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Dietary Heme-Containing Proteins: Structures, Applications, and Challenges. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223594. [PMID: 36429186 PMCID: PMC9689966 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme-containing proteins, commonly abundant in red meat and blood, are considered promising dietary sources for iron supplementation and fortification with higher bioavailability and less side effects. As the precise structures and accurate bioactivity mechanism of various heme-containing proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome, etc.) are determined, many methods have been explored for iron fortification. Based on their physicochemical and biological functions, heme-containing proteins and the hydrolyzed peptides have been also widely utilized as food ingredients and antibacterial agents in recent years. In this review, we summarized the structural characterization of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and other heme proteins in detail, and highlighted recent advances in applications of naturally occurring heme-containing proteins as dietary iron sources in the field of food science and nutrition. The regulation of absorption rate, auto-oxidation process, and dietary consumption of heme-containing proteins are then discussed. Future outlooks are also highlighted with the aim to suggest a research line to follow for further studies.
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He L, Yang F, Liang Y, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhao S, Jin G. Process optimisation of haemoglobin hydrolysis by complex proteases to produce haem‐enriched peptides and its iron uptake property evaluation by Caco‐2 cell model. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lichao He
- College of Food and Biotechnology Wuhan Institute of Design and Sciences Wuhan430205China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology & MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan430070China
| | - Yanhui Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology & MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan430070China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology & MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan430070China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology & MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan430070China
| | - Shilin Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology & MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan430070China
| | - Guofeng Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology & MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan430070China
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Span K, Verhoef JJF, Hunt H, van Nostrum CF, Brinks V, Schellekens H, Hennink WE. A novel oral iron-complex formulation: Encapsulation of hemin in polymeric micelles and its in vitro absorption. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 108:226-234. [PMID: 27600943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Anemia resulting from iron deficiency is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. As iron has important roles in several biological processes such as oxygen transport, DNA synthesis and cell growth, there is a high need for iron therapies that result in high iron bioavailability with minimal toxic effects to treat patients suffering from anemia. This study aims to develop a novel oral iron-complex formulation based on hemin-loaded polymeric micelles composed of the biodegradable and thermosensitive polymer methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-dilactate], abbreviated as mPEG-b-p(HPMAm-Lac2). Hemin-loaded micelles were prepared by addition of hemin dissolved in DMSO:DMF (1:9, one volume) to an aqueous polymer solution (nine volumes) of mPEG-b-p(HPMAm-Lac2) followed by rapidly heating the mixture at 50°C to form hemin-loaded micelles that remain intact at room and physiological temperature. The highest loading capacity for hemin in mPEG-b-p(HPMAm-Lac2) micelles was 3.9%. The average particle diameter of the hemin-micelles ranged from 75 to 140nm, depending on the concentration of hemin solution that was used to prepare the micelles. The hemin-loaded micelles were stable at pH 2 for at least 3 h which covers the residence time of the formulation in the stomach after oral administration and up to 17 h at pH 7.4 which is sufficient time for uptake of the micelles by the enterocytes. Importantly, incubation of Caco-2 cells with hemin-micelles for 24 h at 37°C resulted in ferritin levels of 2500ng/mg protein which is about 10-fold higher than levels observed in cells incubated with iron sulfate under the same conditions. The hemin formulation also demonstrated superior cell viability compared to iron sulfate with and without ascorbic acid. The study presented here demonstrates the development of a promising novel iron complex for oral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Span
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan J F Verhoef
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hedi Hunt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Brinks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Schellekens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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The effect of proteins from animal source foods on heme iron bioavailability in humans. Food Chem 2016; 196:733-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Weinborn V, Pizarro F, Olivares M, Brito A, Arredondo M, Flores S, Valenzuela C. The Effect of Plant Proteins Derived from Cereals and Legumes on Heme Iron Absorption. Nutrients 2015; 7:8977-86. [PMID: 26529009 PMCID: PMC4663574 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of proteins from cereals and legumes on heme iron (Fe) absorption. The absorption of heme Fe without its native globin was measured. Thirty adult females participated in two experimental studies (15 per study). Study I focused on the effects of cereal proteins (zein, gliadin and glutelin) and study II on the effects of legume proteins (soy, pea and lentil) on heme Fe absorption. When heme was given alone (as a control), study I and II yielded 6.2% and 11.0% heme absorption (p > 0.05). In study I, heme Fe absorption was 7.2%, 7.5% and 5.9% when zein, gliadin and glutelin were added, respectively. From this, it was concluded that cereal proteins did not affect heme Fe absorption. In study II, heme Fe absorption was 7.3%, 8.1% and 9.1% with the addition of soy, pea and lentil proteins, respectively. Only soy proteins decreased heme Fe absorption (p < 0.05). These results suggest that with the exception of soy proteins, which decreased absorption, proteins derived from cereals and legumes do not affect heme Fe absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Weinborn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis. 1 Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Fernando Pizarro
- Micronutrients Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Avda. El Líbano 5524, Casilla 13811, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Manuel Olivares
- Micronutrients Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Avda. El Líbano 5524, Casilla 13811, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alex Brito
- United States Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, 430 W. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Miguel Arredondo
- Micronutrients Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Avda. El Líbano 5524, Casilla 13811, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sebastián Flores
- Micronutrients Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Avda. El Líbano 5524, Casilla 13811, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carolina Valenzuela
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile (FAVET), Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Casilla 2, La Granja, Santiago, Chile.
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Heme, an essential nutrient from dietary proteins, critically impacts diverse physiological and pathological processes. Nutrients 2014; 6:1080-102. [PMID: 24633395 PMCID: PMC3967179 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme constitutes 95% of functional iron in the human body, as well as two-thirds of the average person’s iron intake in developed countries. Hence, a wide range of epidemiological studies have focused on examining the association of dietary heme intake, mainly from red meat, with the risks of common diseases. High heme intake is associated with increased risk of several cancers, including colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer. Likewise, the evidence for increased risks of type-2 diabetes and coronary heart disease associated with high heme intake is compelling. Furthermore, recent comparative metabolic and molecular studies of lung cancer cells showed that cancer cells require increased intracellular heme biosynthesis and uptake to meet the increased demand for oxygen-utilizing hemoproteins. Increased levels of hemoproteins in turn lead to intensified oxygen consumption and cellular energy generation, thereby fueling cancer cell progression. Together, both epidemiological and molecular studies support the idea that heme positively impacts cancer progression. However, it is also worth noting that heme deficiency can cause serious diseases in humans, such as anemia, porphyrias, and Alzheimer’s disease. This review attempts to summarize the latest literature in understanding the role of dietary heme intake and heme function in diverse diseases.
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Zhao D, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu C, Dong C, Li C, Ren S, Zhang W, Lu Y, Dai Y, Chen X. Pharmacokinetics study of hemin in rats by applying 58Fe-extrinsically labeling techniques in combination with ICP-MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fernandez-Cao JC, Arija V, Aranda N, Bullo M, Basora J, Martínez-González MA, Díez-Espino J, Salas-Salvadó J. Heme iron intake and risk of new-onset diabetes in a Mediterranean population at high risk of cardiovascular disease: an observational cohort analysis. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1042. [PMID: 24188615 PMCID: PMC4228354 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several epidemiological studies have observed an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among subjects with a higher consumption of red and processed meat. Heme iron intake has been directly associated with a higher risk of T2DM in healthy adult Chinese and U.S populations. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between heme iron intake and the incidence of T2DM in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. Methods We assessed a subset of participants in the PREDIMED trial as an observational cohort, followed up for a maximum of eight years. We initially included 1073 non-diabetic subjects (57.1% women) aged 67.3 ± 6.0 years, at high cardiovascular risk. Diet was assessed at the study baseline using a validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results During the follow-up period 131 diabetics were newly diagnosed. The risk of developing T2DM was assessed using baseline heme iron intake and proportional hazard models, first unadjusted, then adjusted for energy, and finally adjusted for dietary, anthropometric, socio-demographic and lifestyle variables. Significant direct associations with the incidence of T2DM were found for heme iron (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 1.66). Secondarily, we have also observed that coffee (HR:0.93, 95% CI, 0.89 to 0.98) and alcoholic beverages (HR: 1.02, 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04) were also found to reduce and increase the risk of T2DM, respectively. Conclusion High dietary intake of heme iron was associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. Trial registration Identifier: ISRCTN35739639.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Arija
- Unidad Nutrición y Salud Pública, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
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Origassa CST, Câmara NOS. Cytoprotective role of heme oxygenase-1 and heme degradation derived end products in liver injury. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:541-9. [PMID: 24179613 PMCID: PMC3812456 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i10.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) appears to be an endogenous defensive mechanism used by cells to reduce inflammation and tissue damage in a number of injury models. HO-1, a stress-responsive enzyme that catabolizes heme into carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin and iron, has previously been shown to protect grafts from ischemia/reperfusion and rejection. In addition, the products of the HO-catalyzed reaction, particularly CO and biliverdin/bilirubin, have been shown to exert protective effects in the liver against a number of stimuli, as in chronic hepatitis C and in transplanted liver grafts. Furthermore, the induction of HO-1 expression can protect the liver against damage caused by a number of chemical compounds. More specifically, the CO derived from HO-1-mediated heme catabolism has been shown to be involved in the regulation of inflammation; furthermore, administration of low concentrations of exogenous CO has a protective effect against inflammation. Both murine and human HO-1 deficiencies have systemic manifestations associated with iron metabolism, such as hepatic overload (with signs of a chronic hepatitis) and iron deficiency anemia (with paradoxical increased levels of ferritin). Hypoxia induces HO-1 expression in multiple rodent, bovine and monkey cell lines, but interestingly, hypoxia represses expression of the human HO-1 gene in a variety of human cell types (endothelial cells, epithelial cells, T cells). These data suggest that HO-1 and CO are promising novel therapeutic molecules for patients with inflammatory diseases. In this review, we present what is currently known regarding the role of HO-1 in liver injuries and in particular, we focus on the implications of targeted induction of HO-1 as a potential therapeutic strategy to protect the liver against chemically induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Silvia Taemi Origassa
- Clarice Silvia Taemi Origassa, Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Nephrology Division, Medicine Department, Federal University of São Paulo, 04039-032 São Paulo, Brazil
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Luo Y, Teng Z, Wang TTY, Wang Q. Cellular uptake and transport of zein nanoparticles: effects of sodium caseinate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7621-7629. [PMID: 23859760 DOI: 10.1021/jf402198r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular evaluation of zein nanoparticles has not been studied systematically due to their poor redispersibility. Caseinate (CAS)-stabilized zein nanoparticles have been recently developed with better redispersibility in salt solutions. In this study, zein-CAS nanoparticles were prepared with different zein/CAS mass ratios. The prepared nanoparticles demonstrated good stabilities to maintain particle size (120-140 nm) in cell culture medium and HBSS buffer at 37 °C. The nanoparticles showed no cytotoxicity for Caco-2 cells for 72 h. CAS not only significantly enhanced cell uptake of zein nanoparticles in a concentration- and time-dependent manner but also remarkably improved epithelial transport through Caco-2 cell monolayer. The cell uptake of zein-CAS nanoparticles indicated an energy-dependent endocytosis process as evidenced by cell uptake under blocking conditions, that is, 4 °C, sodium azide, and colchicine. Fluorescent microscopy clearly showed the internalization of zein-CAS nanoparticles. This study may shed some light on the cellular evaluations of hydrophobic protein nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchao Luo
- 0112 Skinner Building, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Zhang Y, Zhao D, Xu J, Xu C, Dong C, Liu Q, Deng S, Zhao J, Zhang W, Chen X. Effects of dietary factors on the pharmacokinetics of 58Fe-labeled hemin after oral administration in normal rats and the iron-deficient rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:243-50. [PMID: 23584844 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemin, iron (III) protoporphyrin chloride (IX), as a stable form of heme iron, has been used in iron absorption studies. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the influences of body iron status and three dietary factors (green tea extract, ascorbic acid, and calcium) on the pharmacokinetics of hemin using stable isotope labeling methods followed by ICP-MS measurement. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, and specific ICP-MS method for the determination of (58)Fe originating from hemin in rat plasma was developed and a rat model of iron deficiency anemia was established. It was found that hemin iron absorption increased significantly under iron deficiency anemia status, with AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ showing significant increase in anemic rats compared to normal ones. Green tea extract strongly inhibited hemin iron absorption in both normal rats and iron-deficient rats. In normal rats administered with green tea extract, C max resulted significantly reduced, whereas in anemic rats administered with green tea extract both AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ were reduced. On the other hand, ascorbic acid significantly affected hemin iron absorption only in iron-deficient rats, in which C max showed a significant increase. Interestingly, calcium slowed down the hemin iron absorption rate in normal rats, MRT0-t being significantly different in calcium-treated animals compared to untreated ones. This trend also appeared in the iron-deficient group but it did not reach statistical significance. Our data suggest that the mechanism of hemin iron absorption is regulated by body iron status and dietary factors can influence hemin iron absorption to varying degrees. Moreover, these results may also have general implication in the iron deficiency treatment with iron supplements and fortification of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Vors C, Capolino P, Guérin C, Meugnier E, Pesenti S, Chauvin MA, Monteil J, Peretti N, Cansell M, Carrière F, Michalski MC. Coupling in vitro gastrointestinal lipolysis and Caco-2 cell cultures for testing the absorption of different food emulsions. Food Funct 2012; 3:537-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10248j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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