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Gibbs VK, Smith DL. Nutrition and energetics in rodent longevity research. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:90-96. [PMID: 27073168 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The impact of calorie amount on aging has been extensively described; however, variation over time and among laboratories in animal diet, housing condition, and strains complicates discerning the true influence of calories (energy) versus nutrients on lifespan. Within the dietary restriction field, single macronutrient manipulations have historically been researched as a means to reduce calories while maintaining adequate levels of essential nutrients. Recent reports of nutritional geometry, including rodent models, highlight the impact macronutrients have on whole organismal aging outcomes. However, other environmental factors (e.g., ambient temperature) may alter nutrient preferences and requirements revealing context specific outcomes. Herein we highlight factors that influence the energetic and nutrient demands of organisms which oftentimes have underappreciated impacts on clarifying interventional effects on health and longevity in aging studies and subsequent translation to improve the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Gibbs
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel L Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Neschen S, Adler T, Afonso LC, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Becker L, Bohla A, Calzada-Wack J, Cohrs C, Dewert A, Fridrich B, Garrett L, Glasl L, Götz A, Hans W, Hölter SM, Horsch M, Hurt A, Janas E, Janik D, Kahle M, Kistler M, Klein-Rodewald T, Lengger C, Ludwig T, Maier H, Marschall S, Micklich K, Möller G, Naton B, Prehn C, Puk O, Rácz I, Räss M, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Scheerer M, Schiller E, Schrewe A, Steinkamp R, Stöger C, Sun M, Szymczak W, Treise I, Vargas Panesso IL, Vernaleken AM, Willershäuser M, Wolff-Muscate A, Zeh R, Adamski J, Beckers J, Bekeredjian R, Busch DH, Eickelberg O, Favor J, Graw J, Höfler H, Höschen C, Katus H, Klingenspor M, Klopstock T, Neff F, Ollert M, Schulz H, Stöger T, Wolf E, Wurst W, Yildirim AÖ, Zimmer A, Hrabě de Angelis M. Innovations in phenotyping of mouse models in the German Mouse Clinic. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:611-22. [PMID: 22926221 PMCID: PMC3463795 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Under the label of the German Mouse Clinic (GMC), a concept has been developed and implemented that allows the better understanding of human diseases on the pathophysiological and molecular level. This includes better understanding of the crosstalk between different organs, pleiotropy of genes, and the systemic impact of envirotypes and drugs. In the GMC, experts from various fields of mouse genetics and physiology, in close collaboration with clinicians, work side by side under one roof. The GMC is an open-access platform for the scientific community by providing phenotypic analysis in bilateral collaborations ("bottom-up projects") and as a partner and driver in international large-scale biology projects ("top-down projects"). Furthermore, technology development is a major topic in the GMC. Innovative techniques for primary and secondary screens are developed and implemented into the phenotyping pipelines (e.g., detection of volatile organic compounds, VOCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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Tschöp MH, Speakman JR, Arch JRS, Auwerx J, Brüning JC, Chan L, Eckel RH, Farese RV, Galgani JE, Hambly C, Herman MA, Horvath TL, Kahn BB, Kozma SC, Maratos-Flier E, Müller TD, Münzberg H, Pfluger PT, Plum L, Reitman ML, Rahmouni K, Shulman GI, Thomas G, Kahn CR, Ravussin E. A guide to analysis of mouse energy metabolism. Nat Methods 2011; 9:57-63. [PMID: 22205519 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a consolidated view of the complexity and challenges of designing studies for measurement of energy metabolism in mouse models, including a practical guide to the assessment of energy expenditure, energy intake and body composition and statistical analysis thereof. We hope this guide will facilitate comparisons across studies and minimize spurious interpretations of data. We recommend that division of energy expenditure data by either body weight or lean body weight and that presentation of group effects as histograms should be replaced by plotting individual data and analyzing both group and body-composition effects using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholz Centre Munich, Department of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Kaiyala KJ, Schwartz MW. Toward a more complete (and less controversial) understanding of energy expenditure and its role in obesity pathogenesis. Diabetes 2011; 60:17-23. [PMID: 21193735 PMCID: PMC3012169 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Kaiyala
- Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Adler T, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Becker L, Calzada-Wack J, Da Silva-Buttkus P, Neff F, Götz A, Hans W, Hölter SM, Horsch M, Kastenmüller G, Kemter E, Lengger C, Maier H, Matloka M, Möller G, Naton B, Prehn C, Puk O, Rácz I, Rathkolb B, Römisch-Margl W, Rozman J, Wang-Sattler R, Schrewe A, Stöger C, Tost M, Adamski J, Aigner B, Beckers J, Behrendt H, Busch DH, Esposito I, Graw J, Illig T, Ivandic B, Klingenspor M, Klopstock T, Kremmer E, Mempel M, Neschen S, Ollert M, Schulz H, Suhre K, Wolf E, Wurst W, Zimmer A, Hrabě de Angelis M. Mouse phenotyping. Methods 2010; 53:120-35. [PMID: 20708688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Model organisms like the mouse are important tools to learn more about gene function in man. Within the last 20 years many mutant mouse lines have been generated by different methods such as ENU mutagenesis, constitutive and conditional knock-out approaches, knock-down, introduction of human genes, and knock-in techniques, thus creating models which mimic human conditions. Due to pleiotropic effects, one gene may have different functions in different organ systems or time points during development. Therefore mutant mouse lines have to be phenotyped comprehensively in a highly standardized manner to enable the detection of phenotypes which might otherwise remain hidden. The German Mouse Clinic (GMC) has been established at the Helmholtz Zentrum München as a phenotyping platform with open access to the scientific community (www.mousclinic.de; [1]). The GMC is a member of the EUMODIC consortium which created the European standard workflow EMPReSSslim for the systemic phenotyping of mouse models (http://www.eumodic.org/[2]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 München/Neuherberg, Germany
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Kaiyala KJ, Morton GJ, Leroux BG, Ogimoto K, Wisse B, Schwartz MW. Identification of body fat mass as a major determinant of metabolic rate in mice. Diabetes 2010; 59:1657-66. [PMID: 20413511 PMCID: PMC2889765 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analysis of energy expenditure (EE) in mice is essential to obesity research. Since EE varies with body mass, comparisons between lean and obese mice are confounded unless EE is normalized to account for body mass differences. We 1) assessed the validity of ratio-based EE normalization involving division of EE by either total body mass (TBM) or lean body mass (LBM), 2) compared the independent contributions of LBM and fat mass (FM) to EE, and 3) investigated whether leptin contributes to the link between FM and EE. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used regression modeling of calorimetry and body composition data in 137 mice to estimate the independent contributions of LBM and FM to EE. Subcutaneous administration of leptin or vehicle to 28 obese ob/ob mice and 32 fasting wild-type mice was used to determine if FM affects EE via a leptin-dependent mechanism. RESULTS Division of EE by either TBM or LBM is confounded by body mass variation. The contribution of FM to EE is comparable to that of LBM in normal mice (expressed per gram of tissue) but is absent in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. When leptin is administered at physiological doses, the plasma leptin concentration supplants FM as an independent determinant of EE in both ob/ob mice and normal mice rendered leptin-deficient by fasting. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of FM to EE is substantially greater than predicted from the metabolic cost of adipose tissue per se, and the mechanism underlying this effect is leptin dependent. Regression-based approaches that account for variation in both FM and LBM are recommended for normalization of EE in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Kaiyala
- Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Rubio-Aliaga I, Przemeck GKH, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Adler T, Hans W, Horsch M, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Schrewe A, Wagner S, Hoelter SM, Becker L, Klopstock T, Wurst W, Wolf E, Klingenspor M, Ivandic BT, Busch DH, Beckers J, Hrabé de Angelis M. Dll1 haploinsufficiency in adult mice leads to a complex phenotype affecting metabolic and immunological processes. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6054. [PMID: 19562077 PMCID: PMC2699037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved signal transduction pathway involved in embryonic patterning and regulation of cell fates during development and self-renewal. Recent studies have demonstrated that this pathway is integral to a complex system of interactions, involving as well other signal transduction pathways, and implicated in distinct human diseases. Delta-like 1 (Dll1) is one of the known ligands of the Notch receptors. The role of the Notch ligands is less well understood. Loss-of-function of Dll1 leads to embryonic lethality, but reduction of Delta-like 1 protein levels has not been studied in adult stage. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we present the haploinsufficient phenotype of Dll1 and a missense mutant Dll1 allele (Dll1(C413Y)). Haploinsufficiency leads to a complex phenotype with several biological processes altered. These alterations reveal the importance of Dll1 mainly in metabolism, energy balance and in immunology. The animals are smaller, lighter, with altered fat to lean ratio and have increased blood pressure and a slight bradycardia. The animals have reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood. At the immunological level a subtle phenotype is observed due to the effect and fine-tuning of the signaling network at the different levels of differentiation, proliferation and function of lymphocytes. Moreover, the importance of the proteolytic regulation of the Notch signaling network emphasized. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, slight alterations in one player of Notch signaling alter the entire organism, emphasizing the fine-tuning character of this pathway in a high number of processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard K. H. Przemeck
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thure Adler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hans
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Horsch
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology/LAFUGA, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Else Kroener-Fresenius Center, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Anja Schrewe
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Wagner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M. Hoelter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl fuer Entwicklungsgenetik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology/LAFUGA, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Else Kroener-Fresenius Center, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Boris T. Ivandic
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl fuer Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl fuer Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Adler T, Aguilar Pimentel A, Becker L, Bolle I, Calzada-Wack J, Dalke C, Ehrhardt N, Ferwagner B, Hans W, Hölter SM, Hölzlwimmer G, Horsch M, Javaheri A, Kallnik M, Kling E, Lengger C, Mörth C, Mossbrugger I, Naton B, Prehn C, Puk O, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Schrewe A, Thiele F, Adamski J, Aigner B, Behrendt H, Busch DH, Favor J, Graw J, Heldmaier G, Ivandic B, Katus H, Klingenspor M, Klopstock T, Kremmer E, Ollert M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Schulz H, Wolf E, Wurst W, de Angelis MH. Systemic first-line phenotyping. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 530:463-509. [PMID: 19266331 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-471-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the completion of the mouse genome sequence an essential task for biomedical sciences in the twenty-first century will be the generation and functional analysis of mouse models for every gene in the mammalian genome. More than 30,000 mutations in ES cells will be engineered and thousands of mouse disease models will become available over the coming years by the collaborative effort of the International Mouse Knockout Consortium. In order to realize the full value of the mouse models proper characterization, archiving and dissemination of mouse disease models to the research community have to be performed. Phenotyping centers (mouse clinics) provide the necessary capacity, broad expertise, equipment, and infrastructure to carry out large-scale systemic first-line phenotyping. Using the example of the German Mouse Clinic (GMC) we will introduce the reader to the different aspects of the organization of a mouse clinic and present selected methods used in first-line phenotyping.
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Gelling RW, Yan W, Al-Noori S, Pardini A, Morton GJ, Ogimoto K, Schwartz MW, Dempsey PJ. Deficiency of TNFalpha converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) causes a lean, hypermetabolic phenotype in mice. Endocrinology 2008; 149:6053-64. [PMID: 18687778 PMCID: PMC2734496 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis involves central nervous system integration of afferent inputs that coordinately regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Here, we report that adult homozygous TNFalpha converting enzyme (TACE)-deficient mice exhibit one of the most dramatic examples of hypermetabolism yet reported in a rodent system. Because this effect is not matched by increased food intake, mice lacking TACE exhibit a lean phenotype. In the hypothalamus of these mice, neurons in the arcuate nucleus exhibit intact responses to reduced fat mass and low circulating leptin levels, suggesting that defects in other components of the energy homeostasis system explain the phenotype of Tace(DeltaZn/DeltaZn) mice. Elevated levels of uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue from Tace(DeltaZn/DeltaZn) mice when compared with weight-matched controls suggest that deficient TACE activity is linked to increased sympathetic outflow. These findings collectively identify a novel and potentially important role for TACE in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Gelling
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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