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Ma J, Chen F, Zhou B, Zhang Z, Pan K. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on cadmium tolerance in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156615. [PMID: 35691352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the influence of major nutrients on metal toxicity in marine phytoplankton has been widely explored, the mechanisms involving the cell surface are poorly understood. Here, the model marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was cultured under different nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) availabilities from the f/2 to the f/20 level in the laboratory; the diatom's accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and the effects of the physical and chemical properties of the cell wall were investigated at the single-cell level. Under higher N and/or P supply at the f/2 level, both the adsorption and uptake of Cd were enhanced in the P. tricornutum cells. The N and P increased the ion-binding sites on the cell surface, causing more negative surface potential and less depolarization of the diatoms' cell walls. Up-regulated transporter genes were detected in those cells with enriched nutrient supply, which could be attributed to the higher Cd uptake. These results strongly indicate that N and P are critical nutrients for frustule-mediated metal accumulation and tolerance in marine diatoms. Our study provides new clues on the nutrient-dependent cell-surface physical and chemical mechanisms involved in metal toxicity in marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Beibei Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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2
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Rumjanek VM, Maia RC, Salustiano EJ, Costa PR. Insights into the Biological Evaluation of Pterocarpanquinones and Carbapterocarpans with Anti-tumor Activity against MDR Leukemias. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:29-37. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666180420165128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to find anticancer agents that could overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), two new
classes of modified isoflavonoids were designed and synthesized, and their effectiveness evaluated against a
vast array of tumor cell lines. Pterocarpanquinone (LQB-118) and 11a-aza-5-carbapterocarpan (LQB-223) were
the most promising. LQB-118 induced cell death, in vitro, in the µM range, to a number of human cancer cell
lines as well as to fresh tumor cells obtained from patients with acute or chronic myeloid leukemia, independent
on whether they exhibit the MDR phenotype or not. Furthermore, leukemic cells were more sensitive to LQB-
118 compared to cells from solid tumors. Given to mice, in vivo, LQB-118 affected the growth of melanoma,
Ehrlich carcinoma and prostate cancer cells. Conversely, no general toxicity was observed in vivo, by biochemical,
hematological, anatomical or histological parameters and toxicity in vitro against normal cells was low. The
process involved in tumor cell death seemed to vary according to cell type. Apoptosis was studied by externalization
of phosphatidylserine, DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, reduced expression of XIAP and survivin,
ER stress, cytosolic calcium increase and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Autophagy was also
evaluated inhibiting caspase-9, with no effect observed in beclin 1, whereas pre-treatment with rapamycin increased
cytotoxicity induced by LQB-118. In addition, LQB-118 increased ROS, inhibited NFκB nuclear translocation
and secretion of TNF-α, modulated microRNAs miR-9 and miR-21 and modified the cell cycle. Despite
being less studied, the cytotoxic effect of the 11a-aza-5-carbapterocarpan LQB-223 was present against several
tumor cell lines, including those with the MDR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M. Rumjanek
- Laboratorio de Imunologia Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquimica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel C. Maia
- Laboratorio de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J. Salustiano
- Laboratorio de Imunologia Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquimica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo R.R. Costa
- Laboratorio de Quimica Bio-organica (LQB), Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhao MX, Wen JL, Wang L, Wang XP, Chen TS. Intracellular catalase activity instead of glutathione level dominates the resistance of cells to reactive oxygen species. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:609-619. [PMID: 30989612 PMCID: PMC6527626 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-00993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artesunate (ARS) induced significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HepG2, HeLa, and A549 lines. However, ARS induced ROS-dependent apoptosis in HeLa and A549 cell lines but ROS-independent apoptosis in HepG2 cells. A total of 200 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly induced cytotoxicity in HeLa cells, while H2O2 up to 300 μM did not induce cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, further demonstrating the strong resistance of HepG2 cells to ROS. HeLa cells had much higher basic total glutathione (T-GSH) level than HepG2 cells, while the ratio of basic reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in HepG2 cells was nearly twice than that in HeLa and A549 cells. Inhibition of glutathione markedly enhanced H2O2- or ARS-induced cytotoxicity in HeLa and A549 cell lines but modestly enhanced the cytotoxicity of H2O2 and even did not affect the cytotoxicity of ARS in HepG2 cells. Moreover, addition of GSH remarkably prevented H2O2- or ARS-induced cytotoxicity in HeLa and A549 cell lines, further indicating the involvement of GSH in scavenging ROS in the two cell lines. HepG2 cells exhibited higher catalase activity than HeLa cells, and inhibiting catalase activity by using 3-aminotriazole (3-AT, a specific inhibition of catalase) or catalase siRNA remarkably reduced the resistance of HepG2 cells to ROS, demonstrating the key roles of catalase for the strong resistance of HepG2 cells to ROS. Collectively, catalase activity instead of glutathione level dominates the resistance of cells to ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xin Zhao
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun-Lin Wen
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Tong-Sheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Chaiswing L, St. Clair WH, St. Clair DK. Redox Paradox: A Novel Approach to Therapeutics-Resistant Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1237-1272. [PMID: 29325444 PMCID: PMC6157438 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cancer cells that are resistant to radiation and chemotherapy are a major problem limiting the success of cancer therapy. Aggressive cancer cells depend on elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to proliferate, self-renew, and metastasize. As a result, these aggressive cancers maintain high basal levels of ROS compared with normal cells. The prominence of the redox state in cancer cells led us to consider whether increasing the redox state to the condition of oxidative stress could be used as a successful adjuvant therapy for aggressive cancers. Recent Advances: Past attempts using antioxidant compounds to inhibit ROS levels in cancers as redox-based therapy have met with very limited success. However, recent clinical trials using pro-oxidant compounds reveal noteworthy results, which could have a significant impact on the development of strategies for redox-based therapies. CRITICAL ISSUES The major objective of this review is to discuss the role of the redox state in aggressive cancers and how to utilize the shift in redox state to improve cancer therapy. We also discuss the paradox of redox state parameters; that is, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the driver molecule for cancer progression as well as a target for cancer treatment. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Based on the biological significance of the redox state, we postulate that this system could potentially be used to create a new avenue for targeted therapy, including the potential to incorporate personalized redox therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luksana Chaiswing
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky-Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - William H. St. Clair
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky-Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Daret K. St. Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky-Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky
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5
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Lam CF, Yeung HT, Lam YM, Ng RK. Reactive oxygen species activate differentiation gene transcription of acute myeloid leukemia cells via the JNK/c-JUN signaling pathway. Leuk Res 2018; 68:112-119. [PMID: 29609096 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered cellular redox status are associated with many malignancies. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are maintained at immature state by differentiation blockade, which involves deregulation of transcription factors in myeloid differentiation. AML cells can be induced to differentiate by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), which possesses pro-oxidative activity. However, the signaling events mediated by ROS in the activation of transcriptional program during AML differentiation has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated AML cell differentiation by treatment with PMA and ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). We observed elevation of intracellular ROS level in the PMA-treated AML cells, which correlated with differentiated cell morphology and increased CD11b+ mature cell population. The effect of PMA can be abolished by NAC co-treatment, supporting the involvement of ROS in the process. Moreover, we demonstrated that short ROS elevation mediated cell cycle arrest, but failed to activate myeloid gene transcription; whereas prolonged ROS elevation activated JNK/c-JUN signaling pathway. Inhibition of JNK suppressed the expression of key myeloid transcriptional regulators c-JUN, SPI-1 and MAFB, and prevented AML cells from undergoing terminal differentiation. These findings provide new insights into the crucial role of JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway in the activation of transcriptional program during ROS-mediated AML differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Fan Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hoi Ting Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuk Man Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ray Kit Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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6
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Liu Y, Li Q, Zhou L, Xie N, Nice EC, Zhang H, Huang C, Lei Y. Cancer drug resistance: redox resetting renders a way. Oncotarget 2016; 7:42740-42761. [PMID: 27057637 PMCID: PMC5173169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of redox homeostasis is a crucial factor in the development of drug resistance, which is a major problem facing current cancer treatment. Compared with normal cells, tumor cells generally exhibit higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can promote tumor progression and development. Upon drug treatment, some tumor cells can undergo a process of 'Redox Resetting' to acquire a new redox balance with higher levels of ROS accumulation and stronger antioxidant systems. Evidence has accumulated showing that the 'Redox Resetting' enables cancer cells to become resistant to anticancer drugs by multiple mechanisms, including increased rates of drug efflux, altered drug metabolism and drug targets, activated prosurvival pathways and inefficient induction of cell death. In this article, we provide insight into the role of 'Redox Resetting' on the emergence of drug resistance that may contribute to pharmacological modulation of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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7
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Glasauer A, Chandel NS. Targeting antioxidants for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Pal S, Dey SK, Saha C. Inhibition of catalase by tea catechins in free and cellular state: a biophysical approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102460. [PMID: 25025898 PMCID: PMC4099323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea flavonoids bind to variety of enzymes and inhibit their activities. In the present study, binding and inhibition of catalase activity by catechins with respect to their structure-affinity relationship has been elucidated. Fluorimetrically determined binding constants for (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) with catalase were observed to be 2.27×106 M(-1) and 1.66×106 M(-1), respectively. Thermodynamic parameters evidence exothermic and spontaneous interaction between catechins and catalase. Major forces of interaction are suggested to be through hydrogen bonding along with electrostatic contributions and conformational changes. Distinct loss of α-helical structure of catalase by interaction with EGCG was captured in circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Gallated catechins demonstrated higher binding constants and inhibition efficacy than non-gallated catechins. EGCG exhibited maximum inhibition of pure catalase. It also inhibited cellular catalase in K562 cancer cells with significant increase in cellular ROS and suppression of cell viability (IC50 54.5 µM). These results decipher the molecular mechanism by which tea catechins interact with catalase and highlight the potential of gallated catechin like EGCG as an anticancer drug. EGCG may have other non-specific targets in the cell, but its anticancer property is mainly defined by ROS accumulation due to catalase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chabita Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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9
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Inhibition of GSH synthesis potentiates temozolomide-induced bystander effect in glioblastoma. Cancer Lett 2012; 331:68-75. [PMID: 23246370 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human tumors with poor prognosis. Current standard treatment includes chemotherapy using DNA alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) concomitant with surgical resection and/or irradiation. However, GBM patients exhibit various levels of the elevated expression of DNA repair enzyme, due to MGMT causing resistance to TMZ. Determination of the MGMT-positive population of primary tumor is important to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ. Here we generated TMZ-resistant GBM cells by introducing MGMT into TMZ-sensitive GBM cell line KMG4, and established a model to assess the TMZ-induced bystander effect on TMZ-resistant cells. By mixing TMZ-resistant and -sensitive cells, GBM tumors with MGMT positivity as 50%, 10%, and 1% were generated in vivo. We could not observe any bystander effect of TMZ-induced cell death in tumor with 50% MGMT positivity. Although the bystander effect was observed within 20 days in the case of tumor with 1% MGMT positivity, final tumor size at day 28 was the same as control without sensitive cells. This bystander effect was observed in vitro using conditioned medium of TMZ-damaged GBM cells, and PCR array analysis indicated that the conditioned medium stimulated stress and toxicity pathway and upregulated anti-oxidants genes expression such as catalase and SOD2 in TMZ-resistant cells. In addition, the reduction of the activity of anti-stress mechanism by using inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated TMZ-induced bystander effect. These results suggest that GSH inhibitor might be one of the candidates for combination therapy with TMZ for TMZ-resistant GBM patients.
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10
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Bułdak RJ, Bułdak Ł, Polaniak R, Kukla M, Birkner E, Kubina R, Kabała-Dzik A, Duława-Bułdak A, Żwirska-Korczala K. Visfatin affects redox adaptative responses and proliferation in Me45 human malignant melanoma cells: an in vitro study. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:771-8. [PMID: 23232726 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Visfatin has recently been established as a novel adipokine that is predominantly expressed in subcutaneous and visceral fat. Only few studies have investigated the effect of visfatin on prostate, breast, ovarian cancer as well as on astrocytoma cell biology. There have been no previous studies on antioxidative enzyme activities, proliferation processes or levels of DNA damage in malignant melanoma cells in response to visfatin stimulation. Here, we report that visfatin increases activity of selected antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) in culture supernatants of Me45 human malignant melanoma cells. Our findings suggest that visfatin triggers a redox adaptation response, leading to an upregulation of antioxidant capacity along with decreased levels of the lipid peroxidation process in Me45 melanoma cells. Moreover, visfatin led to a significantly increased proliferation rate in the study using the [(3)H]thymidine incorporation method. Unlike insulin, visfatin-induced melanoma cell proliferation is not mediated by an insulin receptor. Better understanding of the role of visfatin in melanoma redox states may provide sound insight into the association between obesity-related fat adipokines and the antioxidant defense system in vitro in melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Jakub Bułdak
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland.
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11
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Gupta SC, Hevia D, Patchva S, Park B, Koh W, Aggarwal BB. Upsides and downsides of reactive oxygen species for cancer: the roles of reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis, prevention, and therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1295-322. [PMID: 22117137 PMCID: PMC3324815 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Extensive research during the last quarter century has revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the body, primarily by the mitochondria, play a major role in various cell-signaling pathways. Most risk factors associated with chronic diseases (e.g., cancer), such as stress, tobacco, environmental pollutants, radiation, viral infection, diet, and bacterial infection, interact with cells through the generation of ROS. RECENT ADVANCES ROS, in turn, activate various transcription factors (e.g., nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells [NF-κB], activator protein-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), resulting in the expression of proteins that control inflammation, cellular transformation, tumor cell survival, tumor cell proliferation and invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Paradoxically, ROS also control the expression of various tumor suppressor genes (p53, Rb, and PTEN). Similarly, γ-radiation and various chemotherapeutic agents used to treat cancer mediate their effects through the production of ROS. Interestingly, ROS have also been implicated in the chemopreventive and anti-tumor action of nutraceuticals derived from fruits, vegetables, spices, and other natural products used in traditional medicine. CRITICAL ISSUES These statements suggest both "upside" (cancer-suppressing) and "downside" (cancer-promoting) actions of the ROS. Thus, similar to tumor necrosis factor-α, inflammation, and NF-κB, ROS act as a double-edged sword. This paradox provides a great challenge for researchers whose aim is to exploit ROS stress for the development of cancer therapies. FUTURE DIRECTIONS the various mechanisms by which ROS mediate paradoxical effects are discussed in this article. The outstanding questions and future directions raised by our current understanding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Gupta
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Sardina JL, López-Ruano G, Sánchez-Sánchez B, Llanillo M, Hernández-Hernández A. Reactive oxygen species: are they important for haematopoiesis? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 81:257-74. [PMID: 21507675 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has traditionally been related to deleterious effects for cells. However, it is now widely accepted that ROS can play an important role in regulating cellular signalling and gene expression. NADPH oxidase ROS production seems to be especially important in this regard. Some lines of evidence suggest that ROS may be important modulators of cell differentiation, including haematopoietic differentiation, in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Here we shall review how ROS can regulate cell signalling and gene expression. We shall also focus on the importance of ROS for haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology and for haematopoietic differentiation. We shall review the involvement of ROS and NADPH oxidases in cancer, and in particular what is known about the relationship between ROS and haematological malignancies. Finally, we shall discuss the use of ROS as cancer therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Sardina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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13
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Chen G, Wang F, Trachootham D, Huang P. Preferential killing of cancer cells with mitochondrial dysfunction by natural compounds. Mitochondrion 2010; 10:614-25. [PMID: 20713185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play essential roles in cellular metabolism, redox homeostasis, and regulation of cell death. Emerging evidences suggest that cancer cells exhibit various degrees of mitochondrial dysfunctions and metabolic alterations, which may serve as a basis to develop therapeutic strategies to preferentially kill the malignant cells. Mitochondria as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment is gaining much attention in the recent years, and agents that impact mitochondria with anticancer activity have been identified and tested in vitro and in vivo using various experimental systems. Anticancer agents that directly target mitochondria or indirectly affect mitochondrial functions are collectively classified as mitocans. This review article focuses on several natural compounds that preferentially kill cancer cells with mitochondrial dysfunction, and discusses the possible underlying mechanisms and their therapeutic implications in cancer treatment. Mitocans that have been comprehensively reviewed recently are not included in this article. Important issues such as therapeutic selectivity and the relevant biochemical basis are discussed in the context of future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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14
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Plantin-Carrenard E, Bernard M, Derappe C, Bringuier A, Vadrot N, Feldmann G, Foglietti MJ, Aubery M, Braut-Boucher F. Differential responses of proliferative and non-proliferative leukemia cells to oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:1-13. [PMID: 15875806 DOI: 10.1080/10715760400013797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The response of three human leukemia cell lines, the proliferative promonocyte THP-1 and the promyeloid HL60 cells and the non-proliferative phorbol ester-treated HL60 cells (HL60/PMA), to oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) treatment was analyzed by fluorescence microplate assay, anti-oxidant enzyme activity measurements, high performance liquid chromatography, yopro-1/PI incorporation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase 3 cleavages. After t-BHP treatment, the non-proliferative HL60/PMA cells exhibited a weak increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, a better preservation of thiol content, a decrease of glutathione peroxidase activity and a high ability to undergo necrosis rather than apoptosis. Submitted to the same treatment, the proliferative HL60 and THP-1 cells exhibited a high increase of ROS production, a moderate thiol depletion and a high percentage of apoptosis. Under thiol depleting conditions, the oxidative treatment of the HL60/PMA cells resulted in a high ROS production that reached levels similar to those of the two other cell lines and in cell death mainly by necrosis. In conclusion, these results that show proliferative phenotype is essential for cell response towards oxidative stress, are of particular interest in chemotherapy involving an oxidative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Plantin-Carrenard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Générale et de Glycobiologie, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université René Descartes Paris 5, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire 75006 Paris, France
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Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: a radical therapeutic approach? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:579-91. [PMID: 19478820 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3999] [Impact Index Per Article: 266.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an altered redox status have long been observed in cancer cells, and recent studies suggest that this biochemical property of cancer cells can be exploited for therapeutic benefits. Cancer cells in advanced stage tumours frequently exhibit multiple genetic alterations and high oxidative stress, suggesting that it might be possible to preferentially eliminate these cells by pharmacological ROS insults. However, the upregulation of antioxidant capacity in adaptation to intrinsic oxidative stress in cancer cells can confer drug resistance. Abrogation of such drug-resistant mechanisms by redox modulation could have significant therapeutic implications. We argue that modulating the unique redox regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells might be an effective strategy to eliminate these cells.
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Santos JH, Meyer JN, Skorvaga M, Annab LA, Van Houten B. Mitochondrial hTERT exacerbates free-radical-mediated mtDNA damage. Aging Cell 2004; 3:399-411. [PMID: 15569357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is often re-activated in human cancers and is widely used to immortalize cells in culture. In addition to the maintenance of telomeres, telomerase has been implicated in cell proliferation, genomic instability and apoptosis. Here we show that human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is targeted to the mitochondria by an N-terminal leader sequence, and that mitochondrial extracts contain telomerase activity. In seven different human cell lines, mitochondrial telomerase increases hydrogen-peroxide-mediated mitochondrial DNA damage. hTERT expression did not alter the rate of hydrogen peroxide breakdown or endogenous cellular levels. Because the damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide are mediated by divalent metal ions (Fenton chemistry), we examined the levels of bioavailable metals. In all cases, higher levels of chelatable metals were found in hTERT-expressing cells. These results suggest that mitochondrial telomerase sensitizes cells to oxidative stress, which can lead to apoptotic cell death, and imply a novel function of telomerase in mitochondrial DNA transactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Hertzog Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Natinoal Institutes of Health, 111, Alexander Drive, MD D3-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Wagner-Souza K, Echevarria-Lima J, Rodrigues LAP, Reis M, Rumjanek VM. Resistance to thapsigargin-induced intracellular calcium mobilization in a multidrug resistant tumour cell line. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 252:109-16. [PMID: 14577583 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025586225941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A multidrug resistant (MDR) cell line, derived from the human leukaemic cell K562 and selected for its resistance to Vincristine, was shown to be resistant to Thapsigargin (TG). A concentration of 50 nM TG was toxic to K562 cells whereas the MDR cell line, known as Lucena I cells, survived unaffected for up to seven days in culture. Similarly, no intracellular Ca2+ mobilization was observed in the MDR cell line treated with TG. This effect was not a result of TG extrusion by P glycoprotein (Pgp), as no mobilization was observed even in the presence of the Pgp inhibitors Verapamil (5 microM) and Cyclosporin A (0.16 microM). In the present study, both cell lines expressed comparable levels of Bcl-2 making it unlikely that Bcl-2 was involved in this process. Similarly, no overexpression of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) could be detected in the MDR cell line and Ca2+ uptake by vesicles of the two cell types were equally sensitive to TG. These results confirm that MDR cells do not mobilize Ca2+ in the presence of TG but go against the possibility that this might be due to TG extrusion or to the overexpression of a resistant SERCA isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wagner-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunologia Tumoral, Departamento de Bioquímica Medica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Rumjanek VM, Trindade GS, Wagner-Souza K, de-Oliveira MC, Marques-Santos LF, Maia RC, Capella MA. Multidrug resistance in tumour cells: characterization of the multidrug resistant cell line K562-Lucena 1. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2001; 73:57-69. [PMID: 11246270 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652001000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in the treatment of cancer patients. The best characterised mechanism responsible for multidrug resistance involves the expression of the MDR-1 gene product, P-glycoprotein. However, the resistance process is multifactorial. Studies of multidrug resistance mechanisms have relied on the analysis of cancer cell lines that have been selected and present cross-reactivity to a broad range of anticancer agents. This work characterises a multidrug resistant cell line, originally selected for resistance to the Vinca alkaloid vincristine and derived from the human erythroleukaemia cell K562. This cell line, named Lucena 1, overexpresses P-glycoprotein and have its resistance reversed by the chemosensitisers verapamil, trifluoperazine and cyclosporins A, D and G. Furthermore, we demonstrated that methylene blue was capable of partially reversing the resistance in this cell line. On the contrary, the use of 5-fluorouracil increased the resistance of Lucena 1. In addition to chemotherapics, Lucena 1 cells were resistant to ultraviolet A radiation and hydrogen peroxide and failed to mobilise intracellular calcium when thapsigargin was used. Changes in the cytoskeleton of this cell line were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Rumjanek
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Katschinski DM, Boos K, Schindler SG, Fandrey J. Pivotal role of reactive oxygen species as intracellular mediators of hyperthermia-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:21094-8. [PMID: 10781588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001629200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of cellular antioxidant capacity on hyperthermia (HT)-induced apoptosis and production of antiapoptotic heat shock proteins (HSPs) were investigated in HL-60 cells and in HL-60AR cells that are characterized by an elevated endogenous catalase activity. Exposure of both cell lines to 43 degrees C for 1 h initiated apoptosis. Apoptosis peaked at 3-6 h after heat exposure in the HL-60 cells. Whereas HL-60AR cells were partially protected against HT-induced apoptosis at these early time points, maximal levels of apoptosis were detected later, i.e. 12-18 h after heat exposure. This differential induction of apoptosis was directly correlated to the induction of the antiapoptotic HSP27 and HSP70. In particular, in the HL-60 cells HSP27 was significantly induced at 12-18 h after exposure to 43 degrees C when apoptosis dropped. In contrast, coinciding with the late onset of apoptosis in HL-60AR cells at that time HL-60AR cells lacked a similar HSP response. In line with the higher antioxidant capacity HL-60AR cells accumulated reactive oxygen species to a lesser degree than HL-60 cells after heat treatment. Protection from HT-induced apoptosis as well as diminished heat-induced HSP27 expression was also observed after cotreatment of HL-60 cells with 43 degrees C and catalase but not with superoxide dismutase. These data emphasize the pivotal role of reactive oxygen species for HT induced pro- and antiapoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Katschinski
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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20
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Sergediene E, Jönsson K, Szymusiak H, Tyrakowska B, Rietjens IM, Cenas N. Prooxidant toxicity of polyphenolic antioxidants to HL-60 cells: description of quantitative structure-activity relationships. FEBS Lett 1999; 462:392-6. [PMID: 10622732 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenolic antioxidants exhibited a dose-dependent toxicity against human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). Their action was accompanied by malondialdehyde formation, and was partly prevented by desferrioxamine and the antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine. This points to a prooxidant character of their cytotoxicity. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) has been obtained to describe the cytotoxicity of 13 polyphenolic antioxidants belonging to three different groups (flavonoids, derivatives of gallic and caffeic acid): log cL50 (microM) = (2.7829+/-0.2339)+(1.2734+/-0.4715) Ep/2 (V)-(0.3438+/-0.0582) log P (r2 = 0.8129), where cL50 represents the concentration for 50% cell survival, Ep/2 represents the voltammetric midpoint potential, and P represents the octanol/water partition coefficient. Analogous QSARs were obtained using enthalpies of single-electron oxidation of these compounds, obtained by quantum-mechanical calculations. These findings clearly point to two important characteristics determining polyphenol cytotoxicity, namely their ease of oxidation and their lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sergediene
- Institute of Biochemistry, Mokslininku, Lithuania
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21
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Trindade GS, Capella MAM, Capella LS, Affonso-Mitidieri OR, Rumjanek VM. Differences in Sensitivity to UVC, UVB and UVA Radiation of a Multidrug-Resistant Cell Line Overexpressing P-Glycoprotein. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Gewirtz DA. A critical evaluation of the mechanisms of action proposed for the antitumor effects of the anthracycline antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 57:727-41. [PMID: 10075079 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1602] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of the anthracycline antibiotics doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and daunorubicin (daunomycin) have been the subject of considerable controversy. This commentary addresses the potential role of DNA synthesis inhibition, free radical formation and lipid peroxidation, DNA binding and alkylation, DNA cross-linking, interference with DNA strand separation and helicase activity, direct membrane effects, and the initiation of DNA damage via the inhibition of topoisomerase II in the interaction of these drugs with the tumor cell. One premise underlying this analysis is that only studies utilizing drug concentrations that reflect the plasma levels in the patient after either bolus administration or continuous infusion are considered to reflect the basis for drug action in the clinic. The role of free radicals in anthracycline cardiotoxicity is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, and Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
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23
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Stammler G, Volm M. Expression of heat shock proteins, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and nephroblastoma. Cancer Lett 1996; 99:35-42. [PMID: 8564927 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)04035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study we analyzed the mRNA expression of the heat shock proteins 27 and 70, and the expression of the radical scavenging enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, n = 54) and in nephroblastoma (n = 34). We found a significant positive correlation between both heat shock proteins and also between glutathione peroxidase and both heat shock proteins in ALL and nephroblastoma. There was also a significant correlation between catalase and glutathione peroxidase detectable. Furthermore, we investigated whether the expression of the heat shock proteins and the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and catalase have implications in the clinical outcome in ALL. However, we found no significant correlation between the expression of these proteins and relapse rate, the relapse free intervals or the overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stammler
- German Cancer Research Center, Department 0511, Heidelberg, Germany
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