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Green C, Green DB, Ratcliffe N, Thompson D, Lea M, Baylis AMM, Bond AL, Bost C, Crofts S, Cuthbert RJ, González‐Solís J, Morrison KW, Poisbleau M, Pütz K, Rey AR, Ryan PG, Sagar PM, Steinfurth A, Thiebot J, Tierney M, Whitehead TO, Wotherspoon S, Hindell MA. Potential for redistribution of post-moult habitat for Eudyptes penguins in the Southern Ocean under future climate conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:648-667. [PMID: 36278894 PMCID: PMC10099906 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change is resulting in spatial redistributions of many species. We assessed the potential effects of climate change on an abundant and widely distributed group of diving birds, Eudyptes penguins, which are the main avian consumers in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass consumption. Despite their abundance, several of these species have undergone population declines over the past century, potentially due to changing oceanography and prey availability over the important winter months. We used light-based geolocation tracking data for 485 individuals deployed between 2006 and 2020 across 10 of the major breeding locations for five taxa of Eudyptes penguins. We used boosted regression tree modelling to quantify post-moult habitat preference for southern rockhopper (E. chrysocome), eastern rockhopper (E. filholi), northern rockhopper (E. moseleyi) and macaroni/royal (E. chrysolophus and E. schlegeli) penguins. We then modelled their redistribution under two climate change scenarios, representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (for the end of the century, 2071-2100). As climate forcings differ regionally, we quantified redistribution in the Atlantic, Central Indian, East Indian, West Pacific and East Pacific regions. We found sea surface temperature and sea surface height to be the most important predictors of current habitat for these penguins; physical features that are changing rapidly in the Southern Ocean. Our results indicated that the less severe RCP4.5 would lead to less habitat loss than the more severe RCP8.5. The five taxa of penguin may experience a general poleward redistribution of their preferred habitat, but with contrasting effects in the (i) change in total area of preferred habitat under climate change (ii) according to geographic region and (iii) the species (macaroni/royal vs. rockhopper populations). Our results provide further understanding on the regional impacts and vulnerability of species to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara‐Paige Green
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - David B. Green
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- ARC Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic ScienceInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - David Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd.HataitaiWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Mary‐Anne Lea
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- ARC Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic ScienceInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Alastair M. M. Baylis
- South Atlantic Environmental Research InstituteStanleyFalkland Islands
- Macquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alexander L. Bond
- RSPB Centre for Conservation ScienceRoyal Society for the Protection of BirdsThe LodgeSandyUK
- Bird GroupNatural History MuseumTingUK
| | - Charles‐André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de ChizéUMR7372 CNRS‐La Rochelle UniversitéVilliers en BoisFrance
| | | | - Richard J. Cuthbert
- Royal Society for the Protection of BirdsCentre for Conservation ScienceCambridgeUK
- World Land TrustBlyth HouseHalesworthUK
| | - Jacob González‐Solís
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Departament de Biologia EvolutivaEcologia i Ciències AmbientalsUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Kyle W. Morrison
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd.HataitaiWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Maud Poisbleau
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | | | | | - Peter G. Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African OrnithologyDST‐NRF Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
| | - Paul M. Sagar
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd.HataitaiWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Antje Steinfurth
- Royal Society for the Protection of BirdsCentre for Conservation ScienceCambridgeUK
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Thiebot
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd.ChristchurchNew Zealand
- Graduate School of Fisheries SciencesHokkaido UniversityHakodateJapan
| | - Megan Tierney
- South Atlantic Environmental Research InstituteStanleyFalkland Islands
- Joint Nature Conservation CommitteePeterboroughUK
| | - Thomas Otto Whitehead
- FitzPatrick Institute of African OrnithologyDST‐NRF Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
| | - Simon Wotherspoon
- Australian Antarctic DivisionDepartment of Agriculture, Water and the EnvironmentAustralian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Mark A. Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- ARC Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic ScienceInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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Lois NA, Balza U, Brasso R, Dodino S, Pütz K, Polito MJ, Riccialdelli L, Ciancio J, Quillfeldt P, Mahler B, Rey AR. Mercury and stable isotopes portray colony-specific foraging grounds in southern rockhopper penguins over the Patagonian Shelf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114137. [PMID: 36183510 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury pollution is a serious global environmental issue and the characterization of its distribution and its driving forces should be urgently included in research agendas. We report unusually high mercury (Hg) concentrations (>5 μg/g) along with stable isotopes values in feathers of southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) from colonies in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. We found a highly heterogenous prevalence of Hg throughout the study area and over a three-fold higher mean Hg concentration in southernmost colonies. Variation in Hg concentrations among colonies is primarily explained by site, rather than by trophic position. We provide further support to the existence of a Hg hotspot in the food web of the Patagonian Shelf and spatially restrict it to the southern tip of South America. Our findings highlight the need for regional and colony-based seabird conservation management when high local variability and plasticity in foraging habits is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás A Lois
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (DEGE-FCEyN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IEGEBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ulises Balza
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Rebecka Brasso
- Weber State University, Ogden, UT, United States of America
| | - Samanta Dodino
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina
| | | | - Michael J Polito
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Luciana Riccialdelli
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Javier Ciancio
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Bettina Mahler
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (DEGE-FCEyN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IEGEBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Raya Rey
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (ICPA-UNTdF), Ushuaia, Argentina; Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Rosciano NG, Pütz K, Polito MJ, Raya Rey A. Where’s the best supermarket deal? Female Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) show variable foraging areas during the guard stage at Isla de los Estados, Argentina. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial distribution of seabirds contributes to comprehending their ecological requirements and dispersion patterns. We studied the at-sea distribution of female Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome (J.R. Forster, 1781)) at Isla de los Estados colony during the early chick-rearing period. We used a clustering analysis approach to identify different groups according to the foraging trip (tracking and diving data from GPS and temperature and depth data loggers) and diet (δ15N composition on blood samples) characteristics. Foraging trips differed in duration, location, and dive depths explored. Females in clusters 1 and 3 traveled longer distances and in opposite directions (36.3 ± 21.3 and 40.3 ± 14.0 km, respectively). Females in cluster 2 fed closer to the colony (16.8 ± 7.8 km). Dives occurred in pelagic habitats. Higher δ15N values suggested a greater proportion of fish (e.g., the Fuegian sprat, Sprattus fuegensis (Jenyns, 1842)) consumption in the northern foraging areas (cluster 1). The variability observed in the spatial distribution suggests flexibility in the foraging behavior of Southern Rockhopper Penguins and availability of adequate foraging areas within the colony range during the early chick-rearing period, both important features for Southern Rockhopper Penguin population. These results contribute to understanding the use of the Southern Ocean by marine mesopredators and top predators and to the marine spatial planning in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G. Rosciano
- Ecología y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bernardo A. Houssay 200 (V9410CAB), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Klemens Pütz
- Antarctic Research Trust, Am Oste-Hamme-Kanal 10, D-27432 Bremervörde, Germany
| | - Michael J. Polito
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Andrea Raya Rey
- Ecología y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bernardo A. Houssay 200 (V9410CAB), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Amenábar 1595, Office 19, C1426AKC CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Quinete N, Hauser-Davis RA, Lemos LS, Moura JF, Siciliano S, Gardinali PR. Occurrence and tissue distribution of organochlorinated compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from the southeastern coast of Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141473. [PMID: 32836122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds are suitable biomonitors for several persistent organic pollutants (POP), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), although scarce studies of PAHs in seabirds are available, especially in South American populations. Therefore, this study aimed to assess OCPs, PCBs and PAHs, through gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses, in liver (n = 9) and muscle tissue (n = 13) from juvenile Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) found stranded on the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. DDT-related compounds were the most frequently detected OCP, and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), the main DDT metabolite found in penguin tissues. OCP concentrations in liver were two-fold higher than in muscle tissues. Compound specific ratios identified recent exposure of penguins to some OCPs as well as evidence of legacy pollution associated with industrial sources. The predominant PCB congeners were PCB 8/5, PCB 138/160 and PCB 153/132, with concentrations ranging from <LOQ and 1500 ng g-1 dry weight. This study comprises one of the few PAHs reports in penguin tissues, and, although most compounds were detected at very low levels or below the limit of quantitation (LOQ), the concentrations reported herein were up to 100-fold higher than in previous studies in penguins. Therefore, considering penguin vulnerability to marine oil spills during migration routes, further assessments are required in different tissues in order to assess potential environmental health risks to these sentinel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Quinete
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Environment and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos (GEMM-Lagos), Rua São José 1.260, Praia Seca, Araruama, RJ 28970-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Av. Brazil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Leila S Lemos
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos (GEMM-Lagos), Rua São José 1.260, Praia Seca, Araruama, RJ 28970-000, Brazil; Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Jailson F Moura
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos (GEMM-Lagos), Rua São José 1.260, Praia Seca, Araruama, RJ 28970-000, Brazil; Systems Ecology Group, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Salvatore Siciliano
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos (GEMM-Lagos), Rua São José 1.260, Praia Seca, Araruama, RJ 28970-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Mourisco sala 217, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Piero R Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Environment and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Lois NA, Campagna L, Balza U, Polito MJ, Pütz K, Vianna JA, Morgenthaler A, Frere E, Sáenz-Samaniego R, Raya Rey A, Mahler B. Metapopulation dynamics and foraging plasticity in a highly vagile seabird, the southern rockhopper penguin. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3346-3355. [PMID: 32273992 PMCID: PMC7141044 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Population connectivity is driven by individual dispersal potential and modulated by natal philopatry. In seabirds, high vagility facilitates dispersal yet philopatry is also common, with foraging area overlap often correlated with population connectivity. We assess the interplay between these processes by studying past and current connectivity and foraging niche overlap among southern rockhopper penguin colonies of the coast of southern South America using genomic and stable isotope analyses. We found two distinct genetic clusters and detected low admixture between northern and southern colonies. Stable isotope analysis indicated niche variability between colonies, with Malvinas/Falklands colonies encompassing the species entire isotopic foraging niche, while the remaining colonies had smaller, nonoverlapping niches. A recently founded colony in continental Patagonia differed in isotopic niche width and position with Malvinas/Falklands colonies, its genetically identified founder population, suggesting the exploitation of novel foraging areas and/or prey items. Additionally, dispersing individuals found dead across the Patagonian shore in an unusual mortality event were also assigned to the northern cluster, suggesting northern individuals reach southern localities, but do not breed in these colonies. Facilitated by variability in foraging strategies, and especially during unfavorable conditions, the number of dispersing individuals may increase and enhance the probability of founding new colonies. Metapopulation demographic dynamics in seabirds should account for interannual variability in dispersal behavior and pay special attention to extreme climatic events, classically related to negative effects on population trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás A Lois
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IEGEBA-CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires (DEGE-FCEyN-UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET) Ushuaia Argentina
| | - Leonardo Campagna
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Ulises Balza
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires (DEGE-FCEyN-UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET) Ushuaia Argentina
| | - Michael J Polito
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | | | - Juliana A Vianna
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Annick Morgenthaler
- Centro de Investigaciones Puerto Deseado UACO Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz Argentina
| | - Esteban Frere
- Centro de Investigaciones Puerto Deseado UACO Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz Argentina
- Wildlife Conservation Society Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ricardo Sáenz-Samaniego
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET) Ushuaia Argentina
| | - Andrea Raya Rey
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET) Ushuaia Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (ICPA-UNTdF) Ushuaia Argentina
- Wildlife Conservation Society Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Bettina Mahler
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IEGEBA-CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires (DEGE-FCEyN-UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Contrasting phylogeographic pattern among Eudyptes penguins around the Southern Ocean. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17481. [PMID: 30504851 PMCID: PMC6269470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Since at least the middle-Miocene, the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) and the Subtropical Front (STF) appear to have been the main drivers of diversification of marine biota in the Southern Ocean. However, highly migratory marine birds and mammals challenge this paradigm and the importance of oceanographic barriers. Eudyptes penguins range from the Antarctic Peninsula to subantarctic islands and some of the southernmost subtropical islands. Because of recent diversification, the number of species remains uncertain. Here we analyze two mtDNA (HVRI, COI) and two nuclear (ODC, AK1) markers from 13 locations of five putative Eudyptes species: rockhopper (E. filholi, E. chrysocome, and E. moseleyi), macaroni (E. chrysolophus) and royal penguins (E. schlegeli). Our results show a strong phylogeographic structure among rockhopper penguins from South America, subantarctic and subtropical islands supporting the recognition of three separated species of rockhopper penguins. Although genetic divergence was neither observed among macaroni penguins from the Antarctic Peninsula and sub-Antarctic islands nor between macaroni and royal penguins, population genetic analyses revealed population genetic structure in both cases. We suggest that the APF and STF can act as barriers for these species. While the geographic distance between colonies might play a role, their impact/incidence on gene flow may vary between species and colonies.
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Mattern T, Pütz K, Garcia-Borboroglu P, Ellenberg U, Houston DM, Long R, Lüthi B, Seddon PJ. Marathon penguins - Reasons and consequences of long-range dispersal in Fiordland penguins / Tawaki during the pre-moult period. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198688. [PMID: 30157174 PMCID: PMC6114282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory species often roam vast distances bringing them into contact with diverse conditions and threats that could play significant roles in their population dynamics. This is especially true if long-range travels occur within crucial stages of a species’ annual life-cycle. Crested penguins, for example, usually disperse over several hundreds of kilometres after completing the energetically demanding breeding season and in preparation for the costly annual moult. A basic understanding of crested penguins’ pre-moult dispersal is therefore paramount in order to be able to assess factors affecting individual survival. The Fiordland penguin, or Tawaki, the only crested penguin species breeding on the New Zealand mainland, is currently one of the least studied and rarest penguin species in the world. We successfully satellite tracked the pre-moult dispersal of 17 adult Tawaki from a single colony located in the species’ northern breeding distribution. Over the course of 8–10 weeks the penguins travelled up to 2,500 km away from their breeding colony, covering total swimming distances of up to 6,800 km. During outbound travels all penguins headed south-west within a well-defined corridor before branching out towards two general trip destinations. Birds leaving in late November travelled towards the Subtropical Front some 800 km south of Tasmania, whereas penguins that left in December headed further towards the subantarctic front. Using K-select analysis we examined the influence of oceanographic factors on the penguins’ dispersal. Water depth, surface current velocity and sea level anomalies had the greatest influence on penguin movements at the subantarctic Front, while sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration were key for birds travelling to the subtropical front. We discuss our findings in the light of anthropogenic activities (or lack thereof) in the regions visited by the penguins as well as the potential consequences of Tawaki pre-moult dispersal for the species’ breeding distribution on the New Zealand mainland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mattern
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Global Penguin Society, Marcos Zar 2716, Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Klemens Pütz
- Antarctic Research Trust, Am Oste-Hamme-Kanal 10, Bremervörde, Germany
| | - Pablo Garcia-Borboroglu
- Global Penguin Society, Marcos Zar 2716, Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina
- Centro Nacional Patagónico (CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2825, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Ursula Ellenberg
- Global Penguin Society, Marcos Zar 2716, Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David M. Houston
- Science and Policy Group, Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robin Long
- West Coast Penguin Trust, Hokitika, New Zealand
| | - Benno Lüthi
- Antarctic Research Trust, c/o Zoo Zürich, Zürichbergstr, 221, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philip J. Seddon
- Global Penguin Society, Marcos Zar 2716, Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina
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Eastern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes filholi as biological samplers of juvenile and sub-adult cephalopods around Campbell Island, New Zealand. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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9
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Plasticity in the foraging behavior of male Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) during incubation in the Falkland/Malvinas Islands. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Unusual number of Southern Rockhopper Penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome, molting and dying along the Southern Patagonian coast of Argentina: pre-molting dispersion event related to adverse oceanographic conditions? Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Gandini P, Millones A, Morgenthaler A, Frere E. Population trends of the Southern Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) at the northern limit of its breeding range: Isla Pingüino, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-2026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Dehnhard N, Eens M, Sturaro N, Lepoint G, Demongin L, Quillfeldt P, Poisbleau M. Is individual consistency in body mass and reproductive decisions linked to individual specialization in foraging behavior in a long-lived seabird? Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4488-501. [PMID: 27386091 PMCID: PMC4930996 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual specialization in diet or foraging behavior within apparently generalist populations has been described for many species, especially in polar and temperate marine environments, where resource distribution is relatively predictable. It is unclear, however, whether and how increased environmental variability – and thus reduced predictability of resources – due to global climate change will affect individual specialization. We determined the within‐ and among‐individual components of the trophic niche and the within‐individual repeatability of δ13C and δ15N in feathers and red blood cells of individual female southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) across 7 years. We also investigated the effect of environmental variables (Southern Annular Mode, Southern Oscillation Index, and local sea surface temperature anomaly) on the isotopic values, as well as the link between stable isotopes and female body mass, clutch initiation dates, and total clutch mass. We observed consistent red blood cell δ13C and δ15N values within individuals among years, suggesting a moderate degree of within‐individual specialization in C and N during the prebreeding period. However, the total niche width was reduced and individual specialization not present during the premolt period. Despite significant interannual differences in isotope values of C and N and environmental conditions, none of the environmental variables were linked to stable isotope values and thus able to explain phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, neither the within‐individual nor among‐individual effects of stable isotopes were found to be related to female body mass, clutch initiation date, or total clutch mass. In conclusion, our results emphasize that the degree of specialization within generalist populations can vary over the course of 1 year, even when being consistent within the same season across years. We were unable to confirm that environmental variability counteracts individual specialization in foraging behavior, as phenotypic plasticity in δ13C and δ15N was not linked to any of the environmental variables studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dehnhard
- Department Biology - Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 12610 Antwerp (Wilrijk) Belgium; Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Am Obstberg 178315 Radolfzell Germany; Department of Biology University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Marcel Eens
- Department Biology - Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp (Wilrijk) Belgium
| | - Nicolas Sturaro
- Laboratory of Oceanology MARE Centre University of Liège B6C, Sart Tilman 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Laboratory of Oceanology MARE Centre University of Liège B6C, Sart Tilman 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Laurent Demongin
- Department Biology - Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 12610 Antwerp (Wilrijk) Belgium; Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Am Obstberg 178315 Radolfzell Germany; Department of Biology University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Am Obstberg 178315 Radolfzell Germany; Department of Biology University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany; Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics Justus-Liebig University Gießen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38D-35392 Gießen Germany
| | - Maud Poisbleau
- Department Biology - Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 12610 Antwerp (Wilrijk) Belgium; Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Am Obstberg 178315 Radolfzell Germany; Department of Biology University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
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Dehnhard N, Eens M, Demongin L, Quillfeldt P, Poisbleau M. Individual consistency and phenotypic plasticity in rockhopper penguins: female but not male body mass links environmental conditions to reproductive investment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128776. [PMID: 26030824 PMCID: PMC4452512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In marine habitats, increasing ocean temperatures due to global climate change may distinctly reduce nutrient and consequently food availability for seabirds. Food availability is a known driver of body mass and reproductive investment in birds, but these traits may also depend on individual effects. Penguins show extreme intra-annual body mass variation and rely on accumulated body reserves for successful breeding. However, no study so far has tested individual consistency and phenotypic responses in body mass and reproductive investment in this taxon. Using a unique dataset on individually marked female and male southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) across six years, we investigated 1) the individual consistency in body mass (measured at egg laying), body condition and reproductive investment across years, subsequently 2) identified the best-explanatory temperature-related environmental variables for female and male body mass, and 3) tested the effect of female and male body mass on reproductive investment. Body mass, body condition and reproductive investment were all highly repeatable. As body condition should control for the structural size of the birds, the similarly high repeatability estimates for body mass and body condition suggested that the consistent between-individual body mass differences were independent of structural size. This supported the use of body mass for the subsequent analyses. Body mass was higher under colder environmental conditions (positive Southern Annular Mode), but the overall phenotypic response appeared limited. Reproductive investment increased with female but not male body mass. While environmental effects on body mass in our study period were rather small, one can expect that ongoing global climate change will lead to a deterioration of food availability and we might therefore in the long-term expect a phenotypical decline in body mass and reproductive investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dehnhard
- University of Antwerp, Department Biology—Ethology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcel Eens
- University of Antwerp, Department Biology—Ethology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Laurent Demongin
- University of Antwerp, Department Biology—Ethology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
- Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, Gießen, Germany
| | - Maud Poisbleau
- University of Antwerp, Department Biology—Ethology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
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Quillfeldt P, Cherel Y, Masello JF, Delord K, McGill RAR, Furness RW, Moodley Y, Weimerskirch H. Half a world apart? Overlap in nonbreeding distributions of Atlantic and Indian Ocean thin-billed prions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125007. [PMID: 26018194 PMCID: PMC4446212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Distant populations of animals may share their non-breeding grounds or migrate to distinct areas, and this may have important consequences for population differentiation and dynamics. Small burrow-nesting seabirds provide a suitable case study, as they are often restricted to safe breeding sites on islands, resulting in a patchy breeding distribution. For example, Thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri have two major breeding colonies more than 8,000 km apart, on the Falkland Islands in the south-western Atlantic and in the Kerguelen Archipelago in the Indian Ocean. We used geolocators and stable isotopes to compare at-sea movements and trophic levels of these two populations during their non-breeding season, and applied ecological niche models to compare environmental conditions in the habitat. Over three winters, birds breeding in the Atlantic showed a high consistency in their migration routes. Most individuals migrated more than 3000 km eastwards, while very few remained over the Patagonian Shelf. In contrast, all Indian Ocean birds migrated westwards, resulting in an overlapping nonbreeding area in the eastern Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Geolocators and isotopic signature of feathers indicated that prions from the Falklands moulted at slightly higher latitudes than those from Kerguelen Islands. All birds fed on low trophic level prey, most probably crustaceans. The phenology differed notably between the two populations. Falkland birds returned to the Patagonian Shelf after 2-3 months, while Kerguelen birds remained in the nonbreeding area for seven months, before returning to nesting grounds highly synchronously and at high speed. Habitat models identified sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration as important environmental parameters. In summary, we show that even though the two very distant populations migrate to roughly the same area to moult, they have distinct wintering strategies: They had significantly different realized niches and timing which may contribute to spatial niche partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Quillfeldt
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Juan F. Masello
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Rona A. R. McGill
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 0QF, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Furness
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for EthologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1160, Wien, Austria
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
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Morrison KW, Battley PF, Sagar PM, Thompson DR. Population dynamics of Eastern Rockhopper Penguins on Campbell Island in relation to sea surface temperature 1942–2012: current warming hiatus pauses a long-term decline. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Species-specific population trends detected for penguins, gulls and cormorants over 20 years in sub-Antarctic Fuegian Archipelago. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Pütz K, Trathan PN, Pedrana J, Collins MA, Poncet S, Lüthi B. Post-fledging dispersal of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) from two breeding sites in the South Atlantic. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97164. [PMID: 24828545 PMCID: PMC4020799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies concerning the foraging ecology of marine vertebrates are limited to breeding adults, although other life history stages might comprise half the total population. For penguins, little is known about juvenile dispersal, a period when individuals may be susceptible to increased mortality given their naïve foraging behaviour. Therefore, we used satellite telemetry to study king penguin fledglings (n = 18) from two sites in the Southwest Atlantic in December 2007. The two sites differed with respect to climate and proximity to the Antarctic Polar Front (APF), a key oceanographic feature generally thought to be important for king penguin foraging success. Accordingly, birds from both sites foraged predominantly in the vicinity of the APF. Eight king penguins were tracked for periods greater than 120 days; seven of these (three from the Falkland Islands and four from South Georgia) migrated into the Pacific. Only one bird from the Falkland Islands moved into the Indian Ocean, visiting the northern limit of the winter pack-ice. Three others from the Falkland Islands migrated to the eastern coast of Tierra del Fuego before travelling south. Derived tracking parameters describing their migratory behaviour showed no significant differences between sites. Nevertheless, generalized linear habitat modelling revealed that juveniles from the Falkland Islands spent more time in comparatively shallow waters with low sea surface temperature, sea surface height and chlorophyll variability. Birds from South Georgia spent more time in deeper waters with low sea surface temperature and sea surface height, but high concentrations of chlorophyll. Our results indicate that inexperienced king penguins, irrespective of the location of their natal site in relation to the position of the APF, develop their foraging skills progressively over time, including specific adaptations to the environment around their prospective breeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Pütz
- Antarctic Research Trust, Bremervörde, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Phil N. Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julieta Pedrana
- Recursos Naturales y Gestión Ambiental, CONICET - INTA, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Martin A. Collins
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Government of South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic
| | - Sally Poncet
- Antarctic Research Trust, Stanley, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic
- South Georgia Surveys, Stanley, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic
| | - Benno Lüthi
- Antarctic Research Trust (Switzerland), Forch, Switzerland
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18
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Thiebot J, Authier M, Trathan PN, Bost C. Gentlemen first? ‘Broken stick’ modelling reveals sex‐related homing decision date in migrating seabirds. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.‐B. Thiebot
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé UPR 1934 du CNRS Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - M. Authier
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175 du CNRS Montpellier France
| | - P. N. Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - C.‐A. Bost
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé UPR 1934 du CNRS Villiers‐en‐Bois France
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19
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Thiebot JB, Cherel Y, Crawford RJM, Makhado AB, Trathan PN, Pinaud D, Bost CA. A space oddity: geographic and specific modulation of migration in Eudyptes penguins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71429. [PMID: 23936507 PMCID: PMC3732226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-breeding migration in land-based marine animals is thought to offset seasonal deterioration in foraging or other important environmental conditions at the breeding site. However the inter-breeding distribution of such animals may reflect not only their optimal habitat, but more subtle influences on an individual’s migration path, including such factors as the intrinsic influence of each locality’s paleoenvironment, thereby influencing animals’ wintering distribution. In this study we investigated the influence of the regional marine environment on the migration patterns of a poorly known, but important seabird group. We studied the inter-breeding migration patterns in three species of Eudyptes penguins (E. chrysolophus, E. filholi and E. moseleyi), the main marine prey consumers amongst the World’s seabirds. Using ultra-miniaturized logging devices (light-based geolocators) and satellite tags, we tracked 87 migrating individuals originating from 4 sites in the southern Indian Ocean (Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands) and modelled their wintering habitat using the MADIFA niche modelling technique. For each site, sympatric species followed a similar compass bearing during migration with consistent species-specific latitudinal shifts. Within each species, individuals breeding on different islands showed contrasting migration patterns but similar winter habitat preferences driven by sea-surface temperatures. Our results show that inter-breeding migration patterns in sibling penguin species depend primarily on the site of origin and secondly on the species. Such site-specific migration bearings, together with similar wintering habitat used by parapatrics, support the hypothesis that migration behaviour is affected by the intrinsic characteristics of each site. The paleo-oceanographic conditions (primarily, sea-surface temperatures) when the populations first colonized each of these sites may have been an important determinant of subsequent migration patterns. Based on previous chronological schemes of taxonomic radiation and geographical expansion of the genus Eudyptes, we propose a simple scenario to depict the chronological onset of contrasting migration patterns within this penguin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Thiebot
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, Unité Propre de Recherche 1934 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-bois, France.
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Stable isotopes in southern rockhopper penguins: foraging areas and sexual differences in the non-breeding period. Polar Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-011-1026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Rey AR, Pütz K, Luna-Jorquera G, Lüthi B, Schiavini A. Diving patterns of breeding female rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome): Noir Island, Chile. Polar Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-008-0550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Aspects of the breeding biology of the southern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes c. chrysocome and new consideration on the intrinsic capacity of the A-egg. Polar Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-008-0431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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