were examined by X-rays to exclude diseases affecting bone quality such as tumors, severe osteoporosis, and deformities. The 16 femoral specimens were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 8) and a control group (n = 8). All femurs were prepared with Pauwels type III femoral neck fractures, fixed with PFBN in the experimental group and ITCS in the control group. Displacement and stress limits of each specimen were measured through cyclic compression tests and failure experiments, and vertical displacement and strain values under a 600 N vertical load were measured in all specimens through vertical compression tests. RESULTS In the vertical compression test, the average displacement at the anterior head region of the femur was 0.362 mm for the PFBN group, significantly less than the 0.480 mm for the ITCS group (p < 0.001). At the fracture line area, the average displacement for the PFBN group was also lower than that of the ITCS group (0.196 mm vs. 0.324 mm, p < 0.001). The difference in displacement in the shaft area was smaller, but the average displacement for the PFBN group (0.049 mm) was still significantly less than that for the ITCS group (0.062 mm, p = 0.016). The situation was similar on the posterior side of the femur. The average displacements in the head area, fracture line area, and shaft area for the PFBN group were 0.300 mm, 0.168 mm, and 0.081 mm, respectively, while those for the ITCS group were 0.558 mm, 0.274 mm, and 0.041 mm, with significant differences in all areas (p < 0.001). The average strain in the anterior head area for the PFBN group was 4947 μm/m, significantly less than the 1540 μm/m for the ITCS group (p < 0.001). Likewise, in the fracture line and shaft areas, the average strains for the PFBN group were significantly less than those for the ITCS group (p < 0.05). In the posterior head area, the average strain for the PFBN group was 4861 μm/m, significantly less than the 1442 μm/m for the ITCS group (p < 0.001). The strain conditions in the fracture line and shaft areas also showed the PFBN group was superior to the ITCS group (p < 0.001). In cyclic loading experiments, the PFBN fixation showed smaller maximum displacement (1.269 mm vs. 1.808 mm, p < 0.001), indicating better stability. In the failure experiments, the maximum failure load that the PFBN-fixated fracture block could withstand was significantly higher than that for the ITCS fixation (1817 N vs. 1116 N, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The PFBN can meet the biomechanical requirements for internal fixation of femoral neck fractures. PFBN is superior in biomechanical stability compared to ITCS, particularly showing less displacement and higher failure resistance in cyclic load and failure experiments. While there are differences in strain performance in different regions between the two fixation methods, overall, PFBN provides superior stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xuan Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Guang Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Cheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese Academy of Engineering, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Yang Y, Tong Y, Cheng X, Zhu Y, Chen W, Cui Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y. Comparative study of a novel proximal femoral bionic nail and three conventional cephalomedullary nails for reverse obliquity intertrochanteric fractures: a finite element analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1393154. [PMID: 38938983 PMCID: PMC11208680 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1393154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conventional cephalomedullary nails (CMNs) are commonly employed for internal fixation in the treatment of reverse obliquity intertrochanteric (ROI) fractures. However, the limited effectiveness of conventional CMNs in addressing ROI fractures results in significant implant-related complications. To address challenges associated with internal fixation, a novel Proximal Femoral Bionic Nail (PFBN) has been developed. Methods In this study, a finite element model was constructed using a normal femoral specimen, and biomechanical verification was conducted using the GOM non-contact optical strain measurement system. Four intramedullary fixation approaches-PFBN, Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation InterTan nail (ITN), and Gamma nail (Gamma nail)-were employed to address three variations of ROI fractures (AO/OTA 31-A3). The biomechanical stability of the implant models was evaluated through the calculation of the von Mises stress contact pressure and displacement. Results Compared to conventional CMNs, the PFBN group demonstrated a 9.36%-59.32% reduction in the maximum VMS at the implant. The A3.3 ROI fracture (75% bone density) was the most unstable type of fracture. In comparison to conventional CMNs, PFBN demonstrated more stable data, including VMS values (implant: 506.33 MPa, proximal fracture fragment: 34.41 MPa), contact pressure (13.28 MPa), and displacement (17.59 mm). Conclusion Compared to the PFNA, ITN, and GN, the PFBN exhibits improvements in stress concentration, stress conduction, and overall model stability in ROI fractures. The double triangle structure aligns better with the tissue structure and biomechanical properties of the proximal femur. Consequently, the PFBN has significant potential as a new fixation strategy for the clinical treatment of ROI fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiang Yang
- Trauma Emergency Center, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Tong
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Trauma Emergency Center, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- Trauma Emergency Center, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Trauma Emergency Center, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunwei Cui
- Trauma Emergency Center, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Trauma Emergency Center, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Trauma Emergency Center, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Shijiazhuang, China
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Shen X, Guo H, Chen G, Lian H, Guo W, Wang Z, Xu Z, Li Z. Finite element analysis of proximal femur bionic nail for treating intertrochanteric fractures in osteoporotic bone. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38767367 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2355492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the biomechanical characteristics of proximal femur bionic nail (PFBN) and proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) in treating osteoporotic femoral intertrochanteric fractures using finite element analysis. Under similar bone density, the PFBN outperforms the PFNA in maximum femoral displacement, internal fixation displacement, stress distribution in the femoral head and internal fixation components, and femoral neck varus angle. As the bone density decreases, the PFBN's biomechanical advantages over PFNA become more pronounced. This finding suggests that the PFBN is superior for treating osteoporotic intertrochanteric femoral fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shen
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Trauma, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongyu Lian
- Second Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zihao Xu
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zitao Li
- Second Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- Mudanjiang Beiyao Resources Development and Application Cooperation Center, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
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Ding K, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang H, Li J, Chen W, Zhang Q, Zhang Y. Proximal femoral bionic nail-a novel internal fixation system for the treatment of femoral neck fractures: a finite element analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1297507. [PMID: 38116197 PMCID: PMC10728673 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1297507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Currently, cannulated screws (CSs) and dynamic hip screws (DHSs) are widely used for the treatment of femoral neck fractures, but the postoperative complications associated with these internal fixations remain high. In response to this challenge, our team proposes a new approach involving triangular-supported fixation and the development of the proximal femoral bionic nail (PFBN). The primary objective of this study is to investigate the biomechanical differences among CSs, DHSs, and the PFBN in their capacity to stabilize femoral neck fractures. Methods: A normal proximal femur model was constructed according to the CT data of a normal healthy adult. A femoral neck fracture model was constructed and fixed with CSs, DHSs, and the PFBN to simulate the fracture fixation model. Abaqus 6.14 software was used to compare the biomechanical characters of the three fracture fixation models. Results: The maximum stresses and displacements of the normal proximal femur were 45.35 MPa and 2.83 mm, respectively. Under axial loading, the PFBN was more effective than DHSs and CSs in improving the stress concentration of the internal fixation and reducing the peak values of von Mises stress, maximum principal stress, and minimum principal stress. The PFBN fixation model exhibits superior overall and fracture section stability in comparison to both the DHS fixation model and the CS fixation model under axial loading. Notably, the maximum stress and peak displacement of the PFBN and bone were lower than those of the DHS and CS fixation models under bending and torsional loading. Conclusion: The PFBN shows considerable improvement in reducing stress concentration, propagating stress, and enhancing the overall stability in the femoral neck fracture fixation model compared to DHSs and CSs. These enhancements more closely correspond to the tissue structure and biomechanical characteristics of the proximal femur, demonstrating that the PFBN has great potential for therapeutic purposes in treating femoral neck fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ding
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Minimally Invasive Intelligent Equipment, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Minimally Invasive Intelligent Equipment, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Minimally Invasive Intelligent Equipment, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yonglong Li
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Minimally Invasive Intelligent Equipment, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haicheng Wang
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Minimally Invasive Intelligent Equipment, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiaxing Li
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Minimally Invasive Intelligent Equipment, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Minimally Invasive Intelligent Equipment, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Minimally Invasive Intelligent Equipment, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Minimally Invasive Intelligent Equipment, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- Chinese Academy of Engineering, Bejing, China
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