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Andersen-Ranberg EU, Leifsson PS, Rigét FF, Søndergaard J, Andersen S, Alstrup AKO, Dietz R, Sonne C. Element Concentrations and Histopathology of Liver and Kidney in West Greenland Ringed Seals ( Pusa hispida). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1739. [PMID: 38929358 PMCID: PMC11200747 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ringed seals are consumed in Greenland and are therefore included as a key biomonitoring species with the focus on pollution exposure and health effects. Ringed seals in Central West Greenland (Qeqertarsuaq) and in North West Greenland (Qaanaaq) were analyzed for metal concentrations in the liver and histological changes in the liver and kidney. The mean liver concentration of mercury in Qaanaaq was 3.73 ± 5.01 µg/g ww (range: 0.28-23.29 µg/g ww), and the mean cadmium concentration was 7.80 ± 8.95 µg/g ww (range: 0.013-38.79 µg/g ww). For Qeqertarsuaq, the liver concentration of mercury was 1.78 ± 1.70 µg/g ww (range: 0.45-8.00 µg/g ww) and the mean cadmium concentration was 11.58 ± 6.32 µg/g ww (range: 0.11-25.45 µg/g ww). Age had a positive effect on the liver concentrations of metals, while no effect was found for sex or histological changes. The prevalence of histological changes in liver tissue decreased in the following order: random pattern mononuclear cell infiltration (92.1%), portal cell infiltration (68.4%), hepatic intracellular fat (18.4%), portal fibrosis (7.9%), focal hepatic fibrosis (7.9%), bile duct hyperplasia/fibrosis (7.9%) and lipid granuloma (2.6%). For kidney tissue, the prevalence of histological changes decreased in the following order: glomerular mesangial deposits (54.1%) > glomerular basement membrane thickening (45.9%) > THD (40%) > tubular hyaline casts (14.0%) > glomerular atrophy (13.5%) > dilated tubules (13.5%) > glomerular hyper-cellularity (10.8%) > mononuclear cell infiltrations (8.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie U. Andersen-Ranberg
- Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, Faculty of Technological Sciences, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (F.F.R.); (J.S.); (R.D.); (C.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pall S. Leifsson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Frank F. Rigét
- Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, Faculty of Technological Sciences, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (F.F.R.); (J.S.); (R.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, Faculty of Technological Sciences, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (F.F.R.); (J.S.); (R.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Steen Andersen
- Hunters Science, Rådmandsgade 55, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
| | - Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear medicine & PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, Faculty of Technological Sciences, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (F.F.R.); (J.S.); (R.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Sonne
- Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, Faculty of Technological Sciences, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (F.F.R.); (J.S.); (R.D.); (C.S.)
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Barratclough A, Ferguson SH, Lydersen C, Thomas PO, Kovacs KM. A Review of Circumpolar Arctic Marine Mammal Health-A Call to Action in a Time of Rapid Environmental Change. Pathogens 2023; 12:937. [PMID: 37513784 PMCID: PMC10385039 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of climate change on the health of marine mammals are increasingly being recognised. Given the rapid rate of environmental change in the Arctic, the potential ramifications on the health of marine mammals in this region are a particular concern. There are eleven endemic Arctic marine mammal species (AMMs) comprising three cetaceans, seven pinnipeds, and the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). All of these species are dependent on sea ice for survival, particularly those requiring ice for breeding. As air and water temperatures increase, additional species previously non-resident in Arctic waters are extending their ranges northward, leading to greater species overlaps and a concomitant increased risk of disease transmission. In this study, we review the literature documenting disease presence in Arctic marine mammals to understand the current causes of morbidity and mortality in these species and forecast future disease issues. Our review highlights potential pathogen occurrence in a changing Arctic environment, discussing surveillance methods for 35 specific pathogens, identifying risk factors associated with these diseases, as well as making recommendations for future monitoring for emerging pathogens. Several of the pathogens discussed have the potential to cause unusual mortality events in AMMs. Brucella, morbillivirus, influenza A virus, and Toxoplasma gondii are all of concern, particularly with the relative naivety of the immune systems of endemic Arctic species. There is a clear need for increased surveillance to understand baseline disease levels and address the gravity of the predicted impacts of climate change on marine mammal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Barratclough
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Steven H. Ferguson
- Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | - Christian Lydersen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; (C.L.); (K.M.K.)
| | - Peter O. Thomas
- Marine Mammal Commission, 4340 East-West Highway, Room 700, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Kit M. Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; (C.L.); (K.M.K.)
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Kremnev G, Gonchar A, Krapivin V, Knyazeva O, Krupenko D. First elucidation of the life cycle in the family Brachycladiidae (Digenea), parasites of marine mammals. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:997-1009. [PMID: 32663502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Digeneans of the family Brachycladiidae are cosmopolitan parasites restricted to marine mammals. Their life cycles are unknown. Phylogenetically, Brachycladiidae are closely related to Acanthocolpidae, parasites of marine teleost fishes. Acanthocolpida typically possess three-host life cycles with gastropods of the superfamily Buccinoidea acting as the first intermediate hosts for most species, and either fishes or bivalves acting as the second intermediate hosts. A few species previously identified as Neophasis differ from other Acanthocolpidae in having naticid gastropods as first intermediate hosts, and both fishes and bivalves as second ones. We assumed that this may indicate an incorrect life cycle description and revised previous data on rediae and cercariae of Neophasis spp. from Cryptonatica affinis (Naticidae) and metacercariae from cardiid bivalves at the White Sea using molecular and morphological approaches. Sequence comparison showed that rediae and cercariae from C. affinis resembling some representatives of the genus Neophasis and metacercariae from bivalves resembling Neophasis oculata belong to the brachycladiid species Orthosplanchnus arcticus. Thus, the life cycle of O. arcticus proceeds as follows: seals serve as the definitive host, C. affinis as the first intermediate host and cardiid bivalves as the second. We found one more type of redia and cercaria in C. affinis which, by molecular evidence, also belongs to Brachycladiidae and is closely related to O. arcticus. Here we refer to them as Brachycladiidae gen. sp. 1 WS. We suggest that Brachycladiidae gen. sp. 1 WS may belong to either Orthosplanchnus or Odhneriella, with beluga whales possibly being the definitive host. Morphological features of O. arcticus and Brachycladiidae gen. sp. 1 WS cercariae are summarised and matched with published data on putatively brachycladiid cercariae. We compare and discuss the diversity of life cycle patterns among Brachycladiidae and Acanthocolpidae, and show that they differ not only in the type of definitive host, but also in both intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Kremnev
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia.
| | - Anna Gonchar
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia; Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Vladimir Krapivin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia
| | - Olga Knyazeva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia
| | - Darya Krupenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia
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