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He Y, Chen H, Li M, Tang Z, Yu H, Huang C, Zhang X, Ling X, Xie X, Wei G, He Y, Chen J. Analysis of TLR10 gene polymorphisms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112565. [PMID: 38941669 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammatory synovitis, and genetic factors play the greatest role in RA. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Toll-like receptor 10(TLR10) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to RA. METHODS A total of 271 patients with RA and an equal number of healthy controls were included, and the TLR10 rs2101521, rs10004195 and rs11725309 loci were genotyped by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, Individuals carrying the rs2101521 G allele had an increased risk of developing RA (P = 0.01; odds ratio (OR) = 1.367; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.076-1.736). Individuals with the rs2101521 GG genotype had a greater risk of RA (P = 0.01; OR = 1.816; 95 % CI: 1.161-2.984). Stratified analysis demonstrated a greater prevalence of positive anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP)antibody in patients carrying the rs2101521 G allele (P = 0.03). Additionally, patients with the rs11725309 CT genotype had elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)(P = 0.007). CONCLUSION In conclusion, TLR10 gene polymorphisms are associated with RA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxian He
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Huidong Chen
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Mengxiang Li
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Zhenboyang Tang
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Chunyan Huang
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Xiru Ling
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Xintong Xie
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Guangliang Wei
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; Stem Cell Immunity and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Luzhou, PR China.
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Deb P, Singh S, Kalyoussef E, Hess NJ, Tapping RI, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P. TLR10 (CD290) Is a Regulator of Immune Responses in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:577-587. [PMID: 38995177 PMCID: PMC11333166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
TLRs are the most thoroughly studied group of pattern-recognition receptors that play a central role in innate immunity. Among them, TLR10 (CD290) remains the only TLR family member without a known ligand and clearly defined functions. One major impediment to studying TLR10 is its absence in mice. A recent study on TLR10 knock-in mice demonstrated its intrinsic inhibitory role in B cells, indicating that TLR10 is a potential drug target in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we interrogated the expression and function of TLR10 in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). We have seen that primary human pDCs, B cells, and monocytes constitutively express TLR10. Upon preincubation with an anti-TLR10 Ab, production of cytokines in pDCs was downregulated in response to stimulation with DNA and RNA viruses. Upon further investigation into the possible mechanism, we documented phosphorylation of STAT3 upon Ab-mediated engagement of TLR10. This leads to the induction of inhibitory molecule suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression. We have also documented the inhibition of nuclear translocation of transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) in pDCs following TLR10 engagement. Our data provide the (to our knowledge) first evidence that TLR10 is constitutively expressed on the surface of human pDCs and works as a regulator of their innate response. Our findings indicate the potential of harnessing the function of pDCs by Ab-mediated targeting of TLR10 that may open a new therapeutic avenue for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Deb
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Evelyne Kalyoussef
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Nicholas J. Hess
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Patricia Fitzgerald-Bocarsly
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
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Kong X, Jiang S, He Q, Shi X, Pu W, Huang Y, Ma Y, Liu Q, Sun D, Huang D, Wu F, Li P, Tu W, Zhao Y, Wang L, Chen Y, Wu W, Tang Y, Zhao X, Zhu Q, Gao J, Xu W, Shui X, Qian F, Wang J. TLR8 aggravates skin inflammation and fibrosis by activating skin fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:1710-1719. [PMID: 37665747 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Innate immunity significantly contributes to SSc pathogenesis. TLR8 is an important innate immune mediator that is implicated in autoimmunity and fibrosis. However, the expression, mechanism of action, and pathogenic role of TLR8 in SSc remain unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the roles and underlying mechanisms of TLR8 in SSc. METHODS The expression of TLR8 was analysed, based on a public dataset, and then verified in skin tissues and skin fibroblasts of SSc patients. The role of TLR8 in inflammation and fibrosis was investigated using a TLR8-overexpression vector, activator (VTX-2337), inhibitor (cu-cpt-8m), and TLR8 siRNA in skin fibroblasts. The pathogenic role of TLR8 in skin inflammation and fibrosis was further validated in a bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse skin inflammation and fibrosis model. RESULTS TLR8 levels were significantly elevated in SSc skin tissues and myofibroblasts, along with significant activation of the TLR8 pathway. In vitro studies showed that overexpression or activation of TLR8 by a recombinant plasmid or VTX-2337 upregulated IL-6, IL-1β, COL I, COL III and α-SMA in skin fibroblasts. Consistently, both TLR8-siRNA and cu-cpt-8m reversed the phenotypes observed in TLR8-activating fibroblasts. Mechanistically, TLR8 induces skin fibrosis and inflammation in a manner dependent on the MAPK, NF-κB and SMAD2/3 pathways. Subcutaneous injection of cu-cpt-8m significantly alleviated BLM-induced skin inflammation and fibrosis in vivo. CONCLUSION TLR8 might be a promising therapeutic target for improving the treatment strategy for skin inflammation and fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhen Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangguang Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weilin Pu
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Institute for Six-sector Economy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dayan Sun
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Delin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Tu
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinhuan Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Human Phenome Institute and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Xu
- Laboratory Department of Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochuan Shui
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Human Phenome Institute and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ren W, Zhao L, Sun Y, Wang X, Shi X. HMGB1 and Toll-like receptors: potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2023; 29:117. [PMID: 37667233 PMCID: PMC10478470 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HMGB1, a nucleoprotein, is expressed in almost all eukaryotic cells. During cell activation and cell death, HMGB1 can function as an alarm protein (alarmin) or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and mediate early inflammatory and immune response when it is translocated to the extracellular space. The binding of extracellular HMGB1 to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR2 and TLR4 transforms HMGB1 into a pro-inflammatory cytokine, contributing to the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. TLRs, which are members of a family of pattern recognition receptors, can bind to endogenous DAMPs and activate the innate immune response. Additionally, TLRs are key signaling molecules mediating the immune response and play a critical role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune balance. HMGB1 and TLRs are reported to be upregulated in several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune thyroid disease. The expression levels of HMGB1 and some TLRs are upregulated in tissues of patients with autoimmune diseases and animal models of autoimmune diseases. The suppression of HMGB1 and TLRs inhibits the progression of inflammation in animal models. Thus, HMGB1 and TLRs are indispensable biomarkers and important therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. This review provides comprehensive strategies for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases discovered in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xichang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Mahdy SH, Abd Elkader NM, Kassim NA, ElHady MM. Genetic variation in toll-like receptor 4 gene with primary antiphospholipid syndrome susceptibility: a cohort of Egyptian patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
As toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays important roles in cellular immunity and TLR4 polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with susceptibility to a range of diseases, the present study aimed to investigate the association between TLR4 gene polymorphisms and the incidence of primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS).
Methods
Two TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs4986790 and rs4986791) were assessed in 110 subjects of Egyptian ethnicity, including 65 female patients with PAPS and 45 matched healthy controls, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results were verified using automated sequencing.
Results
The homozygous wild-type (AA, aspartic acid) rs4986790 variant and (CC, threonine) rs4986791 variant were the predominant genotypes in the control and PAPS groups.
Conclusion
The results of this preliminary study of TLR4 gene variants among patients with PAPS in an Egyptian population found no association between the rs4986790 and rs4986791 variants and susceptibility to PAPS.
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang C, Liu J, Lu W. Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphisms in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672346. [PMID: 33981318 PMCID: PMC8107678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important initiators of the immune response, both innate and acquired. Evidence suggests that gene polymorphisms within TLRs cause malfunctions of certain key TLR-related signaling pathways, which subsequently increases the risk of autoimmune diseases. We illustrate and discuss the current findings on the role of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms in numerous autoimmune diseases in this review, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, Graves’ disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The study of genetic variation in TLRs in different populations has shown a complex interaction between immunity and environmental factors. This interaction suggests that TLR polymorphisms affect the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases differently in various populations. The identification of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms can expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which will subsequently guide effective medical management and provide insight into prognosis and advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changlun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxian Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Grolmusz VK, Bozsik A, Papp J, Patócs A. Germline Genetic Variants of Viral Entry and Innate Immunity May Influence Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Toward a Polygenic Risk Score for Risk Stratification. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653489. [PMID: 33763088 PMCID: PMC7982482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has affected all aspects of human society with a special focus on healthcare. Although older patients with preexisting chronic illnesses are more prone to develop severe complications, younger, healthy individuals might also exhibit serious manifestations. Previous studies directed to detect genetic susceptibility factors for earlier epidemics have provided evidence of certain protective variations. Following SARS-CoV-2 exposure, viral entry into cells followed by recognition and response by the innate immunity are key determinants of COVID-19 development. In the present review our aim was to conduct a thorough review of the literature on the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as key agents affecting the viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity. Several SNPs within the scope of our approach were found to alter susceptibility to various bacterial and viral infections. Additionally, a multitude of studies confirmed genetic associations between the analyzed genes and autoimmune diseases, underlining the versatile immune consequences of these variants. Based on confirmed associations it is highly plausible that the SNPs affecting viral entry and innate immunity might confer altered susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complex clinical consequences. Anticipating several COVID-19 genomic susceptibility loci based on the ongoing genome wide association studies, our review also proposes that a well-established polygenic risk score would be able to clinically leverage the acquired knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Kornél Grolmusz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network—Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Bozsik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network—Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Papp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network—Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network—Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Arleevskaya MI, Larionova RV, Brooks WH, Bettacchioli E, Renaudineau Y. Toll-Like Receptors, Infections, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:172-181. [PMID: 31144208 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) that belong to the group of protein recognition receptor (PPR) provide an innate immune response following the sensing of conserved pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPs) and changes in danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are generated as a consequence of cellular injury. Analysis of the TLR pathway has moreover offered new insights into the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Indeed, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response characterizes RA patients and participates in establishment of a chronic inflammatory state. Such an inappropriate TLR response has been attributed (i) to the report of important alterations in the microbiota and abnormal responses to infectious agents as part of RA; (ii) to the abnormal presence of TLR-ligands in the serum and synovial fluid of RA patients; (iii) to the overexpression of TLR molecules; (iv) to the production of a large panel of pro-inflammatory cytokines downstream of the TLR pathway; and (v) to genetic variants and epigenetic factors in susceptible RA patients promoting a hyper TLR response. As a consequence, the development of promising therapeutic strategies targeting TLRs for the treatment and prevention of RA is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R V Larionova
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Wesley H Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eléonore Bettacchioli
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U1227, Hôpital Morvan, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire (CHU) de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia. .,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U1227, Hôpital Morvan, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire (CHU) de Brest, Brest, France.
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9
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Wang J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhu K, Xie A. The association between TLR3 rs3775290 polymorphism and sporadic Parkinson’s disease in Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2020; 728:135005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Genetic Polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors 2 and 9 as Susceptibility Factors for the Development of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriatic Arthritis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1492092. [PMID: 31781672 PMCID: PMC6874922 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1492092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are classified as spondyloarthritis (SpA), a group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases with complex genetic etiology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have an important role in the mechanism of innate immunity and may influence inflammatory responses. Polymorphisms in TLR genes that lead to changes in these receptors or that interfere with the transcription rates of mRNA TLR may be involved in the chronic inflammatory immune response observed in SpA. Currently, there is a lack of studies associating genetic polymorphisms in TLRs and SpA. Objective Therefore, this case-control study is aimed at analyzing the influence of the respective SNPs on TLR2 rs5743708, TLR6 rs5743810, and TLR9 rs5743836 and rs187084 in the immunopathogenesis of SpA. Methods The polymorphisms genotyped by PCR-RFLP were TLR2 rs5743708, TLR6 rs5743810, and TLR9 rs5743836 and rs187084. The HLA-B ∗ 27 was performed by PCR-SSP. Results Logistic regression analysis showed a strong association between SNPs in TLR2 and TLR9 and susceptibility to SpA (OR = 12.56; CI = 6.5-25.9 and OR = 1.62; CI = 1.20-2.21, respectively). No association was observed among HLA-B ∗ 27 and TLR polymorphisms (p = 0.72), nor among BASDAI and TLR polymorphisms (p = 0.85). Discussion Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in TLR2 and TLR9 genes may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of the SpA. The rs187084, rs5743836, and rs5743708 polymorphisms were associated with the risk of SpA development, in this study, and lead to significant changes in the innate and adaptive immune response profile, as well as the maintenance of the regulation of immunological mechanisms. Conclusion The polymorphism rs5743708 for the TLR2 and the rs187084_rs5743836 TLR9 haplotypes appear to be involved in the development of clinical forms of SpA and can be a possible therapeutic target for the spondyloarthritis.
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Hegazy MK, Auf FA, Neseem NO, Al-Harrass MF. Toll-like receptor (TLR9) -1486 T/C (rs187084) gene polymorphism in Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Increased Expression of TLR10 in B Cell Subsets Correlates with Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9372436. [PMID: 30686934 PMCID: PMC6327257 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9372436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 10, mainly expressed on B cells, has emerged as a modulatory receptor in inflammation. Nonetheless, the clinical significance of TLR10 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unclear. In this study, we explored the expression of TLR10 in B cells and B cell subsets in RA subjects and healthy controls (HCs) and determined its relevance to disease activity and inflammatory biomarkers. TLR10 levels in B cells and B cell subsets (CD19+CD27+, CD19+CD27−, CD27+IgD−, CD27+IgD+, CD27−IgD+, D27−IgD−, CD19+CD5+, and CD19+CD5−) and inflammatory biomarker concentrations in peripheral blood (PB) obtained from RA subjects and HCs were detected by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The correlations of TLR10 expression with disease activity and inflammatory biomarkers were then analysed. Similar levels of TLR10 in all CD19+ B cells were observed in the RA subjects and HCs. Compared to that in the HCs, TLR10 was elevated significantly in the CD19+CD27−IgD− and CD19+CD5+ subsets in the RA subjects. In addition, almost all subsets expressing TLR10 were increased with disease activity. The present study reveals that enhanced TLR10 in B cell subsets is positively correlated with disease activity in RA subjects.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Impact of Toll-Like Receptors 2/3/4/9, IL-1-α/β and TNF-α Polymorphisms in Cervical Cancer Susceptibility in Tunisia. Pathol Oncol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Balbaloglu O, Sabah Ozcan S, Korkmaz M, Yılmaz N. Promoter polymorphism (T-1486C) of TLR-9 gene is associated with knee osteoarthritis in a Turkish population. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2484-2489. [PMID: 28295589 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine whether TLR-9 T-1486C SNP was associated with susceptibility to OA in the Turkish population. The study group comprised 272 patients with Grade 2-3-4 knee OA according to the Kellgren-Lawrence scoring system and the control group was formed of 296 individuals with Grade 0-1. The TLR-9 genotype were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. An analysis of TLR-9 promoter -1486T/C polymorphism revealed that the -1486CC genotype appeared to have a higher risk for OA and -1486TT and -1486CT genotypes have a protective effect against the development of OA (crude OR = 0.473, 95% CI = 0.297-0.754, p = 0.002, adjusted OR = 0.531, 95% CI = 0.326-0.864, p = 0.011). This study indicate that there is a correlation of TLR-9 T-1486C gene polymorphism with advanced knee OA in a Turkish population. Changed in TLR expression due to different allelles may cause osteoarthrith development outcome cartilage degeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2484-2489, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Balbaloglu
- Department of Physical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Korkmaz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Neziha Yılmaz
- Department of Microbiology, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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15
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Gheita TA, Sayed S, Azkalany GS, Abaza N, Hammam N, Eissa AH. Toll-like receptor 9 in systemic sclerosis patients: relation to modified Rodnan skin score, disease severity, and functional status. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 37:757-763. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Association between TLR-9 gene rs187084 polymorphism and knee osteoarthritis in a Chinese population. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170844. [PMID: 28916728 PMCID: PMC5643737 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease that is induced by many genetic risk variants and other factors. To examine the role of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) in OA patients, we conducted a case–control study involving 215 knee OA (KOA) patients and 215 controls in a Chinese population. Genotyping with a custom-by-design 48-Plex single nucleotide polymorphism Scan™ Kit showed the TLR-9 gene rs187084 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of KOA. Stratification analyses further validated this finding among old people (age ≥ 55 years). In conclusion, TLR-9 gene rs187084 polymorphism is positively correlated with susceptibility to KOA, especially among old people. Nevertheless, this finding should be confirmed by larger size studies with more ethnic populations.
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17
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Fischer J, Weber ANR, Böhm S, Dickhöfer S, El Maadidi S, Deichsel D, Knop V, Klinker H, Möller B, Rasenack J, Wang L, Sharma M, Hinrichsen H, Spengler U, Buggisch P, Sarrazin C, Pawlita M, Waterboer T, Wiese M, Probst-Müller E, Malinverni R, Bochud PY, Gardiner C, O'Farrelly C, Berg T. Sex-specific effects of TLR9 promoter variants on spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. Gut 2017; 66:1829-1837. [PMID: 27196570 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As pathogen sensors, Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a role in the first defence line during HCV infection. However, the impact of the DNA sensor TLR9 on the natural course of HCV infection is unknown. To address this, TLR9 promoter polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) rs187084 and rs5743836 were investigated for their effect on disease progression. DESIGN Therefore, the TLR9 SNPs and the interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4) rs12979860 were genotyped in chronically HCV type 1 infected (n=333), in patients who spontaneously cleared the infection (n=161), in the Swiss HCV cohort (n=1057) and the well-characterised German (n=305) and Irish (n=198) 'anti-D' cohorts. Functional analyses were done with promoter reporter constructs of human TLR9 in B cells and assessing TLR9 mRNA levels in whole blood of healthy volunteers. RESULTS The TLR9 rs187084 C allele was associated with spontaneous virus clearance in women of the study cohort (OR=2.15 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.90) p=0.012), of the Swiss HCV cohort (OR=2.06 (95% CI 1.02 to 4.18) p=0.044) and in both 'anti-D' cohorts (German: OR=2.01 (95% CI 1.14 to 3.55) p=0.016; Irish: OR=1.93 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.68) p=0.047). Multivariate analysis in the combined study and Swiss HCV cohorts supported the results (OR=1.99 (95% CI 1.30 to 3.05) p=0.002). Functional analyses revealed higher transcriptional activities for both TLR9 variants and an association of the C allele of rs5743836 with allele-specific TLR9 mRNA regulation by oestrogens in women. CONCLUSIONS TLR9 promoter SNPs are associated with the natural course of HCV infection and show higher transcriptional activities. Our results imply the DNA sensor TLR9 in natural immunity against the RNA virus, HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Fischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander N R Weber
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Böhm
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Dickhöfer
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Souhayla El Maadidi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Danilo Deichsel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viola Knop
- Medical Department 1, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartwig Klinker
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Möller
- Department of Medical Practice, Charlottenstraße 81, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Rasenack
- Medical Department, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Wang
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Hinrichsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterologische Schwerpunkt-Praxis, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Buggisch
- Liver Unit, IFI Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Medical Department 1, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis (F020), Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis (F020), Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wiese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clair Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Berg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Kızıldağ S, Arslan S, Özbilüm N, Engin A, Bakır M. Effect of TLR10 (2322A/G, 720A/C, and 992T/A) polymorphisms on the pathogenesis of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever disease. J Med Virol 2017; 90:19-25. [PMID: 28843003 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type 1 transmembrane proteins of immune cells that play a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity. The present study first time aims to investigate the relation between TLR10 gene polymorphisms (720A/C, 992T/A, and 2322A/G), severity/non-severity, fatality/non-fatality, and CCFH disease by using PCR-RFLP assay in a Turkish population. TLR10 720A/C polymorphism was determined to be statistically significant both genotype and allele frequency (P = 0,011, P = 0.015, respectively). TLR10 992T/A polymorphism was found statistically significant relationships between patient and control (P = 0.026) and individual with AA genotype have approximately three times greater risk than TT genotype (OR = 2.93). There was not a significant difference in 2322A/G genotype distribution (P = 0.152). There were also statistically significant associations between both TLR10 992T/A and 2322A/G polymorphism and patient mortality (P = 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). We have not found statistically any linkage among TLR10 haplotype, but individual AAA and GAT haplotype have higher risk than individual AAT haplotype (OR = 3.22, OR = 1.93, respectively). Consequently, this study shows that pathogenesis of CCHF disease is associated with the TLR10 720A/C and 992T/A polymorphisms. There is a statistically significant association in fatal/non-fatal patients with TLR10 720A/C and 992T/A. The TLR10 992AA genotype might increase and TLR10 720CC genotype might decrease susceptibility to pathogenesis of CCHF disease. TLR 10 polymorphisms may be also an important biomarker for CCHF susceptibility and fatality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kızıldağ
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Serdal Arslan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Nil Özbilüm
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Aynur Engin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bakır
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
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19
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Elshabrawy HA, Essani AE, Szekanecz Z, Fox DA, Shahrara S. TLRs, future potential therapeutic targets for RA. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:103-113. [PMID: 27988432 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLR)s have a central role in regulating innate immunity and in the last decade studies have begun to reveal their significance in potentiating autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Earlier investigations have highlighted the importance of TLR2 and TLR4 function in RA pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the newer data that indicate roles for TLR5 and TLR7 in RA and its preclinical models. We evaluate the pathogenicity of TLRs in RA myeloid cells, synovial tissue fibroblasts, T cells, osteoclast progenitor cells and endothelial cells. These observations establish that ligation of TLRs can transform RA myeloid cells into M1 macrophages and that the inflammatory factors secreted from M1 and RA synovial tissue fibroblasts participate in TH-17 cell development. From the investigations conducted in RA preclinical models, we conclude that TLR-mediated inflammation can result in osteoclastic bone erosion by interconnecting the myeloid and TH-17 cell response to joint vascularization. In light of emerging unique aspects of TLR function, we summarize the novel approaches that are being tested to impair TLR activation in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Elshabrawy
- Division of Rheumatology, Jesse Brown VA, Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Abdul E Essani
- Division of Rheumatology, Jesse Brown VA, Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei Str 98, Debrecen H-4004, Hungary
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shiva Shahrara
- Division of Rheumatology, Jesse Brown VA, Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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20
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Torices S, Julia A, Muñoz P, Varela I, Balsa A, Marsal S, Fernández-Nebro A, Blanco F, López-Hoyos M, Martinez-Taboada V, Fernández-Luna JL. A functional variant of TLR10 modifies the activity of NFkB and may help predict a worse prognosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:221. [PMID: 27716427 PMCID: PMC5050569 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor (TLR) family members are key players in inflammation. TLR10 has been poorly studied in chronic inflammatory disorders, and its clinical relevance in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is as yet unknown. We aimed at identifying TLR10 variants within all coding regions of the gene in patients with RA as well as studying their functional and clinical significance. Methods TLR10 gene variants were studied by performing sequencing of 66 patients with RA and 30 control subjects. A selected variant, I473T, was then analyzed in 1654 patients and 1702 healthy control subjects. The capacity of this TLR10 variant to modify the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB) was determined by using a luciferase reporter assay and analyzing the expression of NFkB target genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Differences between groups were analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney U test and the unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. Results We detected ten missense variants in the TLR10 gene and focused on the I473T substitution based on allele frequencies and the predicted functional impact. I473T variant is not associated with susceptibility to RA, but it significantly correlates with erosive disease in patients seropositive for antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens (p = 0.017 in the total cohort and p = 0.0049 in female patients) and with a lower response to infliximab treatment as measured by the change in Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (p = 0.012) and by the European League Against Rheumatism criteria (p = 0.049). Functional studies showed that TLR10 reduced activation of the NFkB inflammatory pathway in hematopoietic cells, whereas the I473T variant lacked this inhibitory capacity. Consistently, after exposure to infliximab, cells expressing the I437T variant showed higher NFkB activity than cells carrying wild-type TLR10. Conclusions A TLR10 allelic variant, I473T, has impaired NFkB inhibitory activity and is highly associated with disease severity and low response to infliximab in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torices
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Avenida Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.,Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Avenida Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Antonio Julia
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Muñoz
- Gerencia Atención Primaria, Servicio Cántabro de Salud, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Alejandro Balsa
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Nebro
- Unidad de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Departamento de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marcos López-Hoyos
- Sección de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Avenida Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Víctor Martinez-Taboada
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Avenida Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Jose L Fernández-Luna
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Avenida Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
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21
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Gursoy UK, He Q, Pussinen P, Huumonen S, Könönen E. Alveolar bone loss in relation to toll-like receptor 4 and 9 genotypes and Porphyromonas gingivalis carriage. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1871-1876. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Eser B, Sahin N. Evaluation of tool-like receptor-2 and 4 and interleukin-6 gene expressions in Turkish rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35:2693-2697. [PMID: 27108590 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive inflammatory disease. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of RA are not known well, genetic and environmental factors are proposed to initiate an autoimmune process. We aimed to investigate mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), TLR-4, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes in RA disease. This study was conducted with 50 patients who were diagnosed with RA according to the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for RA and 50 age-matched healthy control individuals who did not have any joint diseases and autoimmune diseases. We collected whole blood from all participants and analyzed expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, and IL-6 genes at mRNA level using real-time qPCR. TLR-2 expression was detected to increase 3.8-fold and IL-6 expression was detected to increase 6.8-fold in RA patients compared to healthy controls. No difference was found between patient and control groups with regard to TLR-4 expression. Overexpression of TLR-2 and IL-6 may be responsible for RA pathogenesis. Inhibition of both TLR and IL signaling pathways may prevent joint inflammation and destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Eser
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, 10145, Turkey.
| | - Nilay Sahin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
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23
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Goktas EF, Bulut C, Goktas MT, Ozer EK, Karaca RO, Kinikli S, Demiroz AP, Bozkurt A. Investigation of 1377C/T polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor 3 among patients with chronic hepatitis B. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:617-22. [PMID: 27314608 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has not been clarified yet. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a receptor family that initiates immunity with exogenous-endogenous ligands and plays a role in the pathogenesis of infections. In this study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of TLR 3 1377C/T (rs3775290) polymorphism and its role in patients with CHB. We included 50 healthy individuals as control group and 73 active and 43 inactive hepatitis B patients. All DNA samples were isolated from blood samples. For the detection of TLR 3 1377C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism, restriction fragment length polymorphism was used. A statistically significant difference was determined in Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels of CHB patients with the CC, CT, and TT genotypes (p = 0.013). The highest levels of HBV DNA were detected in individuals with TT genotypes. Additionally, the frequency of CC genotype was higher in the active CHB patients compared with that of the inactive CHB patients (p = 0.044). No statistically significant difference in TLR 3 1377C/T polymorphism was detected between healthy controls and the hepatitis B patients (p = 0.342). In conclusion, HBV DNA level was higher in the individuals with TT genotype, and CC genotype was more frequent in the active CHB patients. These results suggest a possible association between CHB and TLR 3 gene (1377C/T) polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Firat Goktas
- a Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemal Bulut
- b Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Tugrul Goktas
- c Yıldırım Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdem Kamil Ozer
- d Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ragip Ozgur Karaca
- e Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sami Kinikli
- b Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Pekcan Demiroz
- b Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Bozkurt
- f BAU International University Batumi, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Batumi, Georgia
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24
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Engin A, Arslan S, Özbilüm N, Bakir M. Is there any relationship between Toll-like receptor 3 c.1377C/T and -7C/A polymorphisms and susceptibility to Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever? J Med Virol 2016; 88:1690-6. [PMID: 26959380 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an infectious disease that is caused by CCHF virus. A family of transmembrane receptors called as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) selectively acts in recognizing a wide range of microbial components and endogenous molecules released by damaged tissue and have been preserved throughout evolution. TLRs initiate some signaling cascades which activate the innate immune system. Mainly four TLRs act in protection against viral infections; TLR3 is one of them. TLR3 identifies dsRNA. By producing inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons, it generates an antiviral immune response. Proper response to TLR ligands may be impaired by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within TLR genes in some indviduals, and this can cause varied susceptibility to infections. In the present work, polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism is used to analyze the frequencies of TLR3 (c.1377C/T and -7C/A) polymorphisms in 149 CCHF patients and 171 healthy adults as controls, in Cumhuriyet University, Sivas/Turkey. We also investigated the relation between these polymorphisms and severity or mortality of CCHF disease. This is the first study investigating the TLR3 SNPs in patients with CCHF. In the present study, the frequency of the TLR3 (c.1377C/T and -7A/C) genotypes in fatal and non-fatal cases were comparable, however, the homozygous mutant (TT) genotype frequency of TLR3 c.1377C/T in CCHF patients was significantly higher than that of the healthy controls. In conclusion, presence of TLR3 c.1377 TT genotype may have a role in the susceptibility to CCHF. J. Med. Virol. 88:1690-1696, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Engin
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Serdal Arslan
- Department of Medical Biology, Cumhuriyet University, School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Nil Özbilüm
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bakir
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
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25
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Al-Harras MF, Houssen ME, Shaker ME, Farag K, Farouk O, Monir R, El-Mahdy R, Abo-Hashem EM. Polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase π 1 and toll-like receptors 2 and 9: Association with breast cancer susceptibility. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2182-2188. [PMID: 26998146 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes and innate immune receptors have been implicated in the development of various types of cancer. The present study aimed to investigate whether polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase π 1 (GSTP1) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 9 are associated with susceptibility to breast cancer among females. The study was conducted on 72 Egyptian female patients with breast cancer, along with 100 healthy volunteers. Polymorphisms of GSTP1 (codon 105 Ile/Val) and TLR9 rs187084 (1237T/C) genes were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism, while the -196 to -174 deletion/insertion (del/ins) polymorphism of TLR2 was detected by PCR. The results indicated a decrease in GSTP1 Val allele frequency in breast cancer patients compared with healthy controls, at rates of 22.9 vs. 32.5%, respectively. In addition, the breast cancer group demonstrated a decreased TLR9 C allele frequency compared with the control group, at rates of 36.1 vs. 51.5%, respectively (P=0.0047). A non-significant difference was detected in the frequency of the TLR2 -196 to -174 del allele in breast cancer patients when compared to normal controls. In conclusion, these results suggested that the GSTP1 Val and TLR9 1237C alleles, but not TLR2 -196 to -174 del, are likely to be associated with breast cancer development among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F Al-Harras
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Maha E Houssen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Shaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Kamel Farag
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Omar Farouk
- Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, Oncology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Rehan Monir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Rasha El-Mahdy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ekbal M Abo-Hashem
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Lauhkonen E, Koponen P, Vuononvirta J, Teräsjärvi J, Nuolivirta K, Toikka JO, Helminen M, He Q, Korppi M. Gene Polymorphism of Toll-Like Receptors and Lung Function at Five to Seven Years of Age after Infant Bronchiolitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146526. [PMID: 26741133 PMCID: PMC4704821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a crucial role in innate immunity, protecting the host from pathogens such as viruses. Genetic variations in TLRs have been associated with the severity of viral bronchiolitis in infancy and with the later occurrence of post-bronchiolitis asthma. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if there are any exploratory associations between TLR gene polymorphisms and lung function at 5 to 7 years of age in former bronchiolitis patients. Methods We performed impulse oscillometry (IOS) at the median age of 6.3 years for 103 children who had been hospitalized for bronchiolitis at less than six months of age. The main parameters evaluated were airway resistance and reactance at 5Hz in baseline and post-exercise measurements. Data on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of TLR1 rs5743618, TLR2 rs5743708, TLR6 rs5743810 and TLR10 rs4129009 (TLR2 subfamily) and TLR3 rs3775291, TLR4 rs4986790, TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs2407992 and TLR 9 rs187084 were available for analyses. Results The TLR4 rs4986790 wild genotype A/A was associated with a greater Rrs5 response (0.72 vs. -0.42, p = 0.03) to exercise. In TLR6 rs5743810, the minor allele T was associated with greater Rrs5 response (0.80 vs. -0.03, p = 0.04) to exercise. In TLR7 rs179008, the major allele A was associated with baseline decline in dRrs/df (-1.03 vs 0.61, p = 0.01) and increased Fres (2.28 vs. 0.89, p = 0.01) in girls. Conclusion Among the nine studied TLRs, only TLR7 rs179008 showed some exploratory associations with post-bronchiolitis lung function deficiency, and polymorphisms of TLR4 rs4986790, and TLR6 rs5743810 in particular, with airway reactivity. These findings call for further confirmatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Lauhkonen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Petri Koponen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juho Vuononvirta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Teräsjärvi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jyri O. Toikka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Helminen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Korppi
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Shang J, Wang X, Wang W, Pan H, Liu S, Li L, Chen L, Xia B. Association between Toll-Like Receptor 9-1237T/C Polymorphism and the Susceptibility of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:153-64. [PMID: 26632396 PMCID: PMC4696948 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The -1237T/C polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) gene has been implicated in the susceptibility of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), but the results remain conflicting. We further investigated this association via meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiple electronic databases were extensively searched until February, 2015. The strength of association was evaluated by calculating the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 2987 cases and 2388 controls from eight studies were analyzed. Overall, association was found between TLR9 -1237T/C polymorphism and the risk of IBDs when all the studies were pooled (recessive model, OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.02-2.47, p=0.04; homozygote comparison, OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.04-2.52, p=0.03; allele model, OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00-1.27, p=0.05). Stratification by ethnicity indicated an association between TLR9 -1237T/C polymorphism and IBDs risk in Caucasians (recessive model, OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.02-2.47, p=0.04; homozygote comparison, OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.04-2.52, p=0.03; allele model, OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.00-1.27, p=0.05). When stratified by disease type, significant correlation were only found in the Crohn's disease subgroup (recessive model, OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.05-2.73, p=0.03; homozygote model, OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.07-2.82, p=0.02; allele model, OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01-1.32, p=0.04). CONCLUSION The present study suggested that the TLR9 -1237T/C polymorphism might act as a risk factor in the development of IBDs, particularly in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Huaqin Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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Zidi S, Sghaier I, Gazouani E, Mezlini A, Yacoubi-Loueslati B. Evaluation of Toll-Like Receptors 2/3/4/9 Gene Polymorphisms in Cervical Cancer Evolution. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:323-30. [PMID: 26548749 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulative epidemiological evidence suggests that polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors signaling pathway elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human diseases whose gaining a primordial importance. The aim of our study is to identify the role of TLR 2 (-196 to -174 del), TLR 3 (1377 C>T), TLR 4 (Asp299Gly) and TLR 9 (G2848A) gene polymorphisms with the evolution of cervical cancer in Tunisian women. Blood samples were collected from histopathologically confirmed patients with cervical cancer and unrelated healthy female controls of similar ethnicity. Genotyping of the analyzed polymorphisms were done using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. For the TLR 2, Ins/Ins genotype is a protector factor [p = 0.006; OR: 0.35(0.16-0.73)] and the dominant genotype of TLR 3 increased the risk of CC in stage (III+IV); C/C versus C/T [p = 0.033; OR: 2.03(1.00-4.13)] and C/C versus C/T+T/T [p = 0.036; OR: 1.93(1.00-3.74)]. For TLR 4, the dominant genotype Asp/Asp is implicated in the occurrence of CC in stage (I+II) [p = 0.000; OR: 4.55(1.58-13.06)], [p = 0.001; OR: 3.49(1.44-8.45)] and in stage (III+IV) [p = 0.038; OR: 3.77(0.87-16.29)], [p = 0.007; OR: 5.21(1.65-16.46)] and the major allele Asp is a risk factor for the development of tumor in stage (I+II). The TLR2 Ins/Del genotype is associated with tumor evolution to stage (III+IV) [p = 0.003; OR: 3.00 (1.22-7.35)] and the genotypes Gly/Gly and Asp/Gly+Gly/Gly and Gly allele of TLR 4 are implicated in tumor evolution to the advanced stages. Further, TLR 2, TLR 3, TLR 4 and TLR 9 gene polymorphisms are implicated in the modulation of CC risk due to tobacco usage and statue of menopause among cases. Our study suggests a relationship between the incidence of the TLR2, TLR 3, TLR 4 and TLR9 mutations and the clinical progression of CC according to the FIGO classification. However, future studies with different demographic and clinical characteristics in ethnically diverse populations may provide a more comprehensive involvement of innate immunity in cervical cancer etiology in women worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Zidi
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Micro-Organisms and Active Biomolecules, El Manar University, 2092 El MANAR I, 1092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Ikram Sghaier
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Micro-Organisms and Active Biomolecules, El Manar University, 2092 El MANAR I, 1092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ezzedine Gazouani
- Laboratory of Immunology, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Besma Yacoubi-Loueslati
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Micro-Organisms and Active Biomolecules, El Manar University, 2092 El MANAR I, 1092, Tunis, Tunisia
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Gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity: New insights on the role of Toll-like receptors. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:971-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Genetic polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 3 gene are associated with the risk of hepatitis B virus-related liver diseases in a Chinese population. Gene 2015; 569:218-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Involvement of Toll-like receptors in cervical cancer susceptibility among Tunisian women. Bull Cancer 2015; 101:E31-5. [PMID: 25373689 DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2014.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies underscored the importance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of certain cancers, including cervical cancer. Epidemiological evidence supports an association between specific polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors (TLR) with several human pathological states, including cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between specific gene variants in TLR2 (-196 to -174 del), TLR3 (c.1377 C>T), TLR4 (Asp299Gly), and TLR9 (2848 G>A) and susceptibility to cervical cancer in Tunisian women. Study subjects comprised 122 women with histopathologically-confirmed cervical cancer, and 260 unrelated age- and ethnically-matched healthy females, who served as controls. TLR genotyping was done using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The C/C genotype of TLR3 (c.1377 C>T) is associated with cervical cancer susceptibility (OR: 1.71, CI: 1.08-2.70). For TLR4 (Asp299Gly), the Asp/Asp genotype and the Asp allele were associated with higher risk of developing cervical cancer (OR: 4.95, CI: 1.97-13.22) and (OR: 5.17, CI: 2.11-13.50) respectively. We demonstrated no association between the TLR2 (-196 to -174 del) and the TLR 9 (2848 G>A) polymorphisms and the susceptibility of cervical cancer among Tunisian women. However, the C/C genotype for the TLR3 (c.1377 C>T) polymorphism and the Asp/Asp genotype and the Asp allele for (Asp299Gly) TLR4 polymorphism were found to be associated with a higher risk of cervical cancer.
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Association of Toll like receptor Asp299Gly with rheumatoid arthritis risk: a systematic review of case-control studies and meta-analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 211:219-25. [PMID: 25499175 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is thought to be triggered by various genetic and environmental factors. Few human epidemiologic studies demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes are associated with RA. We aimed to evaluate the effects of TLR polymorphisms on the risk of RA pathogenesis by using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic search and meta-analysis of the literature was conducted. We screened the medical literature based on keywords search in MEDLINE and EMBASE 'Toll-like receptor', 'polymorphism', and rheumatoid arthritis. Meta-analyses were performed under the random-effects model by using: (1) recessive, (2) homozygous, (3) dominant, (4) codominant and allele contrast models. RESULTS A total of 3086 cases and 3756 controls in nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. Association between TLR4 Asp299Gly and RA risk was marginally significant [OR = 0.856 (95% CI, 0.716-1.022); P = 0.086] in the homozygous model. AA and GG homozygote genotypes tended to be significant protective factors against RA risk. CONCLUSION Our overall analyses indicated that TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism might contribute to RA pathogenesis.
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Taha HA, Sheir RE, Shafy SSA, Mohamed LM. Genotypic analysis of Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms of TLR4 in Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-7782.132884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Thwaites R, Chamberlain G, Sacre S. Emerging role of endosomal toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:1. [PMID: 24474949 PMCID: PMC3893714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their downstream signaling pathways have been comprehensively characterized in innate immunity. In addition to this function, these receptors have also been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Murine in vivo models and human in vitro tissue models of RA have provided a wealth of information on the potential activity of TLRs and components of the downstream signaling pathways. Whilst most early work investigated the cell surface TLRs, more recently the focus has moved to the endosomal TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9. These receptors recognize self and foreign double-stranded RNA and single-stranded RNA and DNA. The development of therapeutics to inhibit the endosomal TLRs or components of their signaling cascades may represent a way to target inflammation upstream of cytokine production. This may allow for greater specificity than existing therapies including cytokine blockade. Here, we review the current information suggesting a role for the endosomal TLRs in RA pathogenesis and the efforts to target these receptors therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thwaites
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Giselle Chamberlain
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
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Kim TH, Jeong KH, Kim SK, Lee SH, Ihm CG, Lee TW, Moon JY, Yoon YC, Chung JH, Park SJ, Kang SW, Kim YH. TLR9gene polymorphism (rs187084, rs352140): association with acute rejection and estimated glomerular filtration rate in renal transplant recipients. Int J Immunogenet 2013; 40:502-8. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine; Busan Paik Hospital; Inje University; Busan Korea
| | - K.-H. Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul Korea
| | - S. K. Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute; School of Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul Korea
| | - S. H. Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul Korea
| | - C. G. Ihm
- Department of Internal Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul Korea
| | - T. W. Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul Korea
| | - J. Y. Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul Korea
| | - Y. C. Yoon
- Department of Chest Surgery; College of Medicine; Inje University; Busan Korea
| | - J.-H. Chung
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute; School of Medicine; Kyunghee University; Seoul Korea
| | - S. J. Park
- Department of Internal Medicine; Busan Paik Hospital; Inje University; Busan Korea
| | - S. W. Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine; Busan Paik Hospital; Inje University; Busan Korea
| | - Y. H. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine; Busan Paik Hospital; Inje University; Busan Korea
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Yang HY, Lee HS, Lee CH, Fang WH, Chen HC, Salter DM, Su SL. Association of a functional polymorphism in the promoter region of TLR-3 with osteoarthritis: a two-stage case-control study. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:680-5. [PMID: 23255072 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9), an endosomal TLR, are associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA). TLR-3, -7, and -8 are also found on the surface of endosomes and to investigate whether similar associations exist with polymorphisms in these TLR genes we performed a two-stage case-control study and genotyped 11 TLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 823 OA cases and 594 healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism assays. Real-time PCR was performed to assess the functional expression of an identified promoter polymorphism in TLR-3 following dexamethasone stimulation of articular chondrocytes. An association between TLR-3 SNPs at rs3775296 and rs3775290 and OA was identified in both populations. In males the allelic frequencies of TLR-7 rs179010 and TLR-8 rs5744080 were significantly different between OA cases and healthy controls. The ATCA, CTCA, and CCTA haplotypes of TLR-3 were associated with OA susceptibility. A significant difference in TLR-3 gene expression following dexamethasone treatment was seen among the various genotypes of rs3775296 (p = 0.004). Our findings indicate that a SNP in the promoter region of TLR-3 is associated with elevated TLR-3 gene expression and susceptibility to knee OA in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Yang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Kirchner M, Sonnenschein A, Schoofs S, Schmidtke P, Umlauf VN, Mannhardt-Laakmann W. Surface expression and genotypes of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2013; 11:9. [PMID: 23497095 PMCID: PMC3626865 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-11-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic arthritis is a common feature of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It was subsequently discovered that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are able to upregulate cytokine production in response to endogenous ligands released after tissue damage, suggesting that TLRs can maintain an inflammatory response even in absence of pathogen. Thus, TLRs may contribute to increased inflammation in JIA and SLE patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TLRs in JIA and SLE. We examined the in vivo expression and polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4 in peripheral monocytes of patients with JIA and SLE during active and inactive disease phases. METHODS This single center cohort study consisted of JIA and SLE affected children and control subjects. TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression on CD14+ monocytes was examined by flow cytometry. TLR2 and TLR4 genotypes were determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (RFLP-PCR). RESULTS A significant reduction in the level of TLR4 expression (p ≤ 0.001) was observed on monocytes of patients with JIA and SLE compared with that of healthy control subjects. There was no correlation between the TLR2 or TLR4 genotypes and the observed differential TLR protein expression on monocytes. CONCLUSIONS To conclude, our observations suggest involvement of investigated TLRs in the pathogenesis of JIA and SLE. It still remains to be elucidated whether reduced TLR4 expression is cause of chronic arthritis or a result of some feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kirchner
- University Hospital of Mainz, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, D-55131, Germany.
| | - Anja Sonnenschein
- University Hospital of Mainz, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, D-55131, Germany
| | - Simon Schoofs
- University Hospital of Mainz, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, D-55131, Germany
| | - Peter Schmidtke
- University Hospital of Mainz, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, D-55131, Germany
| | - Volker N Umlauf
- University Hospital of Aachen, Department of Pediatrics, Pauwelstrasse 30, Aachen, D-52070, Germany
| | - Wilma Mannhardt-Laakmann
- University Hospital of Mainz, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, D-55131, Germany
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Requena T, Gazquez I, Moreno A, Batuecas A, Aran I, Soto-Varela A, Santos-Perez S, Perez N, Perez-Garrigues H, Lopez-Nevot A, Martin E, Sanz R, Perez P, Trinidad G, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Teggi R, Zagato L, Lopez-Nevot MA, Lopez-Escamez JA. Allelic variants in TLR10 gene may influence bilateral affectation and clinical course of Meniere's disease. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:345-55. [PMID: 23370977 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors trigger the innate immune response by activating various cell types such us macrophages and lymphocytes. We genotyped SNV of TLR3, TRL7, TLR8 and TLR10 in 863 Spanish and 150 Italian patients with Meniere's disease (MD) and 1,013 controls by using Taqman assays. Real-Time qPCR was used to measure the expression level of TLR10 in peripheral blood leukocytes. The overall dataset showed that the C allele and the CC genotype of rs11096955 in TLR10 gene were more commonly observed in controls than patients (corrected p = 1 × 10(-3), OR = 0.68 [95 % confidence interval, 0.54-0.84] for CC genotype; corrected p = 1.5 × 10(-5), OR = 0.75 [0.66-0.85] for allele C). Moreover, the CC genotype was more frequent in patients with uni- (19 %) than bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) (13 %). Logistic regression demonstrated that the time since the onset of MD, Tumarkin crises, hearing stage and rs11096955 were independent factors influencing the risk of bilateral SNHL. In addition, rs11096955 influenced hearing loss progression in patients with bilateral MD. No change in expression of TLR10 was observed according to CC, CA or AA genotypes. Our data suggest that allelic variants of TLR10 gene may influence the susceptibility and time-course of hearing loss of MD in the European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Requena
- Human DNA Variability Department, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía (GENYO), Granada, Spain
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Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int 2013; 34:111-6. [PMID: 23325096 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-013-2666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms confer susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and influence the clinical characteristics of RA. The authors conducted a systematic review on associations between TLR polymorphisms and RA susceptibility and clinical findings. Meta-analysis was performed if at least three comparisons of an issue were available. A total of 14 studies were included in this systematic review, which included European and Asian studies. Meta-analysis of five European studies showed no association between the TLR4 Asp299Gly (rs4986790) polymorphism and RA (OR for the minor allele = 0.907, 95% CI = 0.755-1.088, p = 0.291). Furthermore, none of these studies found any association between the polymorphism and clinical characteristics. A significant difference between TLR9 rs187084 allele frequencies in RA patients and controls was found in one Turkish study (p = 0.003), and a moderate association between RF positivity and TLR8 rs5741883 was found in an European study (p = 0.001). The numbers of guanine-thymine [(GT)n] repeats in intron II of the TLR2 gene were found a significantly higher S-allele frequency in Korean patients with RA than in controls (30.3 vs. 23.0 %, p = 0.03). This meta-analysis shows lack of an association between the TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and RA. However, our finding suggests the possibility that TLR polymorphisms are associated with the development and clinical characteristics of RA. Because of a paucity of data of the TLR polymorphisms, case-control studies are required to determine whether TLR2, 4, 8, 9 polymorphisms contribute to RA susceptibility or severity in more than 2,000 patients and controls.
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Lee Y, Bae SC, Song G. Meta-analysis demonstrates association between TLR polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:328-34. [DOI: 10.4238/2013.february.7.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Roszak A, Lianeri M, Sowińska A, Jagodziński PP. Involvement of Toll-like Receptor 9 polymorphism in cervical cancer development. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8425-30. [PMID: 22714906 PMCID: PMC3383973 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role played by the polymorphism located in Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9) as a risk factor of cervical cancer remains elusive. Therefore, we studied the association of the TLR9 −1486 T/C (rs187084) and C2848T (rs352140) polymorphisms with cervical cancer. The TLR9 −1486 T/C and C2848T polymorphism was genotyped in 426 patients and 460 unrelated healthy females from the Polish population. Logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, tobacco smoking, and menopausal status showed that both the TLR9 −1486 T/C and C2848T polymorphisms could be a genetic risk factor for cervical cancer. For the TLR9 −1486 T/C polymorphism, the adjusted OR for patients with the C/T genotype versus T/T genotype was 1.371 (95 % CI 1.021–1.842, p = 0.0361), the adjusted OR for the C/C genotype vs the T/T genotype was 1.300 (95 % CI 1.016–1.507, p = 0.0096), and the adjusted OR for the C/T or C/C genotype vs the T/T genotype was 1.448 (95 % CI 1.099–1.908, p = 0.0083). For the C2848T polymorphism, the adjusted OR for patients with the C/T genotype vs C/C genotype was 1.443 (95 % CI 1.019–2.043, p = 0.0380), the adjusted OR for the T/T genotype vs the C/C genotype was 1.237 (95 % CI 1.016–1.507, p = 0.0328), and the adjusted OR for the T/C or T/T genotype vs the C/C genotype was 1.345 (95 % CI 0.976–1.855, p = 0.0700). Our studies suggest that the TLR9 −1486 T/C and C2848T polymorphisms may be a genetic risk factor for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Roszak
- Department of Radiotherapy and Gynecological Oncology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Margarita Lianeri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Sowińska
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel P. Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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Coenen MJH, Enevold C, Barrera P, Schijvenaars MMVAP, Toonen EJM, Scheffer H, Padyukov L, Kastbom A, Klareskog L, Barton A, Kievit W, Rood MJ, Jansen TL, Swinkels D, van Riel PLCM, Franke B, Bendtzen K, Radstake TRDJ. Genetic variants in toll-like receptors are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility or anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment outcome. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14326. [PMID: 21179534 PMCID: PMC3002281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies point to a role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated if genetic variants in TLR genes are associated with RA and response to tumour necrosis factor blocking (anti-TNF) medication. Methodology and Principal Findings 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven TLR genes were genotyped in a Dutch cohort consisting of 378 RA patients and 294 controls. Significantly associated variants were investigated in replication cohorts from The Netherlands, United Kingdom and Sweden (2877 RA patients and 2025 controls). 182 of the Dutch patients were treated with anti-TNF medication. Using these patients and a replication cohort (269 Swedish patients) we analysed if genetic variants in TLR genes were associated with anti-TNF outcome. In the discovery phase of the study we found a significant association of SNPs rs2072493 in TLR5 and rs3853839 in TLR7 with RA disease susceptibility. Meta-analysis of discovery and replication cohorts did not confirm these findings. SNP rs2072493 in TLR5 was associated with anti-TNF outcome in the Dutch but not in the Swedish population. Conclusion We conclude that genetic variants in TLRs do not play a major role in susceptibility for developing RA nor in anti-TNF treatment outcome in a Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke J H Coenen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease (IGMD), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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