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Perin D, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Compatibilization of Polyamide 6/Cyclic Olefinic Copolymer Blends for the Development of Multifunctional Thermoplastic Composites with Self-Healing Capability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1880. [PMID: 38673237 PMCID: PMC11052209 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the self-healing properties of PA6/COC blends, in particular, the impact of three compatibilizers on the rheological, microstructural, and thermomechanical properties. Dynamic rheological analysis revealed that ethylene glycidyl methacrylate (E-GMA) played a crucial role in reducing interfacial tension and promoting PA6 chain entanglement with COC domains. Mechanical tests showed that poly(ethylene)-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) and polyolefin elastomer-graft-maleic anhydride (POE-g-MAH) compatibilizers enhanced elongation at break, while E-GMA had a milder effect. A thermal healing process at 140 °C for 1 h was carried out on specimens broken in fracture toughness tests, performed under quasi-static and impact conditions, and healing efficiency (HE) was evaluated as the ratio of critical stress intensity factors of healed and virgin samples. All the compatibilizers increased HE, especially E-GMA, achieving 28.5% and 68% in quasi-static and impact conditions, respectively. SEM images of specimens tested in quasi-static conditions showed that all the compatibilizers induced PA6 plasticization and crack corrugation, thus hindering COC flow in the crack zone. Conversely, under impact conditions, E-GMA led to the formation of brittle fractures with planar surfaces, promoting COC flow and thus higher HE values. This study demonstrated that compatibilizers, loading mode, and fracture surface morphologies strongly influenced self-healing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Perin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (A.D.); (A.P.)
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Korycki A, Carassus F, Tramis O, Garnier C, Djilali T, Chabert F. Polyaryletherketone Based Blends: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3943. [PMID: 37835993 PMCID: PMC10575340 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to report the status of the research on polyaryletherketone-based thermoplastic blends (PAEK). PAEK are high-performance copolymers able to replace metals in many applications including those related to the environmental and energy transition. PAEK lead to the extension of high-performance multifunctional materials to target embedded electronics, robotics, aerospace, medical devices and prostheses. Blending PAEK with other thermostable thermoplastic polymers is a viable option to obtain materials with new affordable properties. First, this study investigates the miscibility of each couple. Due to different types of interactions, PAEK-based thermoplastic blends go from fully miscible (with some polyetherimides) to immiscible (with polytetrafluoroethylene). Depending on the ether-to-ketone ratio of PAEK as well as the nature of the second component, a large range of crystalline structures and blend morphologies are reported. The PAEK-based thermoplastic blends are elaborated by melt-mixing or solution blending. Then, the effect of the composition and blending preparation on the mechanical properties are investigated. PAEK-based thermoplastic blends give rise to the possibility of tuning their properties to design novel materials. However, we demonstrate hereby that significant research effort is needed to overcome the lack of knowledge on the structure/morphology/property relationships for those types of high-performance thermoplastic blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Korycki
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
- LAUAK Service Innovation, 8 Rue Louis Caddau, 65000 Tarbes, France;
| | - Fabrice Carassus
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
- LAUAK Service Innovation, 8 Rue Louis Caddau, 65000 Tarbes, France;
| | - Olivier Tramis
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Christian Garnier
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Toufik Djilali
- LAUAK Service Innovation, 8 Rue Louis Caddau, 65000 Tarbes, France;
| | - France Chabert
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
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3
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Crystallinity effect on electron-induced molecular structure transformations in additive-free PLA. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Yang J, Li F, Guan C, Xu X, Zhong L, Gao Y, Han Y, Yan N, Zhao G, Jiang W. Brittle-ductile transition of impact PP blends: effect of modulus ratio of PP matrix to impact modifier. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sakahara RM, da Silva DJ, Wang SH. Composites of
ABS
with
SEBS
‐g‐
MA
and copper microparticles modified by mussel‐bioinspired polydopamine: A comparative rheological study. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Massanori Sakahara
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniel José da Silva
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center (CECS) Federal University of ABC (UFABC) Santo André Brazil
| | - Shu Hui Wang
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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Czarnecka-Komorowska D, Nowak-Grzebyta J, Gawdzińska K, Mysiukiewicz O, Tomasik M. Polyethylene/Polyamide Blends Made of Waste with Compatibilizer: Processing, Morphology, Rheological and Thermo-Mechanical Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142385. [PMID: 34301142 PMCID: PMC8309537 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a polyethylene/polyamide (R-PE/R-PA) regranulated product made from post-consumer wastes grafted with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) by reactive extrusion in a twin-screw extruder equipped with an external mixing zone. The compatibility effect of PE-g-MAH used as a modifier in R-PE/R-PA blends was evaluated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), while the analysis of the chemical structure of this blend was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The thermal properties, complex viscosity, and selected usage properties of R-PE/R-PA blends compatibilized with PE-g-MAH, i.e., density and water absorption, were evaluated. The morphology of the blends with and without the compatibilizer was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The R-PE/R-PA/MAH blend shows heterogenic structure, which is a result of the chemical reaction in reactive extrusion between functional groups of PE-g-MAH used as modifier and the end groups of R-PA6. The results show that the R-PE/R-PA blend with increased PE-g-MAH content showed increased hardness, stiffness, and ultimate tensile strength due to the increased degree of crystallinity. The increase in crystallinity is proportional to the improvement of the mechanical properties. Moreover, it is shown that 1 wt.% PE-g-MAH added to the R-PE/R-PA waste blend increases the interfacial interactions and compatibility between R-PE and R-PA, resulting in decreased polyamide particle size. Finally, the results show that it is possible to produce good quality regranulated products with advantageous properties and structure from immiscible polymer waste for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagoda Nowak-Grzebyta
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Gawdzińska
- Department of Machines Construction and Materials, Maritime University of Szczecin, 71-650 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Olga Mysiukiewicz
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Tomasik
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
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Effect of Different Compatibilization Systems on the Rheological, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102335. [PMID: 33066114 PMCID: PMC7601996 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of reactive processing, non reactive and reactive copolymers on immiscible polypropylene (PP)–polystyrene (PS) blends with varying PS concentrations (10 wt.% and 25 wt.%) was evaluated by mechanical (tensile and tensile impact), rheological (melt flow rate, extensional and dynamic rheology) and morphological (scanning electron microscopy) analysis. As an extended framework of the study, the creation of a link to industrial applicable processing conditions as well as an economically efficient use of compatibilzing agent were considered. For radical processed blends, a high improvement in melt strength was observed while non reactive copolymers exhibited a pronounced increase in toughness and ductility correlated with overall best phase homogeneity. Conversely, the influence of the reactive copolymer was quite different for the varied PS concentrations not allowing the assumption of a specific trend for resulting blend properties, but nevertheless in the case of a lower PS concentration the tensile impact strength exceeded the value of virgin PP. Since PS and PP are widely used, the findings of this work could not only be relevant for the generation of more versatile blends compared to virgin components but also for recycling purposes, allowing the enhancement of specific properties facilitating the production of more valuable secondary materials.
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Bazli L, Bagherian MH, Karrabi M, Abbassi‐Sourki F, Azizi H. Effect of starch ratio and compatibilization on the viscoelastic behavior of POE/starch blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Bazli
- Rubber Group, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Karrabi
- Rubber Group, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | | | - Hamed Azizi
- Rubber Group, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
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Wang P, Zhang J. A novel combination of sandwich and co-continuous structure based on polypropylene and styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer formed with wide range of polypropylene content. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites; Nanjing 210009 China
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Composition and compatibilization induced morphology alteration in PVDF/LLDPE blends: correlation between rheology and morphology. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Zhao LL, Su JJ, Han J, Zhang B, Ou L. Optimizing the balance between stiffness and flexibility by tuning the compatibility of a poly(lactic acid)/ethylene copolymer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28843j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The brittleness of poly(lacticacid) (PLA) is a major drawback for its wide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-liang Zhao
- College of Materials and Textiles
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-juan Su
- College of Materials and Textiles
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Industrial Textile Material and Manufacturing Technology
| | - Jian Han
- College of Materials and Textiles
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Industrial Textile Material and Manufacturing Technology
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Materials and Textiles
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Ou
- College of Materials and Textiles
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- People's Republic of China
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Aghjeh MR, Mardani E, Rafiee F, Otadi M, Khonakdar HA, Jafari SH, Reuter U. Analysis of dynamic oscillatory rheological properties of PP/EVA/organo-modified LDH ternary hybrids based on generalized Newtonian fluid and generalized linear viscoelastic approaches. Polym Bull (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Effects of blend composition and compatibilization on the melt rheology and phase morphology of binary and ternary PP/PA6/EPDM blends. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Zhang G, Wang Y, Xing H, Qiu J, Gong J, Yao K, Tan H, Jiang Z, Tang T. Interplay between the composition of LLDPE/PS blends and their compatibilization with polyethylene-graft-polystyrene in the foaming behaviour. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The influences of PE-g-PS compatibilization on the foaming behaviour of LLDPE/PS blends in batch foaming using scCO2 as physical foaming agent depend strongly on the composition of the blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Haiping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jian Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jiang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Kun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Haiying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
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15
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Du F, Yousfi M, Lipnik P, Sclavons M, Soulestin J. Using water to modify the localization of clay in immiscible polymer blends. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The injection of water during melt blending modified the localization of clay in immiscible polymer blends from one phase to the other and improved their dispersion state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering
- Mines Douai
- F-59508 Douai Cedex
- France
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering
- Mines Douai
- F-59508 Douai Cedex
- France
| | - Pascale Lipnik
- Bio- and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Michel Sclavons
- Bio- and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Jérémie Soulestin
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering
- Mines Douai
- F-59508 Douai Cedex
- France
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