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Zhang Y, Jia C, Liu Y, Li G, Li B, Shi W, Zhang Y, Hou J, Qin Q, Zhang M, Qin J. The Fungal Transcription Factor BcTbs1 from Botrytis cinerea Promotes Pathogenicity via Host Cellulose Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:20816-20830. [PMID: 39261294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Zn(II)2Cys6 proteins constitute the largest group of fungal-specific transcription factors. However, little is known about their functions in the crop killer Botrytis cinerea. In this work, a T-DNA insertion strain M13448 was identified which was inserted into the Zn(II)2Cys6 TF-encoding gene BcTBS1. Knockout of BcTBS1 did not affect mycelia growth, appressorium formation, and sclerotium germination, but impaired fungal conidiation, conidial morphogenesis, conidial germination, infection cushion development, and sclerotial formation. Accordingly, ΔBctbs1 mutants showed reduced virulence in its host plants. Further study proved that BcTBS1, BCIN_15g03870, and BCIN_12g06630 were induced by cellulose. Subsequent cellulase activity assays revealed that the loss of BcTBS1 significantly decreased cellulase activity. In addition, we verified that the BCIN_15g03870 and BCIN_12g06630 genes were positive regulated by BcTBS1 by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Taken together, these results suggested that BcTBS1 can promote pathogenicity by modulating cellulase-encoding genes that participate in host cellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshan Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chengguo Jia
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guihua Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wuliang Shi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biotechnology of Jilin Province in Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Qingming Qin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianchun Qin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Jin J, Yang RD, Cao H, Song GN, Cui F, Zhou S, Yuan J, Qi H, Wang JD, Chen J. Microscopic and Transcriptomic Analyses to Elucidate Antifungal Mechanisms of Bacillus velezensis TCS001 Lipopeptides against Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17405-17416. [PMID: 39042819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important fungal pathogen that causes gray mold disease in plants. Previously, Bacillus velezensis TCS001 live culture presented broad-spectrum antifungal activity against various plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, particularly B. cinerea. Here, the bioactivity of lipopeptides produced by TCS001 against B. cinerea was investigated. The IC50 values of the crude lipopeptide extract (CLE) from TCS001 to suppress mycelial growth and conidial germination were 14.20 and 49.39 mg/L, respectively. SEM and TEM imaging revealed that CLE caused morphological deformities and ultrastructural changes in the mycelium. Transcriptomic analyses combined with ΔBcpsd mutant construction demonstrated that the CLE could confer antifungal activity via suppressing Bcpsd expression in the pathogen. In addition, the CLE activated the plant immune system by increasing the content of defense-related enzymes and the expression of marker genes in immunity signaling pathways in cucumber plants. Therefore, TCS001 CLE could be potentially developed into biopesticides for the biocontrol of gray mold disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Zhejiang Tongchuang Space Technology Co ltd., Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ran-Di Yang
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hao Cao
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ge-Ning Song
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Feng Cui
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Ji-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Coca-Ruiz V, Cabrera-Gómez N, Collado IG, Aleu J. Improved Protoplast Production Protocol for Fungal Transformations Mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 in Botrytis cinerea Non-Sporulating Isolates. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1754. [PMID: 38999594 PMCID: PMC11244380 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes considerable economic losses in commercial crops. Fungi of the genus Botrytis exhibit great morphological and genetic variability, ranging from non-sporogenic and non-infective isolates to highly virulent sporogenic ones. There is growing interest in the different isolates in terms of their methodological applications aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the biology of these fungal species for more efficient control of the infections they cause. This article describes an improvement in the protoplast production protocol from non-sporogenic isolates, resulting in viable protoplasts with regenerating capacity. The method improvements consist of a two-day incubation period with mycelium plugs and orbital shaking. Special mention is made of our preference for the VinoTaste Pro enzyme in the KC buffer as a replacement for Glucanex, as it enhances the efficacy of protoplast isolation in B459 and B371 isolates. The methodology described here has proven to be very useful for biotechnological applications such as genetic transformations mediated by the CRISPR/Cas9 tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Coca-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Nuria Cabrera-Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isidro G Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Josefina Aleu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Wei Z, Shu D, Hou X, Li T, Li Z, Luo D, Yang J, Tan H. Normal distribution of H3K9me3 occupancy co-mediated by histone methyltransferase BcDIM5 and histone deacetylase BcHda1 maintains stable ABA synthesis in Botrytis cinerea TB-31. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1339576. [PMID: 38500582 PMCID: PMC10944950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1339576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a conserved and important "sesquiterpene signaling molecule" widely distributed in different organisms with unique biological functions. ABA coordinates reciprocity and competition between microorganisms and their hosts. In addition, ABA also regulates immune and stress responses in plants and animals. Therefore, ABA has a wide range of applications in agriculture, medicine and related fields. The plant pathogenic ascomycete B. cinerea has been extensively studied as a model strain for ABA production. Nevertheless, there is a relative dearth of research regarding the regulatory mechanism governing ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea. Here, we discovered that H3K9 methyltransferase BcDIM5 is physically associated with the H3K14 deacetylase BcHda1. Deletion of Bcdim5 and Bchda1 in the high ABA-producing B. cinerea TB-31 led to severe impairment of ABA synthesis. The combined analysis of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq has revealed that the absence of BcDIM5 and BcHda1 has resulted in significant global deficiencies in the normal distribution and level of H3K9me3 modification. In addition, we found that the cause of the decreased ABA production in the ΔBcdim5 and ΔBchda1 mutants was due to cluster gene repression caused by the emergence of hyper-H3K9me3 in the ABA gene cluster. We concluded that the ABA gene cluster is co-regulated by BcDIM5 and BcHda1, which are essential for the normal distribution of the B. cinerea TB-31 ABA gene cluster H3K9me3. This work expands our understanding of the complex regulatory network of ABA biosynthesis and provides a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of high-yielding ABA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhemin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Darino M, Urban M, Kaur N, Machado Wood A, Grimwade-Mann M, Smith D, Beacham A, Hammond-Kosack K. Identification and functional characterisation of a locus for target site integration in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2024; 11:2. [PMID: 38409036 PMCID: PMC10898126 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-024-00171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a destructive floral disease of different cereal crops. The Ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is one of the main causal agents of FHB in wheat and barley. The role(s) in virulence of Fg genes include genetic studies that involve the transformation of the fungus with different expression cassettes. We have observed in several studies where Fg genes functions were characterised that integration of expression cassettes occurred randomly. Random insertion of a cassette may disrupt gene expression and/or protein functions and hence the overall conclusion of the study. Target site integration (TSI) is an approach that consists of identifying a chromosomal region where the cassette can be inserted. The identification of a suitable locus for TSI in Fg would avert the potential risks of ectopic integration. RESULTS Here, we identified a highly conserved intergenic region on chromosome 1 suitable for TSI. We named this intergenic region TSI locus 1. We developed an efficient cloning vector system based on the Golden Gate method to clone different expression cassettes for use in combination with TSI locus 1. We present evidence that integrations in the TSI locus 1 affects neither fungal virulence nor fungal growth under different stress conditions. Integrations at the TSI locus 1 resulted in the expression of different gene fusions. In addition, the activities of Fg native promoters were not altered by integration into the TSI locus 1. We have developed a bespoke bioinformatic pipeline to analyse the existence of ectopic integrations, cassette truncations and tandem insertions of the cassette that may occurred during the transformation process. Finally, we established a protocol to study protein secretion in wheat coleoptiles using confocal microscopy and the TSI locus 1. CONCLUSION The TSI locus 1 can be used in Fg and potentially other cereal infecting Fusarium species for diverse studies including promoter activity analysis, protein secretion, protein localisation studies and gene complementation. The bespoke bioinformatic pipeline developed in this work together with PCR amplification of the insert could be an alternative to Southern blotting, the gold standard technique used to identify ectopic integrations, cassette truncations and tandem insertions in fungal transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Darino
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Martin Urban
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Ana Machado Wood
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Mike Grimwade-Mann
- Human Milk Foundation, Daniel Hall Building, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Dan Smith
- Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Andrew Beacham
- Centre for Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Kim Hammond-Kosack
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Singh R, Caseys C, Kliebenstein DJ. Genetic and molecular landscapes of the generalist phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13404. [PMID: 38037862 PMCID: PMC10788480 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana) is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that attacks a wide range of plants. This updated pathogen profile explores the extensive genetic diversity of B. cinerea, highlights the progress in genome sequencing, and provides current knowledge of genetic and molecular mechanisms employed by the fungus to attack its hosts. In addition, we also discuss recent innovative strategies to combat B. cinerea. TAXONOMY Kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Ascomycota, subphylum: Pezizomycotina, class: Leotiomycetes, order: Helotiales, family: Sclerotiniaceae, genus: Botrytis, species: cinerea. HOST RANGE B. cinerea infects almost all of the plant groups (angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and bryophytes). To date, 1606 plant species have been identified as hosts of B. cinerea. GENETIC DIVERSITY This polyphagous necrotroph has extensive genetic diversity at all population levels shaped by climate, geography, and plant host variation. PATHOGENICITY Genetic architecture of virulence and host specificity is polygenic using multiple weapons to target hosts, including secretory proteins, complex signal transduction pathways, metabolites, and mobile small RNA. DISEASE CONTROL STRATEGIES Efforts to control B. cinerea, being a high-diversity generalist pathogen, are complicated. However, integrated disease management strategies that combine cultural practices, chemical and biological controls, and the use of appropriate crop varieties will lessen yield losses. Recently, studies conducted worldwide have explored the potential of small RNA as an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for combating grey mould. However, additional research is necessary, especially on risk assessment and regulatory frameworks, to fully harness the potential of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Singh
- Department of Plant ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Celine Caseys
- Department of Plant ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Lu P, Wang K, Wang J, Xia C, Yang S, Ma L, Shi H. A novel zinc finger transcription factor, BcMsn2, is involved in growth, development, and virulence in Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1247072. [PMID: 37915851 PMCID: PMC10616473 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1247072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for plant defense against fungal attack. As a necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea can exploit ROS that originated from both sides of the host and pathogen during interaction to facilitate its infestation. Meanwhile, B. cinerea needs to exert an efficient oxidative stress responsive system to balance the intracellular redox state when encountering deleterious ROS levels. However, the machinery applied by B. cinerea to cope with ROS remains obscure. Herein, we investigated the role of the transcription factor BcMsn2 in regulating B. cinerea redox homeostasis. Disruption of the BcMsn2 gene severely impaired vegetative growth, sclerotium formation, conidial yield, and fungal virulence. The intracellular oxidative homeostasis of the ∆bcmsn2 mutant was disrupted, leading to significantly elevated levels of ROS and reduced activities of enzymes closely associated with oxygen stress, such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analyses showed remarkable downregulation of the expression of several genes encoding ROS scavenging factors involved in maintaining the redox homeostasis in ∆bcmsn2, suggesting that BcMsn2 functions as a transcriptional regulator of these genes. Our findings indicated that BcMsn2 plays an indispensable role in maintaining the equilibrium of the redox state in B. cinerea, and intracellular ROS serve as signaling molecules that regulate the growth, asexual reproduction, and virulence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunbo Xia
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Ma
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Shi
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Salazar-Cerezo S, de Vries RP, Garrigues S. Strategies for the Development of Industrial Fungal Producing Strains. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:834. [PMID: 37623605 PMCID: PMC10455633 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of microorganisms in industry has enabled the (over)production of various compounds (e.g., primary and secondary metabolites, proteins and enzymes) that are relevant for the production of antibiotics, food, beverages, cosmetics, chemicals and biofuels, among others. Industrial strains are commonly obtained by conventional (non-GMO) strain improvement strategies and random screening and selection. However, recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to improve microbial strains by adding, deleting or modifying specific genes. Techniques such as genetic engineering and genome editing are contributing to the development of industrial production strains. Nevertheless, there is still significant room for further strain improvement. In this review, we will focus on classical and recent methods, tools and technologies used for the development of fungal production strains with the potential to be applied at an industrial scale. Additionally, the use of functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics together with the implementation of genetic manipulation techniques and expression tools will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Salazar-Cerezo
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P.d.V.)
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P.d.V.)
| | - Sandra Garrigues
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, VLC, Spain
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Wang L, Zhao F, Liu H, Chen H, Zhang F, Li S, Sun T, Nekrasov V, Huang S, Dong S. A modified Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for two oomycete pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011346. [PMID: 37083862 PMCID: PMC10156060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes are a group of filamentous microorganisms that include some of the biggest threats to food security and natural ecosystems. However, much of the molecular basis of the pathogenesis and the development in these organisms remains to be learned, largely due to shortage of efficient genetic manipulation methods. In this study, we developed modified transformation methods for two important oomycete species, Phytophthora infestans and Plasmopara viticola, that bring destructive damage in agricultural production. As part of the study, we established an improved Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) method by prokaryotic expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens of AtVIP1 (VirE2-interacting protein 1), an Arabidopsis bZIP gene required for AMT but absent in oomycetes genomes. Using the new method, we achieved an increment in transformation efficiency in two P. infestans strains. We further obtained a positive GFP transformant of P. viticola using the modified AMT method. By combining this method with the CRISPR/Cas12a genome editing system, we successfully performed targeted mutagenesis and generated loss-of-function mutations in two P. infestans genes. We edited a MADS-box transcription factor-encoding gene and found that a homozygous mutation in MADS-box results in poor sporulation and significantly reduced virulence. Meanwhile, a single-copy avirulence effector-encoding gene Avr8 in P. infestans was targeted and the edited transformants were virulent on potato carrying the cognate resistance gene R8, suggesting that loss of Avr8 led to successful evasion of the host immune response by the pathogen. In summary, this study reports on a modified genetic transformation and genome editing system, providing a potential tool for accelerating molecular genetic studies not only in oomycetes, but also other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suhua Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tongjun Sun
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Vladimir Nekrasov
- Plant Sciences and the Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Chen D, Shu D, Wei Z, Luo D, Yang J, Li Z, Tan H. Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis of Bcfrp1 involved in regulating the biosynthesis of abscisic acid and growth in Botrytis cinerea TB-31. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1085000. [PMID: 36777027 PMCID: PMC9909433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important sesquiterpene compound that regulates the stress resistance of plants. Botrytis cinerea can synthesize ABA via the mevalonic acid pathway. To identify the functional genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of ABA, we performed insertion mutagenesis into B. cinerea TB-31. Methods We obtained the ABA-reduced mutant E154 by insertion mutagenesis, and we identified the insertion site was located upstream of the gene bcfrp1 by Thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. We performed a detailed phenotypic characterization of the bcfrp1 knockout and complementation mutants in TB-31. Furthermore, transcriptome and proteome analyses were conducted to explore how bcfrp1 affects the level of the ABA biosynthesis. Results The bcfrp1 gene encodes an F-box protein. The phenotypic results confirmed the positive contribution of bcfrp1 to the biosynthesis of ABA and growth. Between TB-31 and ΔBcfrp1, we obtained 4,128 and 1,073 differentially expressed genes and proteins, respectively. The impaired ABA biosynthesis in the ΔBcfrp1 mutants was primarily affected by the different levels of expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene cluster and the genes involved in the mevalonic acid pathway. In addition, we further characterized the differentially expressed genes and proteins that participated in the growth, secondary metabolism, and signal transduction in B. cinerea based on the transcriptome and proteome data. Discussion This research based on the transcriptome and proteome analyses to display the changes after the deletion of bcfrp1 in B. cinerea TB-31, will help us to explore the molecular mechanism of ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China,Chengdu Institute of Biology, China Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Dan Shu, ✉
| | - Zhao Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China,Chengdu Institute of Biology, China Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhemin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China,Hong Tan, ✉
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11
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Li L, Yu MX, Guo J, Hao ZN, Zhang Z, Lu ZQ, Wang JY, Zhu XM, Wang YL, Chen J, Sun GC, Lin FC. The peroxins BcPex8, BcPex10, and BcPex12 are required for the development and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:962500. [PMID: 36147853 PMCID: PMC9488000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.962500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes have been proved playing roles in infection of several plant pathogens. Although the contribution of a portion of peroxins in pathogenicity was demonstrated, most of them are undocumented in fungi, especially, Botrytis cinerea. The homologs of Pex8, Pex10, and Pex12 in B. cinerea were functionally characterized in this work using gene disruption strategies. Compared with the wild-type strain (WT), the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants exhibited significant reduction in melanin production, fatty acid utilization, and decreased tolerance to high osmotic pressure and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mycelial growth and conidiation of were significantly inhibited in Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 strains. The mycelial growth rates of Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 were reduced by 32, 35, and 34%, respectively, compared with WT and ectopic transformant (ET), and the conidiation was reduced by approximately 89, 27, and 88%, respectively. The conidial germination, germ tube elongation, and the formation of initiate infection structures (IFSs) were also reduced by the deletion of the genes. The pathogenicity was tested on the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, and fruits of tomato. On the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants could not induce necrotic lesions, and the lesions on tomato fruits infected with the mutants were significantly reduced than those of the wide type. The results indicated that BcPEX8, BcPEX10, and BcPEX12 are indispensable for the development and pathogenicity of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-xue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-na Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao-yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiao-yu Wang,
| | - Xue-ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Chang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Guo-Chang Sun,
| | - Fu-cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Evidencing New Roles for the Glycosyl-Transferase Cps1 in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090899. [PMID: 36135623 PMCID: PMC9500679 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall occupies a central place in the interaction between fungi and their environment. This study focuses on the role of the putative polysaccharide synthase Cps1 in the physiology, development and virulence of the grey mold-causing agent Botrytis cinerea. Deletion of the Bccps1 gene does not affect the germination of the conidia (asexual spores) or the early mycelial development, but it perturbs hyphal expansion after 24 h, revealing a two-phase hyphal development that has not been reported so far. It causes a severe reduction of mycelial growth in a solid medium and modifies hyphal aggregation into pellets in liquid cultures. It strongly impairs plant penetration, plant colonization and the formation of sclerotia (survival structures). Loss of the BcCps1 protein associates with a decrease in glucans and glycoproteins in the fungus cell wall and the up-accumulation of 132 proteins in the mutant’s exoproteome, among which are fungal cell wall enzymes. This is accompanied by an increased fragility of the mutant mycelium, an increased sensitivity to some environmental stresses and a reduced adhesion to plant surface. Taken together, the results support a significant role of Cps1 in the cell wall biology of B. cinerea.
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13
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Wei Z, Shu D, Sun Q, Chen DB, Li ZM, Luo D, Yang J, Tan H. The BcLAE1 is involved in the regulation of ABA biosynthesis in Botrytis cinerea TB-31. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:969499. [PMID: 35992717 PMCID: PMC9386520 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.969499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA), as a classic plant hormone, is a key factor in balancing the metabolism of endogenous plant hormones, and plays an important role in regulating the activation of mammalian innate immune cells and glucose homeostasis. Currently, Botrytis cinerea has been used for fermentation to produce ABA. However, the mechanism of the regulation of ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea is still not fully understood. The putative methyltransferase LaeA/LAE1 is a global regulator involved in the biosynthesis of a variety of secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi. In this study, we demonstrated that BcLAE1 plays an important role in the regulation of ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea TB-31 by knockout experiment. The deletion of Bclae1 caused a 95% reduction in ABA yields, accompanied by a decrease of the transcriptional level of the ABA synthesis gene cluster Bcaba1-4. Further RNA-seq analysis indicated that deletion of Bclae1 also affected the expression level of key enzymes of BOA and BOT in secondary metabolism, and accompanied by clustering regulatory features. Meanwhile, we found that BcLAE1 is involved in epigenetic regulation as a methyltransferase, with enhanced H3K9me3 modification and attenuated H3K4me2 modification in ΔBclae1 mutant, and this may be a strategy for BcLAE1 to regulate ABA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Shu,
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-bo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-min Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Hong Tan,
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14
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Ding S, Wang D, Xu C, Yang S, Cheng X, Peng X, Chen C, Xie H. A new fungus-mediated RNAi method established and used to study the fatty acid and retinol binding protein function of the plant-parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi. RNA Biol 2021; 18:1424-1433. [PMID: 33218290 PMCID: PMC8489930 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1852779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool for gene functional analysis of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). RNAi involving soaking in a dsRNA solution and in planta methods is commonly applied in the study of gene function in PPNs. However, certain problems restrict the application of these methods. Therefore, more convenient and effective RNAi methods need to be established for different PPNs according to their biological characteristics. In this study, the fatty acid and retinoid binding protein genes (Ab-far-1, Ab-far-4, and combinatorial Ab-far-1 and Ab-far-4) of the rice white tip nematode (RWTN), Aphelenchoides besseyi, were used as target genes to construct a fungal RNAi vector, and the Ab-far-n dsRNA transgenic Botrytis cinerea (ARTBn) were generated using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation technology. After RWTN feeding on ARTBn, the expression of Ab-far-1 and Ab-far-4 in the nematodes was efficiently silenced, and the reproduction and pathogenicity of the nematodes were clearly inhibited. The Ab-far-1 and Ab-far-4 co-RNAi effects were better than the effects when each gene was individually targeted with RNAi. Additionally, the RNAi induced when RWTNs fed on ARTB1 were persistent and heritable. Thus, a new method of fungus-mediated RNAi was established for fungivorous PPNs and was verified as effective and applicable to the study of nematode gene function. This technique will remove the technological bottlenecks and provide a new method to studying the multiple genes with polygene co-RNAi in fungivorous PPNs. This study also provides a theoretical basis and new thought for further study of the gene function in PPNs.Abbreviations: FAR(Fatty acid and retinol-binding proteins); RWTN (The rice white tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi); Ab-far-n (Fatty acid and retinol binding protein gene of A. besseyi); ARTB1 (Ab-far-1 hpRNA transgenic Botrytis cinerea); ARTB4 (Ab-far-4 hpRNA transgenic Botrytis cinerea); ARTB1/4 (combinatorial Ab-far-1 and Ab-far-4 hpRNA transgenic B. cinerea); EVTB (Empty vector transgenic B. cinerea); GRTB (eGFP hpRNA transgenic B. cinerea); WTB (Wild-type B. cinerea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwen Ding
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunling Xu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sihua Yang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Peng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Xie
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Shu P, Zhang S, Li Y, Wang X, Yao L, Sheng J, Shen L. Over-expression of SlWRKY46 in tomato plants increases susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea by modulating ROS homeostasis and SA and JA signaling pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:1-9. [PMID: 34087740 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
WRKY, as one of the largest families of transcription factors (TFs), binds to cis-acting elements of downstream genes to regulate biotic and abiotic stress. However, the role of SlWRKY46 in fungal disease response induced by Botrytis cinerea (B.cinerea) and potential mechanism remains obscure. To ascertain the role of SlWRKY46 in response to B.cinerea, we constructed SlWRKY46-overexpression plants, which were then inoculated with B.cinerea. SlWRKY46-overexpression plants were more susceptible to B.cinerea and accompanied by the inhibited activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), chitinase (CHI), and β-1,3-glucanase (GLU). Additionally, SlWRKY46-overexpression plants showed the decreased activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of H2O2, and the increased content of O2•-. Moreover, over-expression of SlWRKY46 suppressed the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes, pathogenesis related protein (PR1), and proteinase inhibitors (PI Ⅰ and PI Ⅱ) and consequently aggravated the disease symptoms. Therefore, we speculated that SlWRKY46 played negative regulatory roles in B. cinerea infection probably by inhibiting the activities of antioxidants and disease resistance enzymes, regulating SA and JA signaling pathways and modulating reactive oxygen (ROS) homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yujing Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lan Yao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiping Sheng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Lin Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Souibgui E, Bruel C, Choquer M, de Vallée A, Dieryckx C, Dupuy JW, Latorse MP, Rascle C, Poussereau N. Clathrin Is Important for Virulence Factors Delivery in the Necrotrophic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668937. [PMID: 34220891 PMCID: PMC8244658 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are the most prevalent plant pathogens, causing annually important damages. To infect and colonize their hosts, they secrete effectors including hydrolytic enzymes able to kill and macerate plant tissues. These secreted proteins are transported from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi apparatus to the extracellular space through intracellular vesicles. In pathogenic fungi, intracellular vesicles were described but their biogenesis and their role in virulence remain unclear. In this study, we report the essential role of clathrin heavy chain (CHC) in the pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea, the agent of gray mold disease. To investigate the importance of this protein involved in coat vesicles formation in eukaryotic cells, a T-DNA insertional mutant reduced in the expression of the CHC-encoding gene, and a mutant expressing a dominant-negative form of CHC were studied. Both mutants were strongly affected in pathogenicity. Characterization of the mutants revealed altered infection cushions and an important defect in protein secretion. This study demonstrates the essential role of clathrin in the infectious process of a plant pathogenic fungus and more particularly its role in virulence factors delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eytham Souibgui
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Amélie de Vallée
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cindy Dieryckx
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Christine Rascle
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
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17
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Mahyudin MM, Foster GD, Bailey AM. Optimising Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Corynespora cassiicola to deliver DsRed. J RUBBER RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-020-00044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Zhang M, Sun C, Liu Y, Feng H, Chang H, Cao S, Li G, Yang S, Hou J, Zhu‐Salzman K, Zhang H, Qin Q. Transcriptome analysis and functional validation reveal a novel gene, BcCGF1, that enhances fungal virulence by promoting infection-related development and host penetration. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:834-853. [PMID: 32301267 PMCID: PMC7214349 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous transcriptome analyses of both host plants and pathogens, and functional validation of the identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) allow us to better understand the mechanisms underlying their interactions. Here, we analyse the mixed transcriptome derived from Botrytis cinerea (the causal agent of grey mould) infected tomato leaves at 24 hr after inoculation, a critical time point at which the pathogen has penetrated and developed in the leaf epidermis, whereas necrotic symptoms have not yet appeared. Our analyses identified a complex network of genes involved in the tomato-B. cinerea interaction. The expression of fungal transcripts encoding candidate effectors, enzymes for secondary metabolite biosynthesis, hormone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and autophagy-related proteins was up-regulated, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the initial infection processes. Specifically, tomato genes involved in phytoalexin production, stress responses, ATP-binding cassette transporters, pathogenesis-related proteins, and WRKY DNA-binding transcription factors were up-regulated. We functionally investigated several B. cinerea DEGs via gene replacement and pathogenicity assays, and demonstrated that BcCGF1 was a novel virulence-associated factor that mediates fungal development and virulence via regulation of conidial germination, conidiation, infection structure formation, host penetration, and stress adaptation. The fungal infection-related development was controlled by BcCGF-mediated ROS production and exogenous cAMP restored the mutant infection-related development. Our findings provide new insights into the elucidation of the simultaneous tactics of pathogen attack and host defence. Our systematic elucidation of BcCGF1 in mediating fungal pathogenesis may open up new targets for fungal disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Chen‐Hao Sun
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Hui‐Qiang Feng
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Hao‐Wu Chang
- College of Computer Science, Technology, Symbol Computation and Knowledge EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Sheng‐Nan Cao
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Gui‐Hua Li
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Song Yang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
- College of ForestryBeiHua UniversityJinlinChina
| | - Keyan Zhu‐Salzman
- Department of EntomologyNorman Borlaug CenterTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Technology, Symbol Computation and Knowledge EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Qing‐Ming Qin
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
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Shu P, Li Z, Min D, Zhang X, Ai W, Li J, Zhou J, Li Z, Li F, Li X. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated SlMYC2 Mutagenesis Adverse to Tomato Plant Growth and MeJA-Induced Fruit Resistance to Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5529-5538. [PMID: 32372640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a natural phytohormone, played a critical role not only in plant growth but also in plant defense response to biotic and abiotic stresses. MYC2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is a master regulator in MeJA signaling pathway. In the present work, slmyc2 mutants were generated by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated Cas9 protein (CRISPR/Cas9) system to investigate the role of SlMYC2 in tomato plant growth and fruit disease resistance induced by exogenous MeJA. The results showed that slmyc2 mutants possessed a higher number of flowers and a lower fruit setting rate in comparison with wild-type plants. In addition, the fruit shape of slmyc2 mutant was prolate, while the control fruits were oblate. Knockout of SlMYC2 significantly decreased the activities of disease defensive and antioxidant enzymes, as well as the expression levels of pathogen-related (PR) genes (SlPR-1 and SlPR-STH2) and the key genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling pathway including allene oxide cyclase (SlAOC), lipoxygenase D (SlLOXD), SlMYC2, and coronatine insensitive 1 (SlCOI1), and consequently aggravated the disease symptoms. By contrast, the disease symptoms were largely reduced in MeJA-treated fruit that possessed higher activities of these enzymes and expression levels of genes. However, the induction effects of MeJA on fruit disease resistance and these enzymes' activities and genes' expressions were significantly attenuated by knockout of SlMYC2. Therefore, the results indicated that SlMYC2 played positive regulatory roles not only in the growth of tomato plants but also in MeJA-induced disease resistance and the antioxidant process in tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Ziye Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dedong Min
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Wen Ai
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jiaozhuo Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jingxiang Zhou
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Fujun Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoan Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, P. R. China
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20
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Dong BZ, Guo LY. An efficient gene disruption method for the woody plant pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:14. [PMID: 32138699 PMCID: PMC7059327 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Botryosphaeria dothidea causes apple white rot and infects many tree plants. Genome data for B. dothidea are available and many pathogenesis-related genes have been predicted. However, a gene manipulation method is needed to study the pathogenic mechanism of B. dothidea. Results We established a gene disruption (GD) method based on gene homologous recombination (GHR) for B. dothidea using polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation. The results showed that a GHR cassette gave much higher GD efficiency than a GHR plasmid. A high GD efficiency (1.3 ± 0.14 per 106 protopasts) and low frequency of random insertions were achieved with a DNA cassette quantity of 15 μg per 106 protoplasts. Moreover, we successfully disrupted genes in two strains. Bdo_05381-disrupted transformants produced less melanin, whereas the Bdo_02540-disrupted transformant showed a slower growth rate and a stronger resistance to Congo red. Conclusion The established GD method is efficient and convenient and has potential for studying gene functions and the pathogenic mechanisms of B. dothidea and other coenocytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhu Dong
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Yun Guo
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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21
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de Vallée A, Bally P, Bruel C, Chandat L, Choquer M, Dieryckx C, Dupuy JW, Kaiser S, Latorse MP, Loisel E, Mey G, Morgant G, Rascle C, Schumacher J, Simon A, Souibgui E, Viaud M, Villalba F, Poussereau N. A Similar Secretome Disturbance as a Hallmark of Non-pathogenic Botrytis cinerea ATMT-Mutants? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2829. [PMID: 31866989 PMCID: PMC6908482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen able to infect hundreds of host plants, including high-value crops such as grapevine, strawberry and tomato. In order to decipher its infectious strategy, a library of 2,144 mutants was generated by random insertional mutagenesis using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). Twelve mutants exhibiting total loss of virulence toward different host plants were chosen for detailed analyses. Their molecular characterization revealed a single T-DNA insertion in different loci. Using a proteomics approach, the secretome of four of these strains was compared to that of the parental strain and a common profile of reduced lytic enzymes was recorded. Significant variations in this profile, notably deficiencies in the secretion of proteases and hemicellulases, were observed and validated by biochemical tests. They were also a hallmark of the remaining eight non-pathogenic strains, suggesting the importance of these secreted proteins in the infection process. In the twelve non-pathogenic mutants, the differentiation of infection cushions was also impaired, suggesting a link between the penetration structures and the secretion of proteins involved in the virulence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie de Vallée
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Bally
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Lucie Chandat
- Centre de Recherche La Dargoire, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Cindy Dieryckx
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Jean William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Kaiser
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | | | - Elise Loisel
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Géraldine Mey
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Morgant
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Adeline Simon
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Eytham Souibgui
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Viaud
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
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22
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Liu Y, Liu J, Li G, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Hou J, Yang S, Sun J, Qin Q. A novel Botrytis cinerea-specific gene BcHBF1 enhances virulence of the grey mould fungus via promoting host penetration and invasive hyphal development. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:731-747. [PMID: 31008573 PMCID: PMC6637910 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is the causative agent of grey mould on over 1000 plant species and annually causes enormous economic losses worldwide. However, the fungal factors that mediate pathogenesis of the pathogen remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a novel B. cinerea-specific pathogenicity-associated factor BcHBF1 (hyphal branching-related factor 1), identified from virulence-attenuated mutant M8008 from a B. cinerea T-DNA insertion mutant library, plays an important role in hyphal branching, infection structure formation, sclerotial formation and full virulence of the pathogen. Deletion of BcHBF1 in B. cinerea did not impair radial growth of mycelia, conidiation, conidial germination, osmotic- and oxidative-stress adaptation, as well as cell wall integrity of the ∆Bchbf1 mutant strains. However, loss of BcHBF1 impaired the capability of hyphal branching, appressorium and infection cushion formation, appressorium host penetration and virulence of the pathogen. Moreover, disruption of BcHBF1 altered conidial morphology and dramatically impaired sclerotial formation of the mutant strains. Complementation of BcHBF1 completely rescued all the phenotypic defects of the ∆Bchbf1 mutants. During young hyphal branching, host penetration and early invasive growth of the pathogen, BcHBF1 expression was up-regulated, suggesting that BcHBF1 is required for these processes. Our findings provide novel insights into the fungal factor mediating pathogenesis of the grey mould fungus via regulation of its infection structure formation, host penetration and invasive hyphal branching and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jiane‐Kang Liu
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityChangchun130062China
- Present address:
College of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Gui‐Hua Li
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Ming‐Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Ying‐Ying Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Wang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
- Department of ForestForest College of Beihua UniversityJilin132013China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jiao Sun
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Qing‐Ming Qin
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityChangchun130062China
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23
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Cys 2His 2 Zinc Finger Transcription Factor BcabaR1 Positively Regulates Abscisic Acid Production in Botrytis cinerea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00920-18. [PMID: 29959241 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00920-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the five classical phytohormones involved in increasing the tolerance of plants for various kinds of stresses caused by abiotic or biotic factors, and it also plays important roles in regulating the activation of innate immune cells and glucose homeostasis in mammals. For these reasons, as a "stress hormone," ABA has recently received attention as a candidate drug for agriculture and biomedical applications, prompting significant development of ABA synthesis. Some plant-pathogenic fungi can synthesize natural ABA. The fungus Botrytis cinerea has been used for biotechnological production of ABA. Identification of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in regulation of ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea would provide new clues to understand how ABA is synthesized and regulated. In this study, we defined a novel Cys2His2 TF, BcabaR1, that regulates the transcriptional levels of ABA synthase genes (bcaba1, bcaba2, bcaba3, and bcaba4) in an ABA-overproducing mutant, B. cinerea TBC-A. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that recombinant BcabaR1 can bind specifically to both a 14-nucleotide sequence motif and a 39-nucleotide sequence motif in the promoter region of bcaba1 to -4 genes in vitro A decreased transcriptional level of the bcabaR1 gene in B. cinerea led to significantly decreased ABA production and downregulated transcription of bcaba1 to -4 When bcabaR1 was overexpressed in B. cinerea, ABA production was significantly increased, with upregulated transcription of bcaba1 to -4 Thus, in this study, we found that BcabaR1 acts as a positive regulator of ABA biosynthesis in B. cinereaIMPORTANCE Abscisic acid (ABA) could make a potentially important contribution to theoretical research and applications in agriculture and medicine. Botrytis cinerea is a plant-pathogenic fungus that was found to produce ABA. There has been a view that ABA is related to the interaction between pathogenic fungi and plants. Identification of regulatory genes involved in ABA biosynthesis may facilitate an understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of ABA biosynthesis and the pathogenesis of B. cinerea Here, we present a positive regulator, BcabaR1, of ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea that can affect the transcriptional level of the ABA biosynthesis gene cluster, bcaba1 to -4, by directly binding to the conserved sequence elements in the promoter of the bcaba1 to -4 genes. This TF was found to be specifically involved in regulation of ABA biosynthesis. This work provides new clues for finding other ABA biosynthesis genes and improving ABA yield in B. cinerea.
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24
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Liu JK, Chang HW, Liu Y, Qin YH, Ding YH, Wang L, Zhao Y, Zhang MZ, Cao SN, Li LT, Liu W, Li GH, Qin QM. The key gluconeogenic gene PCK1 is crucial for virulence of Botrytis cinerea via initiating its conidial germination and host penetration. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1794-1814. [PMID: 29614212 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The process of initiation of host invasion and survival of some foliar phytopathogenic fungi in the absence of external nutrients on host leaf surfaces remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate that gluconeogenesis plays an important role in the process and nutrient-starvation adaptation before the pathogen host invasion. Deletion of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene BcPCK1 in gluconeogenesis in Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of grey mould, resulted in the failure of the ΔBcpck1 mutant conidia to germinate on hard and hydrophobic surface and penetrate host cells in the absence of glucose, reduction in conidiation and slow conidium germination in a nutrient-rich medium. The wild-type and ΔBcpck1 conidia germinate similarly in the presence of glucose (higher concentration) as the sole carbon source. Conidial glucose-content should reach a threshold level to initiate germination and host penetration. Infection structure formation by the mutants displayed a glucose-dependent fashion, which corresponded to the mutant virulence reduction. Exogenous glucose or complementation of BcPCK1 completely rescued all the developmental and virulence defects of the mutants. Our findings demonstrate that BcPCK1 plays a crucial role in B. cinerea pathogenic growth and virulence, and provide new insights into gluconeogenesis mediating pathogenesis of plant fungal pathogens via initiation of conidial germination and host penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hao-Wu Chang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu Haity Qin
- College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yu-Han Ding
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lan Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Cao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Le-Tao Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,College of Life Sciences, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin, 134002, China
| | - Gui-Hua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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25
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Phospholipases play multiple cellular roles including growth, stress tolerance, sexual development, and virulence in fungi. Microbiol Res 2018; 209:55-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Cao SN, Yuan Y, Qin YH, Zhang MZ, de Figueiredo P, Li GH, Qin QM. The pre-rRNA processing factor Nop53 regulates fungal development and pathogenesis via mediating production of reactive oxygen species. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1531-1549. [PMID: 29488307 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic plant fungal pathogen that annually causes enormous economic losses worldwide. The ribosome is an organelle for cellular protein biosynthesis. However, little is known about how the ribosome operates as a machine to mediate microbial pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that Nop53, a late-acting factor for 60S ribosomal subunit maturation, is crucial for the pathogen's development and virulence. BcNop53 is functionally equivalent to yeast nop53p. Complementation of BcNOP53 completely restored the growth defect of the yeast Δnop53 mutant. BcNop53 is located in nuclei and disruption of BcNOP53 also dramatically impaired pathogen growth. Deletion of BcNOP53 blocked infection structure formation and abolished virulence of the pathogen, possibly due to reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, loss of BcNOP53 impaired pathogen conidiation and stress adaptation, altered conidial and sclerotial morphology, retarded conidium and sclerotium germination as well as reduced the activities of cell-wall degradation-associated enzymes. Sclerotium production was, however, increased. Complementation with the wild-type BcNOP53 allele rescued defects found in the ΔBcnop53 mutant. Our work establishes a systematic elucidation of Nop53 in regulating microbial development and pathogenesis, provides novel insights into ribosomal processes that regulate fungal pathogenesis, and may open up new targets for addressing fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Cao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yu Haity Qin
- College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gui-Hua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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27
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Hooykaas PJJ, van Heusden GPH, Niu X, Reza Roushan M, Soltani J, Zhang X, van der Zaal BJ. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Yeast and Fungi. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 418:349-374. [PMID: 29770864 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two decades ago, it was discovered that the well-known plant vector Agrobacterium tumefaciens can also transform yeasts and fungi when these microorganisms are co-cultivated on a solid substrate in the presence of a phenolic inducer such as acetosyringone. It is important that the medium has a low pH (5-6) and that the temperature is kept at room temperature (20-25 °C) during co-cultivation. Nowadays, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) is the method of choice for the transformation of many fungal species; as the method is simple, the transformation efficiencies are much higher than with other methods, and AMT leads to single-copy integration much more frequently than do other methods. Integration of T-DNA in fungi occurs by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), but also targeted integration of the T-DNA by homologous recombination (HR) is possible. In contrast to AMT of plants, which relies on the assistance of a number of translocated virulence (effector) proteins, none of these (VirE2, VirE3, VirD5, VirF) are necessary for AMT of yeast or fungi. This is in line with the idea that some of these proteins help to overcome plant defense. Importantly, it also showed that VirE2 is not necessary for the transport of the T-strand into the nucleus. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a fast-growing organism with a relatively simple genome with reduced genetic redundancy. This yeast species has therefore been used to unravel basic molecular processes in eukaryotic cells as well as to elucidate the function of virulence factors of pathogenic microorganisms acting in plants or animals. Translocation of Agrobacterium virulence proteins into yeast was recently visualized in real time by confocal microscopy. In addition, the yeast 2-hybrid system, one of many tools that have been developed for use in this yeast, was used to identify plant and yeast proteins interacting with the translocated Agrobacterium virulence proteins. Dedicated mutant libraries, containing for each gene a mutant with a precise deletion, have been used to unravel the mode of action of some of the Agrobacterium virulence proteins. Yeast deletion mutant collections were also helpful in identifying host factors promoting or inhibiting AMT, including factors involved in T-DNA integration. Thus, the homologous recombination (HR) factor Rad52 was found to be essential for targeted integration of T-DNA by HR in yeast. Proteins mediating double-strand break (DSB) repair by end-joining (Ku70, Ku80, Lig4) turned out to be essential for non-homologous integration. Inactivation of any one of the genes encoding these end-joining factors in other yeasts and fungi was employed to reduce or totally eliminate non-homologous integration and promote efficient targeted integration at the homologous locus by HR. In plants, however, their inactivation did not prevent non-homologous integration, indicating that T-DNA is captured by different DNA repair pathways in plants and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J J Hooykaas
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - G Paul H van Heusden
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaolei Niu
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Reza Roushan
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jalal Soltani
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert J van der Zaal
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Functional analysis of diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 2 gene to decipher its role in virulence of Botrytis cinerea. Curr Genet 2017; 64:443-457. [PMID: 28940057 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold disease inflicted by Botrytis cinerea is a serious menace responsible for significant economic loss worldwide. Due to its polyphagous nature, the pathogen has enthused inquisitiveness in researchers to unravel its complexity. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation was used to generate insertional mutants of Botrytis cinerea. A mutant (BCM-55) with disruption in a gene (BcDGAT2) that encodes for diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 2 (DGAT2), showed enervated virulence on various hosts' tissues. Enzyme DGAT2 is crucial in the final step of synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) that plays an important role in homeostasis of membrane and cellular processes. However, the role of DGAT2 has never been reported in a phytopathogenic fungus. In this study, BCM-55 was characterized to ascertain the role of DGAT2 in virulence of B. cinerea. The insertional mutant was defective in spore production and lacked sclerotia formation as a consequence of lower accumulation of TAG. A significant delay in spore germination in BCM-55 was accompanied with a low penetration potential. Hyphae of the mutant formed swollen endings with considerable impairment in penetration. Deletion of BcDGAT2 also led to increased sensitivity towards cell wall and membrane-disturbing agents. Furthermore, BCM-55 was deficient in the production of oxalic acid and showed lower activity of a cell wall-degrading enzyme, polygalacturonase. The role of BcDGAT2 in virulence was further confirmed by targeted deletion and complementation of the gene. The results insinuate a crucial role of BcDGAT2 in penetration and consequently virulence of B. cinerea. The study provides novel insights into plant-pathogen interactions that can be exploited to develop suitable disease management strategies.
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Gene Overexpression and RNA Silencing Tools for the Genetic Manipulation of the S-(+)-Abscisic Acid Producing Ascomycete Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10301-23. [PMID: 25955649 PMCID: PMC4463647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytopathogenic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea produces several secondary metabolites that have biotechnical significance and has been particularly used for S-(+)-abscisic acid production at the industrial scale. To manipulate the expression levels of specific secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes of B. cinerea with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system, two expression vectors (pCBh1 and pCBg1 with different selection markers) and one RNA silencing vector, pCBSilent1, were developed with the In-Fusion assembly method. Both expression vectors were highly effective in constitutively expressing eGFP, and pCBSilent1 effectively silenced the eGFP gene in B. cinerea. Bcaba4, a gene suggested to participate in ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea, was then targeted for gene overexpression and RNA silencing with these reverse genetic tools. The overexpression of bcaba4 dramatically induced ABA formation in the B. cinerea wild type strain Bc-6, and the gene silencing of bcaba4 significantly reduced ABA-production in an ABA-producing B. cinerea strain.
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Transformation of the endophytic fungus Acremonium implicatum with GFP and evaluation of its biocontrol effect against Meloidogyne incognita. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:549-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Heterologous expression of VHb can improve the yield and quality of biocontrol fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus, during submerged fermentation. J Biotechnol 2014; 187:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang L, Huang X, Zhu S. An event-specific real-time PCR detection system for the transgenic rice line 114-7-2 of producing functional human serum albumin. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang JJ, Shi L, Chen H, Sun YQ, Zhao MW, Ren A, Chen MJ, Wang H, Feng ZY. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method for the edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:741-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sørensen LQ, Lysøe E, Larsen JE, Khorsand-Jamal P, Nielsen KF, Frandsen RJN. Genetic transformation of Fusarium avenaceum by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation and the development of a USER-Brick vector construction system. BMC Mol Biol 2014; 15:15. [PMID: 25048842 PMCID: PMC4133957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-15-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungus Fusarium avenaceum causes considerable in-field and post-field losses worldwide due to its infections of a wide range of different crops. Despite its significant impact on the profitability of agriculture production and a desire to characterize the infection process at the molecular biological level, no genetic transformation protocol has yet been established for F. avenaceum. In the current study, it is shown that F. avenaceum can be efficiently transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. In addition, an efficient and versatile single step vector construction strategy relying on Uracil Specific Excision Reagent (USER) Fusion cloning, is developed. RESULTS The new vector construction system, termed USER-Brick, is based on a limited number of PCR amplified vector fragments (core USER-Bricks) which are combined with PCR generated fragments from the gene of interest. The system was found to have an assembly efficiency of 97% with up to six DNA fragments, based on the construction of 55 vectors targeting different polyketide synthase (PKS) and PKS associated transcription factor encoding genes in F. avenaceum. Subsequently, the ΔFaPKS3 vector was used for optimizing A. tumefaciens mediated transformation (ATMT) of F. avenaceum with respect to six variables. Acetosyringone concentration, co-culturing time, co-culturing temperature and fungal inoculum were found to significantly impact the transformation frequency. Following optimization, an average of 140 transformants per 106 macroconidia was obtained in experiments aimed at introducing targeted genome modifications. Targeted deletion of FaPKS6 (FA08709.2) in F. avenaceum showed that this gene is essential for biosynthesis of the polyketide/nonribosomal compound fusaristatin A. CONCLUSION The new USER-Brick system is highly versatile by allowing for the reuse of a common set of building blocks to accommodate seven different types of genome modifications. New USER-Bricks with additional functionality can easily be added to the system by future users. The optimized protocol for ATMT of F. avenaceum represents the first reported targeted genome modification by double homologous recombination of this plant pathogen and will allow for future characterization of this fungus. Functional linkage of FaPKS6 to the production of the mycotoxin fusaristatin A serves as a first testimony to this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rasmus John Normand Frandsen
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Systems Biology, The Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads building 223, DK-2800 Kgs,, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Brenna A, Montanini B, Muggiano E, Proietto M, Filetici P, Ottonello S, Ballario P. Integrative gene transfer in the truffle Tuber borchii by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. AMB Express 2014; 4:43. [PMID: 24949275 PMCID: PMC4052689 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation is a powerful tool for reverse genetics and functional genomic analysis in a wide variety of plants and fungi. Tuber spp. are ecologically important and gastronomically prized fungi (“truffles”) with a cryptic life cycle, a subterranean habitat and a symbiotic, but also facultative saprophytic lifestyle. The genome of a representative member of this group of fungi has recently been sequenced. However, because of their poor genetic tractability, including transformation, truffles have so far eluded in-depth functional genomic investigations. Here we report that A. tumefaciens can infect Tuber borchii mycelia, thereby conveying its transfer DNA with the production of stably integrated transformants. We constructed two new binary plasmids (pABr1 and pABr3) and tested them as improved transformation vectors using the green fluorescent protein as reporter gene and hygromycin phosphotransferase as selection marker. Transformants were stable for at least 12 months of in vitro culture propagation and, as revealed by TAIL- PCR analysis, integration sites appear to be heterogeneous, with a preference for repeat element-containing genome sites.
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Fan L, Fu K, Yu C, Ma J, Li Y, Chen J. Construction and functional analysis of Trichoderma harzianum mutants that modulate maize resistance to the pathogen Curvularia lunata. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:569-577. [PMID: 24901960 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.911574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) was used to generate an insertional mutant library of the mycelial fungus Trichoderma harzianum. From a total of 450 mutants, six mutants that showed significant influence on maize resistance to C. lunata were analyzed in detail. Maize coated with these mutants was more susceptible to C. lunata compared with those coated with a wild-type (WT) strain. Similar to other fungal ATMT libraries, all six mutants were single copy integrations, which occurred preferentially in noncoding regions (except two mutants) and were frequently accompanied by the loss of border sequences. Two mutants (T66 and T312) that were linked to resistance were characterized further. Maize seeds coated with T66 and T312 were more susceptible to C. lunata than those treated with WT. Moreover, the mutants affected the resistance of maize to C. lunata by enhancing jasmonate-responsive gene expression. T66 and T312 induced maize resistance to C. lunata infection through a jasmonic acid-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Fan
- a Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
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Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Guignardia citricarpa: An efficient tool to gene transfer and random mutagenesis. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:556-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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38
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Xu L, Chen W. Random T-DNA mutagenesis identifies a Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene as a virulence factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:431-41. [PMID: 23252459 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-12-0177-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) was used to identify potential virulence factors in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Screening AMT transformants identified two mutants showing significantly reduced virulence. The mutants showed growth rate, sclerotial formation, and oxalate production similar to that of the wild type. The mutation was due to a single T-DNA insertion at 212 bp downstream of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene (SsSOD1, SS1G_00699). Expression levels of SsSOD1 were significantly increased under oxidative stresses or during plant infection in the wild-type strain but could not be detected in the mutant. SsSOD1 functionally complemented the Cu/Zn SOD gene in a Δsod1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. The SOD mutant had increased sensitivity to heavy metal toxicity and oxidative stress in culture and reduced ability to detoxify superoxide in infected leaves. The mutant also had reduced expression levels of other known pathogenicity genes such as endo-polygalacturanases sspg1 and sspg3. The functions of SsSOD1 were further confirmed by SsSOD1-deletion mutation. Like the AMT insertion mutant, the SsSOD1-deletion mutant exhibited normal growth rate, sclerotial formation, oxalate production, increased sensitivity to metal and oxidative stress, and reduced virulence. These results suggest that SsSOD1, while not being required for saprophytic growth and completion of the life cycle, plays critical roles in detoxification of reactive oxygen species during host-pathogen interactions and is an important virulence factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Antal Z, Rascle C, Cimerman A, Viaud M, Billon-Grand G, Choquer M, Bruel C. The homeobox BcHOX8 gene in Botrytis cinerea regulates vegetative growth and morphology. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48134. [PMID: 23133556 PMCID: PMC3485016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous growth and the capacity at producing conidia are two critical aspects of most fungal life cycles, including that of many plant or animal pathogens. Here, we report on the identification of a homeobox transcription factor encoding gene that plays a role in these two particular aspects of the development of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Deletion of the BcHOX8 gene in both the B. cinerea B05-10 and T4 strains causes similar phenotypes, among which a curved, arabesque-like, hyphal growth on hydrophobic surfaces; the mutants were hence named Arabesque. Expression of the BcHOX8 gene is higher in conidia and infection cushions than in developing appressorium or mycelium. In the Arabesque mutants, colony growth rate is reduced and abnormal infection cushions are produced. Asexual reproduction is also affected with abnormal conidiophore being formed, strongly reduced conidia production and dramatic changes in conidial morphology. Finally, the mutation affects the fungus ability to efficiently colonize different host plants. Analysis of the B. cinerea genome shows that BcHOX8 is one member of a nine putative homeobox genes family. Available gene expression data suggest that these genes are functional and sequence comparisons indicate that two of them would be specific to B. cinerea and its close relative Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Antal
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Cimerman
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture - Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, INRA 1290, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Muriel Viaud
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture - Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, INRA 1290, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Geneviève Billon-Grand
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail:
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Giesbert S, Schumacher J, Kupas V, Espino J, Segmüller N, Haeuser-Hahn I, Schreier PH, Tudzynski P. Identification of pathogenesis-associated genes by T-DNA-mediated insertional mutagenesis in Botrytis cinerea: a type 2A phosphoprotein phosphatase and an SPT3 transcription factor have significant impact on virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:481-495. [PMID: 22112214 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-11-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) was used to generate an insertional mutant library of the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea. From a total of 2,367 transformants, 68 mutants showing significant reduction in virulence on tomato and bean plants were analyzed in detail. As reported for other fungal ATMT libraries, integrations were mostly single copy, occurred preferentially in noncoding (regulatory) regions, and were frequently accompanied by small deletions of the target sequences and loss of parts of the border sequence. Two T-DNA integration events that were found to be linked to virulence were characterized in more detail: a catalytic subunit of a PP2A serine/threonine protein phosphatase (BcPP2Ac) and the SPT3 subunit of a Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA-like) transcriptional regulator complex. Gene replacement and silencing approaches revealed that both Bcpp2Ac and SPT3 are crucial for virulence, growth, and differentiation as well as for resistance to H(2)O(2) in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giesbert
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-48143 Münster, Germany
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41
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Genetic transformation of Diaporthe phaseolorum, an endophytic fungus found in mangrove forests, mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Curr Genet 2011; 58:21-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-011-0362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Transformation of Botrytis cinerea by direct hyphal blasting or by wound-mediated transformation of sclerotia. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:266. [PMID: 22188865 PMCID: PMC3293788 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Botrytis cinerea is a haploid necrotrophic ascomycete which is responsible for 'grey mold' disease in more than 200 plant species. Broad molecular research has been conducted on this pathogen in recent years, resulting in the sequencing of two strains, which has generated a wealth of information toward developing additional tools for molecular transcriptome, proteome and secretome investigations. Nonetheless, transformation protocols have remained a significant bottleneck for this pathogen, hindering functional analysis research in many labs. Results In this study, we tested three different transformation methods for B. cinerea: electroporation, air-pressure-mediated and sclerotium-mediated transformation. We demonstrate successful transformation with three different DNA constructs using both air-pressure- and sclerotium-mediated transformation. Conclusions These transformation methods, which are fast, simple and reproducible, can expedite functional gene analysis of B. cinerea.
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Leroch M, Mernke D, Koppenhoefer D, Schneider P, Mosbach A, Doehlemann G, Hahn M. Living colors in the gray mold pathogen Botrytis cinerea: codon-optimized genes encoding green fluorescent protein and mCherry, which exhibit bright fluorescence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2887-97. [PMID: 21378036 PMCID: PMC3126427 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02644-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants have been widely used in modern biology as reporters that allow a variety of live-cell imaging techniques. So far, GFP has rarely been used in the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea because of low fluorescence intensity. The codon usage of B. cinerea genes strongly deviates from that of commonly used GFP-encoding genes and reveals a lower GC content than other fungi. In this study, we report the development and use of a codon-optimized version of the B. cinerea enhanced GFP (eGFP)-encoding gene (Bcgfp) for improved expression in B. cinerea. Both the codon optimization and, to a smaller extent, the insertion of an intron resulted in higher mRNA levels and increased fluorescence. Bcgfp was used for localization of nuclei in germinating spores and for visualizing host penetration. We further demonstrate the use of promoter-Bcgfp fusions for quantitative evaluation of various toxic compounds as inducers of the atrB gene encoding an ABC-type drug efflux transporter of B. cinerea. In addition, a codon-optimized mCherry-encoding gene was constructed which yielded bright red fluorescence in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Leroch
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Kano S, Kurita T, Kanematsu S, Morinaga T. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the plant pathogenic fungus Rosellinia necatrix. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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45
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Münch S, Ludwig N, Floss DS, Sugui JA, Koszucka AM, Voll LM, Sonnewald U, Deising HB. Identification of virulence genes in the corn pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:43-55. [PMID: 21118348 PMCID: PMC6640349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A previously developed Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) protocol for the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola led to high rates of tandem integration of the whole Ti-plasmid, and was therefore considered to be unsuitable for the identification of pathogenicity and virulence genes by insertional mutagenesis in this pathogen. We used a modified ATMT protocol with acetosyringone present only during the co-cultivation of C. graminicola and A. tumefaciens. Analysis of 105 single-spore isolates randomly chosen from a collection of approximately 2000 transformants, indicated that almost 70% of the transformants had single T-DNA integrations. Of 500 independent transformants tested, 10 exhibited attenuated virulence in infection assays on whole plants. Microscopic analyses primarily revealed defects at different pre-penetration stages of infection-related morphogenesis. Three transformants were characterized in detail. The identification of the T-DNA integration sites was performed by amplification of genomic DNA ends after endonuclease digestion and polynucleotide tailing. In one transformant, the T-DNA had integrated into the 5'-flank of a gene with similarity to allantoicase genes of other Ascomycota. In the second and third transformants, the T-DNA had integrated into an open reading frame (ORF) and into the 5'-flank of an ORF. In both cases, the ORFs have unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Münch
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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46
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Novel insights into mannitol metabolism in the fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Biochem J 2010; 427:323-32. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20091813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to redefine the mannitol pathway in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea, we used a targeted deletion strategy of genes encoding two proteins of mannitol metabolism, BcMTDH (B. cinerea mannitol dehydrogenase) and BcMPD (B. cinerea mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase). Mobilization of mannitol and quantification of Bcmpd and Bcmtdh gene transcripts during development and osmotic stress confirmed a role for mannitol as a temporary and disposable carbon storage compound. In order to study metabolic fluxes, we followed conversion of labelled hexoses in wild-type and ΔBcmpd and ΔBcmtdh mutant strains by in vivo NMR spectroscopy. Our results revealed that glucose and fructose were metabolized via the BcMPD and BcMTDH pathways respectively. The existence of a novel mannitol phosphorylation pathway was also suggested by the NMR investigations. This last finding definitively challenged the existence of the originally postulated mannitol cycle in favour of two simultaneously expressed pathways. Finally, physiological and biochemical studies conducted on double deletion mutants (ΔBcmpdΔBcmtdh) showed that mannitol was still produced despite a complete alteration of both mannitol biosynthesis pathways. This strongly suggests that one or several additional undescribed pathways could participate in mannitol metabolism in B. cinerea.
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Cui Z, Ding Z, Yang X, Wang K, Zhu T. Gene disruption and characterization of a class V chitin synthase in Botrytis cinerea. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:1267-74. [DOI: 10.1139/w09-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-wall chitin biosynthesis in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea involves 7 classes of chitin synthases. In this study, we disrupted a gene encoding a chitin synthase with a myosin-like motor domain (BcchsV) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. The resulting mutant was not significantly affected in either growth characteristics or pathogenicity on tomato leaves. Surprisingly, the BcchsV mutant exhibited a 31% (m/m) increase in its chitin content compared with the wild-type strain. In addition, the BcchsV mutant showed increased sensitivity to Calcofluor White and slightly enhanced tolerance to cell-wall disturbing substances and osmosis regulators, including SDS, sorbitol, and NaCl. These results suggest that Bcchs does not play an essential role in the synthesis of cell-wall chitin in B. cinerea. However, disruption of this gene provoked a compensatory mechanism regulating the cellular response to cell-wall damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Cui
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Zhenke Ding
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Tingheng Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
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Reverse genetics for functional genomics of phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Comp Funct Genomics 2009:380719. [PMID: 19830245 PMCID: PMC2760151 DOI: 10.1155/2009/380719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing of over 40 fungal and oomycete genomes has been completed. The next major challenge in modern fungal/oomycete biology is now to translate this plethora of genome sequence information into biological functions. Reverse genetics has emerged as a seminal tool for functional genomics investigations. Techniques utilized for reverse genetics like targeted gene disruption/replacement, gene silencing, insertional mutagenesis, and targeting induced local lesions in genomes will contribute greatly to the understanding of gene function of fungal and oomycete pathogens. This paper provides an overview on high-throughput reverse genetics approaches to decode fungal/oomycete genomes.
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49
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Rolland S, Bruel C, Rascle C, Girard V, Billon-Grand G, Poussereau N. pH controls both transcription and post-translational processing of the protease BcACP1 in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:2097-2105. [PMID: 19359322 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.025999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During pathogenesis, the ascomycete Botrytis cinerea secretes a range of cell-wall-degrading enzymes such as polygalacturonases, glucanases and proteases. We report the identification of a new member of the G1 family of proteases, BcACP1, which is secreted by B. cinerea during infection. The production of BcACP1 correlates with the acidification of the plant tissue, and transcriptional analysis of the Bcacp1 gene showed that it is only expressed under acidic growth conditions. Using a transcriptional reporter system, we showed that pH regulation of Bcacp1 is not mediated by the canonical PacC transcription factor binding site. Like other G1 proteases, BcACP1 is produced as a pro-enzyme. Trapping of the zymogen form allowed investigation of its maturation process. Evidence is presented for an autocatalytic proteolysis of the enzyme that is triggered by acidic pH. Environmental pH therefore controls Bcacp1 production at both the transcriptional and post-translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Rolland
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR5240, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, 14-20 rue Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR5240, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, 14-20 rue Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR5240, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, 14-20 rue Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR5240, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, 14-20 rue Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Geneviève Billon-Grand
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR5240, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, 14-20 rue Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR5240, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, 14-20 rue Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
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[Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the pathogen of Botrytis cinerea]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 30:515-20. [PMID: 18424425 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2008.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Employing gfp as a reporter gene and hygromycin gene (hph) as a selection marker, the recombinant vector pKPG was constructed and transformed into fresh conidia of Botrytis cinerea via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformants were identified by PCR analysis of gfp and hph cassette, green fluorescence observation with microscope and Southern hybridization. Results confirmed that target genes were successfully integrated into the genome of Botrytis cinerea.
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