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Piot E, Hippauf L, Charlanne L, Picard B, Badaut J, Gilbert C, Guinet C. From land to ocean: One month for southern elephant seal pups to acquire aquatic skills prior to their first departure to sea. Physiol Behav 2024; 279:114525. [PMID: 38531424 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Weaned southern elephant seals (SES) quickly transition from terrestrial to aquatic life after a 5- to 6-week post-weaning period. At sea, juveniles and adult elephant seals present extreme, continuous diving behaviour. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of the post-weaning period for weanlings to prepare for the physiological challenges of their future sea life. However, very little is known about how their body condition during this period may influence the development of their behaviour and brain activities. To characterise changes in the behavioural and brain activity of weanlings prior to ocean departure, we implemented a multi-logger approach combining measurements of movements (related to behaviour), pressure (related to diving), and brain electrical activity. As pups age, the amount of time allocated to resting decreases in favour of physical activity. Most resting (9.6 ± 1.2 h/day) takes place during daytime, with periods of slow-wave sleep representing 4.9 ± 0.9 h/day during the first 2 weeks. Furthermore, an increasing proportion of physical activity transitions from land to shore. Additionally, pups in poorer condition (lean group) are more active earlier than those in better condition (corpulent group). Finally, at weaning, clear circadian activity with two peaks at dawn and dusk is observed, and this pattern remains unchanged during the 4 weeks on land. This circadian pattern matches the one observed in adults at sea, with more prey catches at dawn and dusk, raising the question of whether it is endogenous or triggered by the mother during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Piot
- Laboratoire MECADEV, UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France; CNRS UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Lea Hippauf
- CNRS UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Charlanne
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Baptiste Picard
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CEBC-CNRS), UMR 7372 CNRS/Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Jérôme Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Laboratoire MECADEV, UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France; École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Christophe Guinet
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CEBC-CNRS), UMR 7372 CNRS/Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
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Ciccone C, Kante F, Folkow LP, Hazlerigg DG, West AC, Wood SH. Circadian coupling of mitochondria in a deep-diving mammal. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246990. [PMID: 38495024 PMCID: PMC11058691 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is essential to match energy supply to changing cellular energy demands, and to cope with periods of hypoxia. Recent work implicates the circadian molecular clock in control of mitochondrial function and hypoxia sensing. Because diving mammals experience intermittent episodes of severe hypoxia, with diel patterning in dive depth and duration, it is interesting to consider circadian-mitochondrial interaction in this group. Here, we demonstrate that the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), a deep-diving Arctic pinniped, shows strong daily patterning of diving behaviour in the wild. Cultures of hooded seal skin fibroblasts exhibit robust circadian oscillation of the core clock genes per2 and arntl. In liver tissue collected from captive hooded seals, expression of arntl was some 4-fold higher in the middle of the night than in the middle of the day. To explore the clock-mitochondria relationship, we measured the mitochondrial oxygen consumption in synchronized hooded seal skin fibroblasts and found a circadian variation in mitochondrial activity, with higher coupling efficiency of complex I coinciding with the trough of arntl expression. These results open the way for further studies of circadian-hypoxia interactions in pinnipeds during diving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ciccone
- Arctic Seasonal Timekeeping Initiative (ASTI), Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | - Fayiri Kante
- Arctic Seasonal Timekeeping Initiative (ASTI), Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | - Lars P. Folkow
- Arctic Seasonal Timekeeping Initiative (ASTI), Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | - David G. Hazlerigg
- Arctic Seasonal Timekeeping Initiative (ASTI), Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | - Alexander C. West
- Arctic Seasonal Timekeeping Initiative (ASTI), Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | - Shona H. Wood
- Arctic Seasonal Timekeeping Initiative (ASTI), Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
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Nowak BVR, Bowen WD, den Heyer CE, Lang SLC, Lidgard DC. Ontogeny of movement patterns in naïve grey seal pups inhabiting a complex continental shelf ecosystem. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290707. [PMID: 37756252 PMCID: PMC10529606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most vertebrate offspring must transition from the relative security of parental care (nutrition and protection) to independent foraging. Offspring face many challenges during this critical period, particularly in species where parental care ends at weaning, such as the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). We studied the development of movement behaviour in naïve grey seal pups from their first trips to sea to about five months of age. Twenty-five (12 males and 13 females) newly-weaned pups were fitted with satellite-linked GPS tags on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada in January 2016. The influence of fixed effects (pup size, sex, week) and the random effect of pup identity on trip characteristics were examined. Movement behaviour was analyzed using a move persistence mixed-effects model. Habitat use was highly variable among individuals and covered much of the geographic distribution of the population. Unlike older juveniles, subadults, and adults in this population, most naïve pups used multiple haulout sites to begin and end trips. There was little evidence of area-restricted search behaviour during trips, suggesting that naïve pups were using an opportunistic foraging tactic that may result in more variable foraging success than that of older, experienced animals. Naïve pups made longer trips with longer haulout durations between them than observed for older greys seals. Males and females differed in some trip characteristics, but sex effects were small over the first few months of life. Offspring size at weaning was not a useful predictor of trip characteristics. Move persistence of grey seal pups was initially high and then decreased over time as individuals gained experience. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors were influential on the movements of grey seal pups. Greater body length at weaning, longer duration spent on shore after weaning, shallower water column depth, and farther distance from shore were all associated with lower move persistence. Female grey seal pups had lower move persistence than males. Overall, the movements of naïve grey seal pups during the first few months of life were characterized by extensive exploration, but move persistence decreased over time suggesting they may be using an exploration-refinement foraging tactic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benia V. R. Nowak
- Biology Department, Life Science Centre Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Population Ecology Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - W. Don Bowen
- Biology Department, Life Science Centre Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Population Ecology Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cornelia E. den Heyer
- Population Ecology Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shelley L. C. Lang
- Population Ecology Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Damian C. Lidgard
- Biology Department, Life Science Centre Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Population Ecology Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
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4
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Grecian WJ, Stenson GB, Biuw M, Boehme L, Folkow LP, Goulet PJ, Jonsen ID, Malde A, Nordøy ES, Rosing-Asvid A, Smout S. Environmental drivers of population-level variation in the migratory and diving ontogeny of an Arctic top predator. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211042. [PMID: 35316952 PMCID: PMC8889203 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of migratory strategies that enable juveniles to survive to sexual maturity is critical for species that exploit seasonal niches. For animals that forage via breath-hold diving, this requires a combination of both physiological and foraging skill development. Here, we assess how migratory and dive behaviour develop over the first year of life for a migratory Arctic top predator, the harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus, tracked using animal-borne satellite relay data loggers. We reveal similarities in migratory movements and differences in diving behaviour between 38 juveniles tracked from the Greenland Sea and Northwest Atlantic breeding populations. In both regions, periods of resident and transitory behaviour during migration were associated with proxies for food availability: sea ice concentration and bathymetric depth. However, while ontogenetic development of dive behaviour was similar for both populations of juveniles over the first 25 days, after this time Greenland Sea animals performed shorter and shallower dives and were more closely associated with sea ice than Northwest Atlantic animals. Together, these results highlight the role of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in shaping early life behaviour. Variation in the environmental conditions experienced during early life may shape how different populations respond to the rapid changes occurring in the Arctic ocean ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. James Grecian
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Garry B. Stenson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Martin Biuw
- Institute of Marine Research, FRAM—High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Boehme
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Lars P. Folkow
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø—the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pierre J. Goulet
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ian D. Jonsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aleksander Malde
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø—the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erling S. Nordøy
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø—the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Sophie Smout
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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5
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Enstipp MR, Bost CA, Le Bohec C, Chatelain N, Weimerskirch H, Handrich Y. The early life of king penguins: ontogeny of dive capacity and foraging behaviour in an expert diver. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269166. [PMID: 34132335 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The period of emancipation in seabirds, when juveniles change from a terrestrial existence to a life at sea, is associated with many challenges. Apart from finding favourable foraging sites, they have to develop effective prey search patterns and physiological capacities that enable them to capture sufficient prey to meet their energetic needs. Animals that dive to forage, such as king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), need to acquire an adequate breath-hold capacity, allowing them to locate and capture prey at depth. To investigate the ontogeny of their dive capacity and foraging performance, we implanted juvenile king penguins before their first departure to sea and also adult breeders with a data-logger recording pressure and temperature. We found that juvenile king penguins possess a remarkable dive capacity when leaving their natal colony, enabling them to conduct dives in excess of 100 m within their first week at sea. Despite this, juvenile dive/foraging performance, investigated in relation to dive depth, remained below the adult level throughout their first year at sea, probably reflecting physiological limitations as a result of incomplete maturation. A significantly shallower foraging depth of juveniles, particularly during their first 5 months at sea, could also indicate differences in foraging strategy and targeted prey. The initially greater wiggle rate suggests that juveniles fed opportunistically and also targeted different prey from adults and/or that many of the wiggles of juveniles reflect unsuccessful prey-capture attempts, indicating a lower foraging proficiency. After 5 months, this difference disappeared, suggesting sufficient physical maturation and improvement of juvenile foraging skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred R Enstipp
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Céline Le Bohec
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Département de Biologie Polaire, MC 98000, Monaco
| | - Nicolas Chatelain
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Yves Handrich
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Weitzner EL, Pearson LE, Tomanek L, Liwanag HEM. Early diving behavior in Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) pups. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
During the dependency period in mammals with parental care, offspring must develop the behavioral skills that allow them to forage independently and thus survive into early adulthood. Deep-diving Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are a model species for research on diving physiology, yet previous studies lack a thorough investigation into the diving behavior of dependent pups when they first begin to enter the water. To capture fine-scale dive behavior during the dependency period, we deployed time-depth recorders (TDRs) on Weddell seal pups (n = 18) from the age of 1 week through 7 weeks, during the 2017 and 2019 breeding seasons in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Dive parameters were correlated with time of day, age, sex, and weaning status, to characterize diving behavior, and we used raw wet/dry data to determine which times of the day pups were most likely to be in the water. Pups made their deepest and longest dives and had the longest post-dive durations in the morning hours. Pups were in the water more during the late night and morning hours than in the afternoon. Whereas dive depth significantly increased with age, dive duration significantly increased with age and after weaning. Post-dive duration significantly decreased with age and after weaning. We discuss how dependent pups may prioritize the development of swimming and navigational abilities as opposed to building and practicing foraging skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Weitzner
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | - Linnea E Pearson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | - Lars Tomanek
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | - Heather E M Liwanag
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
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Pinzone M, Nordøy ES, Eppe G, Malherbe C, Das K, Collard F. First record of plastic debris in the stomach of a hooded seal pup from the Greenland Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 167:112350. [PMID: 33865037 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris is globally found around the world and the remote Arctic is no exception. Arctic true seals are sentinel species of marine pollution and represent the link between marine food webs and Arctic apex predators like polar bears and humans. With regard to true seals, ingested macroplastics have never been reported in an Arctic species. We harvested 10 harp seals Pagophilus groenlandicus and 8 hooded seals Cystophora cristata from the breeding grounds in the pack ice of the Greenland Sea. The digestive tract was inspected exclusively for the presence of macroplastics (>5 mm). Two pieces of single-use plastic were found in the stomach of a weaned hooded seal pup. This study indicates that young Arctic marine predators may ingest macroplastics, and therefore may be at risk during their early stages of life due to human caused plastic pollution even in the remote Arctic pack ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Pinzone
- Laboratory of Oceanology, FOCUS Research Unit, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Erling S Nordøy
- Institute of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Cédric Malherbe
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- Laboratory of Oceanology, FOCUS Research Unit, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - France Collard
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
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8
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Geßner C, Stillger MN, Mölders N, Fabrizius A, Folkow LP, Burmester T. Cell Culture Experiments Reveal that High S100B and Clusterin Levels may Convey Hypoxia-tolerance to the Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata) Brain. Neuroscience 2020; 451:226-239. [PMID: 33002555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the brain of most mammals suffers from irreversible damage after only short periods of low oxygen levels (hypoxia), marine mammals are excellent breath-hold divers that have adapted to hypoxia. In addition to physiological adaptations, such as large oxygen storing capacity and strict oxygen economy during diving, the neurons of the deep-diving hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) have an intrinsic tolerance to hypoxia. We aim to understand the molecular basis of this neuronal hypoxia tolerance. Previously, transcriptomics of the cortex of the hooded seal have revealed remarkably high expression levels of S100B and clusterin (apolipoprotein J) when compared to the ferret, a non-diving carnivore. Both genes have much-debated roles in hypoxia and oxidative stress. Here, we evaluated the effects of S100B and of two isoforms of clusterin (soluble and nucleus clusterin) on the survival, metabolic activity and the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HN33 neuronal mouse cells exposed to hypoxia and oxidative stress. S100B and soluble clusterin had neuroprotective effects, with reduced ROS-levels and retention of normoxic energy status of cells during both stress conditions. The protective effects of nucleus clusterin were restricted to hypoxia. S100B and clusterin showed purifying selection in marine and terrestrial mammals, indicating a functional conservation across species. Immunofluorescence revealed identical cellular distributions of S100B and clusterin in mice, ferrets and hooded seals, further supporting the functional conservation. Taken together, our data suggest that the neuroprotective effects of all three proteins are exclusively facilitated by their increased expression in the brain of the hooded seal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Geßner
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Naomi Mölders
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrej Fabrizius
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars P Folkow
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø - the Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Shero MR, Reiser PJ, Simonitis L, Burns JM. Links between muscle phenotype and life history: differentiation of myosin heavy chain composition and muscle biochemistry in precocial and altricial pinniped pups. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:717-734. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Hamilton CD, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C. Individual variability in diving, movement and activity patterns of adult bearded seals in Svalbard, Norway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16988. [PMID: 30451906 PMCID: PMC6242851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bearded seals are one of the least studied Arctic marine mammals, despite their circumpolar distribution and importance as a resource to Inuit communities. In this study, adult bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) were equipped with GPS-Argos-CTD-SRDLs in Svalbard, Norway (2011-2012, n = 7) to document their diving, activity and movement patterns in a region where their habitat is changing rapidly. Five seals transmitted for > 8 months, sending 21,738 GPS-positions and 17,866 dives between July and April. The seals spent little time hauled out (≤ 5%). Diving, which occupied 74 ± 3% of their time, was generally shallow (24 ± 7 m, max: 391 m) and of short duration (6.6 ± 1.5 min, max: 24 min) with deeper, longer dives in winter/spring compared to summer. All seals occupied shallow, coastal areas and relatively small 50% home ranges (10-32 km2). However, individuals exhibited high degrees of specialization in their habitat use and diving behaviour, differing markedly with respect to proportions of benthic vs pelagic dives (range: 51-95% benthic dives), distance to glacier fronts (range: 3-22 km) and in the time spent at the bottom of dives (range: 43-77%). Having specialized strategies within a generalist population may help bearded seals adapt in a rapidly changing Arctic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296, Tromsø, Norway
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11
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Seasonal and diel differences in dive and haul-out behavior of adult and subadult ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in the Bering and Chukchi seas. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Abstract
This Review focuses on the original papers that have made a difference to our thinking and were first in describing an adaptation to diving, and less on those that later repeated the findings with better equipment. It describes some important anatomical peculiarities of phocid seals, as well as their many physiological responses to diving. In so doing, it is argued that the persistent discussions on the relevance and differences between responses seen in forced dives in the laboratory and those during free diving in the wild are futile. In fact, both are two sides of the same coin, aimed at protecting the body against asphyxic insult and extending diving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoldus Schytte Blix
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway .,St Catharine's College, Cambridge CB2 1RL, UK
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13
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Vacquie-Garcia J, Lydersen C, Biuw M, Haug T, Fedak MA, Kovacs KM. Hooded seal Cystophora cristata foraging areas in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean-Investigated using three complementary methods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187889. [PMID: 29211797 PMCID: PMC5718402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying environmental characteristics that define the ecological niche of a species is essential to understanding how changes in physical conditions might affect its distribution and other aspects of its ecology. The present study used satellite relay data loggers (SRDLs) to study habitat use by Northeast Atlantic hooded seals (N = 20; 9 adult females, 3 adult males, and 8 juveniles). Three different methods were used in combination to achieve maximum insight regarding key foraging areas for hooded seals in this region, which have decline by 85% in recent decades: 1) first passage time (FPT); 2) vertical transit rate and; 3) change in dive drift rate. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) were applied to each method to determine whether specific habitat characteristics were associated with foraging. Separate models were run for the post-molting and the post-breeding seasons; sex and age classes were included in the GAMMs. All three methods highlighted a few common geographic areas as being important foraging zones; however, there were also some different areas identified by the different methods, which highlights the importance of using multiple indexes when analyzing tracking and diving data to study foraging behavior. Foraging occurred most commonly in relatively shallow areas with high Sea Surface Temperatures (SST), corresponding to continental shelf areas with Atlantic Water masses. All age and sex classes overlapped spatially to some extent, but the different age and sex groups showed differences in the bathymetry of their foraging areas as well as in their vertical use of the water column. When foraging, pups dove in the upper part of the water column in relatively deep areas. Adult females foraged relatively shallowly in deep water areas too, though in shallower areas than pups. Adult males foraged close to the bottom in shallower areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Biuw
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tore Haug
- Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mike A. Fedak
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kit M. Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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Schots PC, Bue ME, Nordøy ES. Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) pups ingest snow and seawater during their post-weaning fast. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:493-502. [PMID: 27830333 PMCID: PMC5364953 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of exogenous water intake (snow/seawater) in hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) pups during their post-weaning fast. In this study, five hooded seal pups had ad lib access to snow and seawater for the first 12 and last 21 days of their post-weaning fast, respectively. Total body water and water flux were determined during both exposure periods by use of the tritiated water method. Blood samples were collected to monitor changes in hematocrit, plasma urea and plasma osmolality. Body mass loss was on average 0.36 kg day−1. Average total body water changed from 15.7 to 11.4 L, while total water influx changed from 15 to 18 mL day−1 kg−1 during snow and seawater exposure, respectively. Of this influx an average of 35% can be attributed to metabolic water, while approximately 8% was due to respiratory water influx. Interestingly, 56 and 58% of the total water influx was due to snow and seawater ingestion, respectively, amounting to 8 mL day−1 kg−1 snow (counted as liquid water) and 10 mL day−1 kg−1 seawater. Based on the results of the plasma parameters it is concluded that fasting hooded seal pups maintain water balance and homeostasis when access to snow or seawater is permitted. It is further concluded that snow and seawater intake, in addition to metabolic and respiratory water, is important for maintenance of water balance and excretion of urea during the post-weaning fast of hooded seal pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauke C Schots
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Marie E Bue
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erling S Nordøy
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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15
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Blix AS, Kuttner S, Messelt EB. Ascending aorta of hooded seals with particular emphasis on its vasa vasorum. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R144-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00070.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pressure-volume relationship in the ascending aorta (“windkessel”) of the hooded seal was determined and the morphology of its vasa vasorum described in some detail. We found that the ascending aorta has a high compliance and can easily accommodate the entire stroke volume when the peripheral vascular resistance becomes much increased and maintain perfusion pressure during the much extended diastole and thereby reduce cardiac stroke work during diving. We also found that the 3- to 5-mm thick wall of the ascending aorta had a very elaborate vasa vasorum interna with a hitherto undescribed vascular structure that penetrates the entire vascular wall. If similar structures with similar importance for the nutrition of the wall of the vessel are found in humans, important implications for the understanding of pathological conditions, such as aneurisms, may be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoldus Schytte Blix
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- St.Catharine's College, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Kuttner
- Medical Imaging research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; and
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16
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Burns JM, Lestyk K, Freistroffer D, Hammill MO. Preparing Muscles for Diving: Age-Related Changes in Muscle Metabolic Profiles in Harp (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and Hooded (Cystophora cristata) Seals. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:167-82. [PMID: 25730272 DOI: 10.1086/680015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In adult marine mammals, muscles can sustain aerobic metabolism during dives in part because they contain large oxygen (O2) stores and metabolic rates are low. However, young pups have significantly lower tissue O2 stores and much higher mass-specific metabolic rates. To investigate how these differences may influence muscle function during dives, we measured the activities of enzymes involved in aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways (citrate synthase [CS], β-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase [HOAD], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) and the LDH isoform profile in six muscles from 41 harp (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and 30 hooded (Cystophora cristata) seals ranging in age from fetal to adult. All neonatal muscles had significantly higher absolute but lower metabolically scaled CS and HOAD activities than adults (∼ 70% and ∼ 85% lower, respectively). Developmental increases in LDH activity lagged that of aerobic enzymes and were not accompanied by changes in isozyme profile, suggesting that changes in enzyme concentration rather than structure determine activity levels. Biochemical maturation proceeded faster in the major locomotory muscles. In combination, findings suggest that pup muscles are unable to support strenuous aerobic exercise or rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism during early diving activities and that pups' high mass-specific metabolic rates may play a key role in limiting the ability of their muscles to support underwater foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 99508; 2Department of Life Sciences, Great Basin College, Elko, Nevada 89801; 3Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
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Bennett KA, MacMillan IS, Hammill M, Currie S. HSP70 Abundance and Antioxidant Capacity in Feeding and Fasting Gray Seal Pups: Suckling Is Associated with Higher Levels of Key Cellular Defenses. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:663-76. [DOI: 10.1086/676935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hamilton CD, Lydersen C, Ims RA, Kovacs KM. Haul-out behaviour of the world's northernmost population of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) throughout the year. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86055. [PMID: 24465867 PMCID: PMC3899210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The harbour seal population in Svalbard occurs at the northernmost limit of the species' range. It experiences environmental extremes far beyond the norm for this species, including an extended period of polar night and extensive sea ice cover. In 2009 and 2010, 60 harbour seals (30 pups + 30 immature/mature seals) from this population were equipped with Satellite-Relay Data Loggers (SRDLs) to study their haul-out behaviour, with a special focus on the winter period. Using a combination of Generalized Additive Mixed Models and Cox Proportional Hazard models, the influences of sex, maturity, temporal, spatial and environmental factors on haul-out behaviour were explored. All of the seals continued to haul out even through the coldest periods during the polar night, though clear seasonality in the time spent hauled out daily was displayed by both immature and mature seals. Time spent hauled out daily decreased from ∼5.2 hrs in September to ∼1.2 hrs in February in these age groups, while pups displayed less seasonality (∼2.4 hrs/day throughout most of the year). The average at-sea period also exhibited seasonality, increasing to a maximum of ∼1.6 days in February (monthly maxima for individual animals ranged from 7 to 19 days). The seals showed a strong preference to haul out at low tide when hauling out on land but not when using sea ice as a haul-out platform. A diel rhythm in haul-out behaviour was present during the months with day-night cycling and midnight sun but not during the polar night. Haul-out behaviour was impacted to a greater extent by air pressure, through its effect on wind speed, than by absolute temperature values. The extreme environment in Svalbard likely causes some physiological challenges that might impact survival rates negatively, particularly among pups. Climate warming is likely to have positive effects on Svalbard's harbour seal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmain D. Hamilton
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Rolf A. Ims
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kit M. Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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Nymo IH, Tryland M, Frie AK, Haug T, Foster G, Rødven R, Godfroid J. Age-dependent prevalence of anti-Brucella antibodies in hooded seals Cystophora cristata. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 106:187-196. [PMID: 24191996 DOI: 10.3354/dao02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of hooded seals Cystophora cristata have revealed high prevalences of Brucella-positive seals in the reduced Northeast Atlantic stock, compared to the increasing Northwest Atlantic stock. This study evaluated the relation between Brucella-serostatus in seals in the Northeast Atlantic stock and age, sex, body condition and reproduction. Bacteriology documented which animals and organs were B. pinnipedialis positive. No relationship was observed between Brucella-serostatus and body condition or reproductive traits. Pups (<1 mo old) had a substantially lower probability of being seropositive (4/159, 2.5%) than yearlings (6/17, 35.3%), suggesting that exposure may occur post-weaning, during the first year of life. For seals >1 yr old, the mean probability of being seropositive decreased with age, with no seropositives older than 5 yr, indicating loss of antibody titre with either chronicity or clearance of infection. The latter explanation seems to be most likely as B. pinnipedialis has never been isolated from a hooded seal >18 mo old, which is consistent with findings in this study; B. pinnipedialis was isolated from the retropharyngeal lymph node in 1 seropositive yearling (1/21, 5%). We hypothesize that this serological and bacteriological pattern is due to environmental exposure to B. pinnipedialis early in life, with a subsequent clearance of infection. This raises the question of a reservoir of B. pinnipedialis in the hooded seal food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingebjørg H Nymo
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 23, 9010 Tromsø, Norway
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Geiseler SJ, Blix AS, Burns JM, Folkow LP. Rapid postnatal development of myoglobin from large liver iron stores in hooded seals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:1793-8. [PMID: 23348948 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.082099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) rely on large stores of oxygen, either bound to hemoglobin or myoglobin (Mb), to support prolonged diving activity. Pups are born with fully developed hemoglobin stores, but their Mb levels are only 25-30% of adult levels. We measured changes in muscle [Mb] from birth to 1 year of age in two groups of captive hooded seal pups, one being maintained in a seawater pool and one on land during the first 2 months. All pups fasted during the first month, but were fed from then on. The [Mb] of the swimming muscle musculus longissimus dorsi (LD) doubled during the month of fasting in the pool group. These animals had significantly higher levels and a more rapid rise in LD [Mb] than those kept on land. The [Mb] of the shoulder muscle, m. supraspinatus, which is less active in both swimming and hauled-out animals, was consistently lower than in the LD and did not differ between groups. This suggests that a major part of the postnatal rise in LD [Mb] is triggered by (swimming) activity, and this coincides with the previously reported rapid early development of diving capacity in wild hooded seal pups. Liver iron concentration, as determined from another 25 hooded seals of various ages, was almost 10 times higher in young pups (1-34 days) than in yearling animals and adults, and liver iron content of pups dropped during the first month, implying that liver iron stores support the rapid initial rise in [Mb].
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Geiseler
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Vázquez-Medina JP, Soñanez-Organis JG, Burns JM, Zenteno-Savín T, Ortiz RM. Antioxidant capacity develops with maturation in the deep-diving hooded seal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:2903-10. [PMID: 21832133 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.057935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Maturation in hooded seals is characterized by the rapid development of their physiological diving capacity and is accompanied by increases in oxidant production but not oxidative damage. To test the hypothesis that the antioxidant system of hooded seals develops as they transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic environment, we obtained the complete cDNA sequence that encodes the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a central regulator of the antioxidant response, and compared Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression levels in muscle samples from neonate, weaned pups and adult hooded seals, along with glutathione (GSH) levels and the activity/protein content of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxyredoxin VI (PrxVI), thioredoxin 1 (Trx1), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), glutaredoxin 1 (Glrx1), glutathione disulphide reductase, glutathione S-transferase and glutamate-cysteine ligase. The Nrf2 of the hooded seal is 1822 bp long and encodes a protein of 606 amino acids with a leucine zipper domain and Keap1-mediated proteosomal degradation residues, which are key for Nrf2 function and regulation. Although neither Nrf2 mRNA nor Nrf2 nuclear protein content are higher in adults than in pups, GSH levels along with GPx, PrxVI, Trx1, TrxR and Glrx1 activity/protein content increase with maturation, suggesting that the potential for peroxide removal increases with development in hooded seals, and that these enzymes contribute to the regulation of the intracellular redox state and the prevention of oxidative damage in these deep-diving mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pablo Vázquez-Medina
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, 5200 N Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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Vázquez-Medina JP, Olguín-Monroy NO, Maldonado PD, Santamaría A, Königsberg M, Elsner R, Hammill MO, Burns JM, Zenteno-Savín T. Maturation increases superoxide radical production without increasing oxidative damage in the skeletal muscle of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata). CAN J ZOOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diving vertebrates represent unique models for the study of the physiological responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress because of their adaptability to cope with dive-derived ROS production. We hypothesized that in the skeletal muscle of a diving mammal, the hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata (Erxleben, 1777)), ROS production increases with maturation but the accumulation of oxidative damage does not. To test this, we analyzed the tissue capacity to produce ROS, the accumulation of oxidative damage, and the activity and protein content of the cooper, zinc, and manganese dependent superoxide dismutases (Cu,ZnSOD, MnSOD) in skeletal muscle from neonates, weaned pups, and adult hooded seals. Our results showed higher tissue capacity to produce ROS, higher Cu,ZnSOD and MnSOD activities, and higher MnSOD protein content in adult seals than in pups. No differences in oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, or DNA were detected among groups. Results suggest that increased SOD activity likely counters the oxidative damage commonly associated with increased ROS production. These findings highlight the unusual tolerance of skeletal muscle of seals to increased ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Vázquez-Medina
- Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - N. O. Olguín-Monroy
- Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - P. D. Maldonado
- Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - A. Santamaría
- Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - M. Königsberg
- Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - R. Elsner
- Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - M. O. Hammill
- Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - J. M. Burns
- Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - T. Zenteno-Savín
- Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes sur 3877, Colonia La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
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Effects of Age and Body Mass on Development of Diving Capabilities of Gray Seal Pups: Costs and Benefits of the Postweaning Fast. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 83:911-23. [DOI: 10.1086/656925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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