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Wainwright CL, Walsh SK. Pharmacology of Non-Psychoactive Phytocannabinoids and Their Potential for Treatment of Cardiometabolic Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 39235486 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The use of Cannabis sativa by humans dates back to the third millennium BC, and it has been utilized in many forms for multiple purposes, including production of fibre and rope, as food and medicine, and (perhaps most notably) for its psychoactive properties for recreational use. The discovery of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) as the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid contained in cannabis by Gaoni and Mechoulam in 1964 (J Am Chem Soc 86, 1646-1647), was the first major step in cannabis research; since then the identification of the chemicals (phytocannabinoids) present in cannabis, the classification of the pharmacological targets of these compounds and the discovery that the body has its own endocannabinoid system (ECS) have highlighted the potential value of cannabis-derived compounds in the treatment of many diseases, such as neurological disorders and cancers. Although the use of Δ9-THC as a therapeutic agent is constrained by its psychoactive properties, there is growing evidence that non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids, derived from both Cannabis sativa and other plant species, as well as non-cannabinoid compounds found in Cannabis sativa, have real potential as therapeutics. This chapter will focus on the possibilities for using these compounds in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and related metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry L Wainwright
- Centre for Cardiometabolic Health Research, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Sarah K Walsh
- Centre for Cardiometabolic Health Research, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Therapeutic Potential of Different Natural Products for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6873874. [PMID: 35910833 PMCID: PMC9337964 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6873874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A high incidence of dementia (60–80%) and a high rate of memory loss are two of the most common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which affects the elderly. Researchers have recommended that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Indian medicines can be used to prevent and cure AD. Several studies have linked neuroinflammation linked to amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. As a result, more research is needed to determine the role of inflammation in neurodegeneration. Increased microglial activation, cytokine production, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) all play a role in the inflammatory process of AD. This review focuses on the role of neuroinflammation in neuroprotection and the molecular processes used by diverse natural substances, phytochemicals, and herbal formulations in distinct signaling pathways. Currently, researchers are focusing on pharmacologically active natural compounds with the anti-neuroinflammatory potential, making them a possible contender for treating AD. Furthermore, the researchers investigated the limits of past studies on TCM, Indian Ayurveda, and AD. Numerous studies have been carried out to examine the effects of medicinal whole-plant extracts on AD. Clinical investigations have shown that lignans, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, triterpenoids, sterols, and alkaloids have anti-inflammatory, antiamyloidogenic, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant properties. This review summarizes information about numerous medicinal plants and isolated compounds used in the treatment of AD and a list of further references.
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The Effects of Magnolol Supplementation on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Oxidative Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101722. [PMID: 35196587 PMCID: PMC8866717 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Niu L, Hou Y, Jiang M, Bai G. The rich pharmacological activities of Magnolia officinalis and secondary effects based on significant intestinal contributions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114524. [PMID: 34400262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Magnolia officinalis Cortex (M. officinalis) is a traditional herbal drug widely used in Asian countries. Depending on its multiple biological activities, M. officinalis is used to regulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, relieve cough and asthma, prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and treat depression and anxiety. AIM OF THE REVIEW We aimed to review the abundant form of pharmacodynamics activity and potential mechanisms of action of M. officinalis and the characteristics of the internal processes of the main components. The potential mechanisms of local and distance actions of M. officinalis based on GI tract was provided, and it was used to reveal the interconnections between traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Published literatures about M. officinalis and its main components were collected from several scientific databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Web of Science etc. RESULTS: M. officinalis was shown multiple effects including effects on digestive system, respiratory system, central system, which is consistent with traditional applications, as well as some other activities such as cardiovascular system, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and so on. The mechanisms of these activities are abundant. Its chief ingredients such as magnolol and honokiol can be metabolized into active metabolites in vivo, which can increase water solubility and bioavailability and exert pharmacological activity in the whole body. In the GI tract, M. officinalis and its main ingredient can regulate GI hormones and substance metabolism, protect the intestinal barrier and affect the gut microbiota (GM). These actions are effective to improve local discomfort and some distal symptoms such as depression, asthma, or metabolic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Although M. officinalis has rich pharmacological effects, the GI tract makes great contributions to it. The GI tract is not only an important place for absorption and metabolism but also a key site to help M. officinalis exert local and distal efficacy. Pharmacodynamical studies on the efficacies of distal tissues based on the contributions of the GI tract hold great potential for understanding the benefits of M. officinalis and providing new ideas for the treatment of important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Niu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China.
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Soheili M, Karimian M, Hamidi G, Salami M. Alzheimer's disease treatment: The share of herbal medicines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:123-135. [PMID: 33953850 PMCID: PMC8061323 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.50536.11512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the most frequent forms of dementia in neurological disorders is Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired learning and memory. Pathological symptoms as extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles occur in AD. Due to the aging of the population and increased prevalence of AD, discovery of new therapeutic agents with the highest effectiveness and fewer side effect seems to be necessary. Numerous synthetic medicines such as tacrine, donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, memantine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, ubiquinone, ibuprofen, and ladostigil are routinely used for reduction of the symptoms and prevention of disease progression. Nowadays, herbal medicines have attracted popular attention for numerous beneficial effects with little side effects. Lavandula angustifolia, Ginkgo biloba, Melissa officinalis, Crocus sativus, Ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Magnolia officinalis have been widely used for relief of symptoms of some neurological disorders. This paper reviews the therapeutic effects of phytomedicines with prominent effects against various factors implicated in the emergence and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Soheili
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Gholamali Hamidi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Liu Z, Zhang H, Wang H, Wei L, Niu L. Magnolol Alleviates IL-1β-Induced Dysfunction of Chondrocytes Through Repression of SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2020; 40:145-151. [PMID: 31916911 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zili Liu
- Department of Microscopic Orthopedic, The Hefei Second People's Hospital and Hefei Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microscopic Orthopedic, The Hefei Second People's Hospital and Hefei Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- Department of Microscopic Orthopedic, The Hefei Second People's Hospital and Hefei Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Longyu Wei
- Department of Microscopic Orthopedic, The Hefei Second People's Hospital and Hefei Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Niu
- Department of Microscopic Orthopedic, The Hefei Second People's Hospital and Hefei Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Plant-Derived Products for Treatment of Vascular Intima Hyperplasia Selectively Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3549312. [PMID: 30405738 PMCID: PMC6201497 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3549312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are used widely for preventing intimal hyperplasia (IH), a common cardiovascular disease. Four different cells initiate and progress IH, namely, vascular smooth muscle, adventitial and endothelial cells, and circulation or bone marrow-derived cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a critical role in initiation and development of intimal thickening and formation of neointimal hyperplasia. In this review, we describe the different originating cells involved in vascular IH and emphasize the effect of different natural products on inhibiting abnormal cellular functions, such as VSMC proliferation and migration. We further present a classification for the different natural products like phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids that suppress VSMC growth. Abnormal VSMC physiology involves disturbance in MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, JAK-STAT, FAK, and NF-κB signal pathways. Most of the natural isolate studies have revealed G1/S phase of cell cycle arrest, decreased ROS production, induced cell apoptosis, restrained migration, and downregulated collagen deposition. It is necessary to screen optimal drugs from natural sources that preferentially inhibit VSMC rather than vascular endothelial cell growth to prevent early IH, restenosis following graft implantation, and atherosclerotic diseases.
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Khatoon SS, Rehman M, Rahman A. The Role of Natural Products in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64058-1.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kuk H, Arnold C, Meyer R, Hecker M, Korff T. Magnolol inhibits venous remodeling in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17820. [PMID: 29259201 PMCID: PMC5736655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to gravity the venous vasculature in the lower extremities is exposed to elevated pressure levels which may be amplified by obesity or pregnancy. As a consequence, venules dilate and may be slowly transformed into varicose or spider veins. In fact, chronically elevated venous pressure was sufficient to cause the corkscrew-like enlargement of superficial veins in mice. We hypothesized that biomechanical activation of endothelial cells contributes to this process and investigated the inhibitory capacity of Magnolol in this context - a natural compound that features multiple properties counteracting cellular stress. While Magnolol did not influence endothelial capillary sprout formation, it interfered with proliferation, ERK1/2 activity, gelatinase activity as well as baseline production of reactive oxygen species in these cells or murine veins. The anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative capacity of Magnolol was mediated through stimulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression. Finally, local transdermal application of Magnolol attenuated pressure-mediated development of varicose/spider veins in mice and was accompanied by the absence of proliferating and MMP-2 positive endothelial cells. Collectively, our data identified Magnolol as a potent inhibitor of biomechanically evoked endothelial cell activity during pressure-mediated venous remodeling processes which contribute to the development of varicose and spider veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kuk
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Arnold
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Meyer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory deficits. Various studies have been carried out to find therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease. However, the proper treatment option is still not available. There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but symptomatic treatment may improve the memory and other dementia related problems. Traditional medicine is practiced worldwide as memory enhancer since ancient times. Natural therapy including herbs and medicinal plants has been used in the treatment of memory deficits such as dementia, amnesia, as well as Alzheimer's disease since a long time. Medicinal plants have been used in different systems of medicine, particularly Unani system of medicines and exhibited their powerful roles in the management and cure of memory disorders. Most of herbs and plants have been chemically evaluated and their efficacy has also been proven in clinical trials. However, the underlying mechanisms of actions are still on the way. In this paper, we have reviewed the role of different medicinal plants that play an important role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and memory deficits using conventional herbal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Allah Nawaz
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Alzheimer's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 135:29-56. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Liang CJ, Lee CW, Sung HC, Chen YH, Wang SH, Wu PJ, Chiang YC, Tsai JS, Wu CC, Li CY, Chen YL. Magnolol reduced TNF-α-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells via JNK/p38 and NF-κB signaling pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:619-37. [PMID: 24871655 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Expression of cell adhesion molecules by the endothelium and the attachment of leukocytes to these cells play major roles in inflammation and cardiovascular disorders. Magnolol, a major active component of Magnolia officinalis, has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, the effects of magnolol on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and the related mechanisms were investigated. TNF-α induced VCAM-1 protein expression and mRNA stability were significantly decreased in HAECs pre-treated with magnolol. Magnolol significantly reduced the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in TNF-α-treated HAECs. The decrease in VCAM-1 expression in response to TNF-α treatment was affected by JNK and p38 inhibitors, not by an ERK inhibitor. Magnolol also attenuates NF-κB activation and the translocation of HuR (an RNA binding protein) in TNF-α-stimulated HAECs. The VCAM-1 expression was weaker in the aortas of TNF-α-treated apo-E deficient mice with magnolol treatment. These data demonstrate that magnolol inhibits TNF-α-induced JNK/p38 phosphorylation, HuR translocation, NF-κB activation, and thereby suppresses VCAM-1 expression resulting in reduced leukocyte adhesion. Taken together, these results suggest that magnolol has an anti-inflammatory property and may play an important role in the prevention of atherosclerosis and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Jung Liang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan , Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Zhang M, Zang KH, Luo JL, Leung FP, Huang Y, Lin CY, Yang ZJ, Lu AP, Tang XD, Xu HX, Sung JJY, Bian ZX. Magnolol inhibits colonic motility through down-regulation of voltage-sensitive L-type Ca2+ channels of colonic smooth muscle cells in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1272-9. [PMID: 23972358 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of magnolol (5,5'-diallyl-2,2'-biphenyldiol) on contraction in distal colonic segments of rats and the underlying mechanisms. Colonic segments were mounted in organ baths for isometric force measurement. Whole-cell voltage-sensitive L-type Ca(2+) currents were recorded on isolated single colonic smooth muscle cells using patch-clamp technique. The spontaneous contractions and acetylcholine (ACh)- and Bay K 8644-induced contractions were inhibited by magnolol (3-100 μM). In the presence of Bay K8644 (100 nM), magnolol (10-100 μM) inhibited the contraction induced by 10 μM ACh. By contrast, tetrodotoxin (100 nM) and Nώ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME 100 μM) did not change the inhibitory effect of magnolol (10 μM). In addition, magnolol (3-100 μM) inhibited the L-type Ca(2+) currents. The present results suggest that magnolol inhibits colonic smooth muscle contraction through downregulating L-type Ca(2+) channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Guangzhou Research Institute of Snake Venom, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Eluting combination drugs from stents. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:4-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Li YS, Hong YF, He J, Lin JX, Shan YL, Fu DY, Chen ZP, Ren XR, Song ZH, Tao L. Effects of Magnolol on Impairment of Learning and Memory Abilities Induced by Scopolamine in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:764-71. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-si Li
- Clinical medicine department, Sun Yet-Sen University
| | - Ying-fen Hong
- Clinical medicine department, Sun Yet-Sen University
| | - Jiang He
- Clinical medicine department, Sun Yet-Sen University
| | - Jian-xun Lin
- Clinical medicine department, Sun Yet-Sen University
| | - Yi-long Shan
- Clinical medicine department, Sun Yet-Sen University
| | - Dong-ying Fu
- Clinical medicine department, Sun Yet-Sen University
| | - Zhi-peng Chen
- Clinical medicine department, Sun Yet-Sen University
| | - Xin-ran Ren
- School of International Studies, Sun Yet-Sen University
| | - Zhi-hong Song
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yet-Sen University
| | - Liang Tao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yet-Sen University
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Yi YL, Lu C, Hu XG, Ling F, Wang GX. Antiprotozoal activity of medicinal plants against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1771-8. [PMID: 22864919 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyophthiriasis is a widespread disease in aquaculture and causes mass mortalities of fish. The development of new antiprotozoal agents for the treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections is of increasing interest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of 30 medicinal plants against I. multifiliis. The results showed that the methanol extracts of Magnolia officinalis and Sophora alopecuroides displayed the highest antiprotozoal activity against theronts, with 4-h LC(50) values estimated to be 2.45 and 3.43 mg L(-1), respectively. Concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg L(-1) of M. officinalis extracts resulted in tomont mortality of 9.7, 43.7, 91.3, and 100% at 20 h, respectively. From 40 to 320 mg L(-1) of S. alopecuroides extracts, tomont mortality increased from 29.7 to 100%. Antiprotozoal efficacy against settled tomonts (2 and 10 h) was also applied; the results indicated that encysted I. multifiliis tomonts were less susceptible to these plant extract treatments. In vivo experiments demonstrated that high concentrations of M. officinalis and S. alopecuroides extracts could kill tomonts, and M. officinalis significantly reduced its reproduction (P < 0.05). These results suggested that the methanol extracts of M. officinalis and S. alopecuroides have the potential to be used as an eco-friendly approach for the control of I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Lei Yi
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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Ho JHC, Hong CY. Cardiovascular protection of magnolol: cell-type specificity and dose-related effects. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:70. [PMID: 22849814 PMCID: PMC3418199 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolia officinalis has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Magnolol, an active component isolated from Magnolia officinalis, is known to be a cardiovascular protector since 1994. The multiplex mechanisms of magnolol on cardiovascular protection depends on cell types and dosages, and will be reviewed and discussed in this article. Magnolol under low and moderate dosage possesses the ability to protect heart from ischemic/reperfusion injury, reduces atherosclerotic change, protects endothelial cell against apoptosis and inhibits neutrophil-endothelial adhesion. The moderate to high concentration of magnolol mainly acts on smooth muscle cells and platelets. Magnolol induces apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells at moderate concentration and inhibits proliferation at moderate and high concentration. High concentration of magnolol also abrogates platelet activation, aggregation and thrombus formation. Magnolol also serves as an smooth muscle relaxant only upon the high concentration. Oral intake of magnolol to reach the therapeutic level for cardiovascular protection is applicable, thus makes magnolol an agent of great potential for preventing cardiovascular diseases in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hui-Chun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen YH, Huang PH, Lin FY, Chen WC, Chen YL, Yin WH, Man KM, Liu PL. Magnolol: A multifunctional compound isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis. Eur J Integr Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xu H, Tang W, Du G, Kokudo N. Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer with magnolol and honokiol, bioactive constituents of the bark of Magnolia officinalis . Drug Discov Ther 2011; 5:202-10. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2011.v5.5.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanli Xu
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Wei Tang
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Guanhua Du
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Norihiro Kokudo
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
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Lim Y, Kwon JS, Kim DW, Lee SH, Park RK, Lee JJ, Hong JT, Yoo HS, Kwon BM, Yun YP. Obovatol from Magnolia obovata inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal hyperplasia by inducing p21Cip1. Atherosclerosis 2009; 210:372-80. [PMID: 20022323 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obovatol is isolated from Magnolia obovata leaves and this active component has various pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-platelet, anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of obovatol on in vitro vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and in vivo neointimal formation in a rat carotid artery injury model. METHODS AND RESULTS Obovatol (1-5 microM) exerted concentration-dependent inhibition on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced rat VSMC proliferation, without exhibiting any cellular toxicity or apoptosis, as determined by cell count, [3H]thymidine incorporation and Annexin-V-binding analyses. Treatment with obovatol blocked the cell cycle in G1 phase by down-regulating the expression of cyclins and CDKs, and selectively up-regulating the expression of p21Cip1, a well-known CDK inhibitor. Effects of perivascular delivery of obovatol were assessed 14 days after injury. The angiographic mean luminal diameters of the obovatol-treated groups (100 microg and 1 mg: 0.78+/-0.06 and 0.77+/-0.07AU, respectively) were significantly larger than that of the control group (0.58+/-0.07AU). The obovatol-treated groups (100 microg and 1mg: 0.14+/-0.04 and 0.09+/-0.03 mm2, respectively) showed significant reduction in neointimal formation versus the control group (0.17+/-0.02 mm2). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated strong expression of p21Cip1 in the neointima of the obovatol-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that obovatol inhibits VSMC proliferation by perturbing cell cycle progression, possibly due to activation of p21Cip1 pathway. These results also show that obovatol may have potential as an anti-proliferative agent for the treatment of restenosis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lim
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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21
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Chen HY, Hung YC, Lee EJ, Chen TY, Chuang IC, Wu TS. The protective efficacy of magnolol in hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:976-981. [PMID: 19577912 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the protective effects of magnolol, an active antioxidant and free radical scavenger extracted from Magnolia officinalis, in a hind limb ischemic-reperfusion animal model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to hind limb ischemic insult for 2 hours and were intravenously treated with magnolol at 0.01 mg/kg (n=8), 0.3 mg/kg (n=8) mg/kg or 1 mg/kg (n=8) mg/kg, or vehicle (n=8). At 24 h post-insult, the levels of nitrite/nitrate (NOX), malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), as well as the degree of muscle damage, were assessed. Relative to controls, animals treated with magnolol (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) had attenuated muscular inflammation, edema and damage. Magnolol (0.3-1 mg/kg) also effectively reduced postischemic rises in the MDA, NOx and MPO levels (p<0.05, respectively). Magnolol administrated at 0.01 mg/kg, however, failed to protect against the ischemic-perfusion limb injury. In addition, magnolol (0.01-1 mg/kg) did not affect local muscular blood reperfusion or other physiological parameters, including hematocrit, glucose, arterial blood gases and mean arterial blood pressure. Thus, intravenous administration with magnolol at 0.3-1 mg/kg protects against ischemic limb damage in rats. This cytoprotection may be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-nitrosative and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yi Chen
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center and Medical School, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
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22
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Chen YH, Lin FY, Liu PL, Huang YT, Chiu JH, Chang YC, Man KM, Hong CY, Ho YY, Lai MT. Antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of magnolol on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:221-8. [PMID: 19280152 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF), an often fatal condition characterized by massive hepatocyte necrosis, is frequently caused by drug poisoning, particularly with acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol/APAP). Hepatocyte necrosis is consecutive to glutathione (GSH) depletion and mitochondrial damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Magnolol, one major phenolic constituent of Magnolia officinalis, have been known to exhibit potent antioxidative activity. In this study, the anti-hepatotoxic activity of magnolol on APAP-induced toxicity in the Sprague-Dawley rat liver was examined. After evaluating the changes of several biochemical parameters in serum, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were elevated by APAP (500 mg/kg) intraperitoneal administration (8 and 24 h) and reduced by treatment with magnolol (0.5 h after APAP administration; 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mug/kg). Histological changes around the hepatic central vein, lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance/TBARS), and GSH depletion in liver tissue induced by APAP were also recovered by magnolol treatment. The data show that oxidative stress followed by lipid peroxidation may play a very important role in the pathogenesis of APAP-induced hepatic injury; treatment with lipid-soluble antioxidant, magnolol, exerts anti-hepatotoxic activity. Our study points out the potential interest of magnolol in the treatment of toxic ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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23
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Kim HM, Bae SJ, Kim DW, Kim BK, Lee SB, Lee US, Kim CH, Moon SK. Inhibitory role of magnolol on proliferative capacity and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in TNF-α-induced vascular smooth muscle cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1083-91. [PMID: 17570325 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Magnolol, an active component extracted from Magnolia officinalis, has been reported to inhibit the development of atherosclerotic disease. However, it is not known whether magnolol exerts similar cardioprotective effects in cells treated with TNF-alpha. In the present study, magnolol treatment was found to show potent inhibitory effects on cell proliferation in cultured VSMC in the presence of TNF-alpha. These inhibitory effects were associated with reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activity and G1 cell cycle arrest. Magnolol treatment strongly induced the expression of p21WAF1, but resulted in a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins involved in G1 progression. In addition to G1 cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in VSMC, magnolol also caused the strong inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in a dose-dependent manner as determined by zymography and immunoblot. Moreover, magnolol treatment strongly decreased MMP-9 promoter activity in response to TNF-alpha. We further demonstrated that magnolol reduced the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB and activation protein-1 (AP-1), two important nuclear transcription factors that are involved in MMP-9 expression. Collectively, these results show that magnolol inhibits cell proliferation, G1 to S phase cell cycle progress and MMP-9 expression through the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 in TNF-alpha-induced VSMC. The findings of the present study reveal a potential mechanism that explains the anti-atherogenic activity of magnolol.
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MESH Headings
- Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- G1 Phase/drug effects
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Lignans/chemistry
- Lignans/pharmacology
- Magnolia/chemistry
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Man Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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24
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Shi YB, Shi YP, Yang YB, Feng G. Simultaneous Determination of Tetrahydropalmatine, Magnolol, Emodin and Chrysophanol in Chinese Herbal Preparation by RP-HPLC-PDA. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Tse AKW, Wan CK, Zhu GY, Shen XL, Cheung HY, Yang M, Fong WF. Magnolol suppresses NF-kappaB activation and NF-kappaB regulated gene expression through inhibition of IkappaB kinase activation. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2647-58. [PMID: 17240450 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mis-regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) signal pathway is involved in a variety of inflammatory diseases that leds to the production of inflammatory mediators. Our studies using human U937 promonocytes cells suggested that magnolol, a low molecular weight lignan isolated from the medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis, differentially down-regulated the pharmacologically induced expression of NF-kappaB-regulated inflammatory gene products MMP-9, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, TNF-alpha. Pre-treatment of magnolol blocked TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation in different cell types as evidenced by EMSA. Magnolol did not directly affect the binding of p65/p50 heterodimer to DNA. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that magnolol inhibited the TNF-alpha-stimulated phosphorylation and degradation of the cytosolic NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha and the effects were dose-dependent. Mechanistically, a non-radioactive IkappaB kinases (IKK) assay using immunoprecipitated IKKs protein demonstrated that magnolol inhibited both intrinsic and TNF-alpha-stimulated IKK activity, thus suggesting a critical role of magnolol in abrogating the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha. The involvement of IKK was further verified in a HeLa cell NF-kappaB-dependent luciferase reporter system. In this system magnolol suppressed luciferase expression stimulated by TNF-alpha and by the transient transfection and expression of NIK (NF-kappaB-inducing kinase), wild type IKKbeta, constitutively active IKKalpha and IKKbeta, or the p65 subunit. Magnolol was also found to inhibit the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. In line with the observation that NF-kappaB activation may up-regulate anti-apoptotic genes, it was shown in U937 cells that magnolol enhanced TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic cell death. Our results suggest that magnolol or its derivatives may have potential anti-inflammatory actions through IKK inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anfernee Kai-Wing Tse
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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26
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Han SJ, Bae EA, Trinh HT, Yang JH, Youn UJ, Bae KH, Kim DH. Magnolol and Honokiol: Inhibitors against Mouse Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reaction and Scratching Behaviors. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:2201-3. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Eun-Ah Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Hien Trung Trinh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Jung-Hwa Yang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Ui-Jung Youn
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
| | - Ki-Hwan Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
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27
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Chang WC, Yu YM, Hsu YM, Wu CH, Yin PL, Chiang SY, Hung JS. Inhibitory effect of Magnolia officinalis and lovastatin on aortic oxidative stress and apoptosis in hyperlipidemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:463-8. [PMID: 16633091 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000211708.03111.6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis are 2 major characteristics of the progression of atherosclerosis. Both lovastatin and Magnolia officinalis are hypocholesterolemic agents. Therefore, we investigated the effect of M. officinalis extract on the prevention of atherosclerosis in comparison with lovastatin. Twenty hyperlipidemic rabbits were served one of the following diets: a high-fat and cholesterol diet (cholesterol group, 10% corn oil and 0.5% cholesterol), a high fat and cholesterol diet supplemented with M. officinalis extract (300 mg/kg) or lovastatin (6 mg/kg). The plasma lipids, oxidative stress (measured by free radical, malondialdehyde, and oxidative DNA damage), and arterial lesions significantly decreased in the M. officinalis and lovastatin groups when compared with the cholesterol group. Moreover, the expressions of Fas ligand, caspase 8, and caspase 9 in the aortic arches were also markedly lowered after M. officinalis and lovastatin supplements. Therefore, the results indicate that the antiatherogenic effect of M. officinalis is involved with a suppression of oxidative stress and with the down-regulation of apoptosis-related gene expression in hyperlipidemic rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Cheng Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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28
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Chen JS, Chen YL, Greenberg AS, Chen YJ, Wang SM. Magnolol stimulates lipolysis in lipid-laden RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:1028-37. [PMID: 15597343 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of magnolol, a compound isolated from Magnolia officinalis, on lipolysis in lipid-laden RAW 264.7 macrophages. Treatment of macrophages with magnolol led to dissolution of lipid droplets. This phenomenon was accompanied by a dose-dependent release of glycerol and cholesterol and a concomitant reduction in intracellular levels of glycerol and cholesterol. Furthermore, adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipid droplet-associated protein, was down-regulated by magnolol in a dose- and time-dependent manner by Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence studies also showed that ADRP became detached from the surface of lipid droplets after magnolol treatment. The lipolytic effect of magnolol was not mediated through the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) system, an authentic lipolytic pathway for macrophages, since magnolol did not induce an increase of intracellular cAMP levels, and pretreatment with either of PKA inhibitors, PKI and KT5720, did not abrogate the lipolytic response to magnolol. We conclude that magnolol induce-lipolysis of lipid-laden macrophages by down-regulation of ADRP expression and detachment of ADRP from the lipid droplet surface by a cAMP-independent mechanism. Lipolysis of lipid-laden macrophages may occur when the amount of ADRP on the surface of lipid droplets is not enough to stabilize the lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Wu CH, Chen CW, Chen HC, Chang WC, Shu MJ, Hung JS. Elucidating the Inhibitory Mechanisms of Magnolol on Rat Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 99:392-9. [PMID: 16340156 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0050473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological mechanism of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty-induced restenosis has been attributed to outgrowth of vascular smooth muscle cells. Pretreatment with antioxidants has been shown to reduce restenosis. Magnolol, an active compound of Magnolia officinalis, has exhibited approximately 1,000 times more potent antioxidant effects than alpha-tocopherol. In this study, we demonstrate, using cytometric analysis, an approximate 61% reduction of smooth muscle cells progressing to the S-phase by 0.05 mg/ml of magnolol. A BrdU incorporation assay also showed a significant reduction (73%) of DNA synthesis using 0.05 mg/ml of magnolol. The protein level of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen was suppressed by approximately 48% using 0.05 mg/ml of magnolol. This was in agreement with the promoter activity of nuclear factor-kappa B, which was also attenuated by 0.05 mg/ml of magnolol. Since receptor interacting protein and caspase-3 protein expression levels were both increased by magnolol in a dose-dependent manner, the apoptotic pathway may mediate the inhibition of cell growth. Our finding that malondialdehyde formation was significantly inhibited by 0.05 mg/ml of magnolol further supported the antioxidant effect of magnolol. These studies suggest that magnolol might be a potential pharmacological reagent in preventing balloon injury-induced restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Restenosis/prevention & control
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Lignans/pharmacology
- Malondialdehyde/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan.
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30
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Huang SH, Shen WJ, Yeo HL, Wang SM. Signaling pathway of magnolol-stimulated lipolysis in sterol ester-loaded 3T3-L1 preadipocyes. J Cell Biochem 2004; 91:1021-9. [PMID: 15034936 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to examine the effect of magnolol on lipolysis in sterol ester (SE)-loaded 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and to determine the signaling mechanism involved. We demonstrate that magnolol treatment resulted in a decreased number and surface area of lipid droplets, accompanied by release of glycerol. The lipolytic effect of magnolol was not mediated by PKA based on the facts that magnolol did not induce an elevation of intracellular cAMP levels, and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor KT5720 did not block magnolol-induced lipolysis. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) was involved in this signaling pathway, since magnolol-induced a transient rise of intracellular [Ca(2+)] and Ca(2+) influx across the plasma membrane, and CaMK inhibitor significantly abolished magnolol-induced lipolysis. Moreover, magnolol increased the relative levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1 and ERK2). In support of the involvement ERK, we demonstrated that magnolol-induced lipolysis was inhibited by PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), and PD98059 reversed magnolol-induced ERK phosphorylation. Further, the relationship between CaMK and ERK was connected by the finding that CaMK inhibitor also blocked magnolol-induced ERK phosphorylation. Taken together, these findings suggest that magnolol-induced lipolysis is both CaMK- and ERK-dependent, and this lipolysis signaling pathway is distinct from the traditional PKA pathway. ERK phosphorylation is reported to enhance lipolysis by direct activation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), thus magnolol may likely activate HSL through ERK and increase lipolysis of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Horng Huang
- Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Department of Surgery and Division of General Surgery, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Howes MJR, Houghton PJ. Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 75:513-27. [PMID: 12895669 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In traditional practices of Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine, numerous plants have been used to treat cognitive disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). An ethnopharmacological approach has provided leads to identifying potential new drugs from plant sources, including those for cognitive disorders. Many drugs currently available in Western medicine were originally isolated from plants, or are derived from templates of compounds isolated from plants. Some anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) alkaloids isolated from plants have been investigated for their potential in the treatment of AD, and are now in clinical use. Galantamine, isolated from several plants including Lycoris radiata Herb., which was used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is licensed in the United Kingdom for the treatment of mild to moderate AD. Various other plant species have shown pharmacological activities relevant to the treatment of cognitive disorders, indicating potential for therapeutic use in disorders such as AD. This article reviews some of the plants and their active constituents that have been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine and TCM for their reputed cognitive-enhancing or antiageing effects. Plants and their constituents with pharmacological activities that may be relevant for the treatment of cognitive disorders, including enhancement of cholinergic function in the central nervous system (CNS), anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, are discussed.
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32
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Lin CS, Lin G, Wang Z, Maddah SA, Lue TF. Upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in Peyronie's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 295:1014-9. [PMID: 12127997 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peyronie's disease (PD) is characterized by fibrosis in the tunica albuginea (TA) of the penis, which becomes bent as a result. We have previously shown that transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) is upregulated in the TA of patients with PD and can initiate PD-like lesions in rat models. In this study we isolated three types of fibroblasts: P cells from the lesions of PD patients, C cells from the normal-appearing areas of the TA of the same patients, and N cells from the TA of patients without PD. We examined these cells for the expression of two fibrogenic cytokines, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1). We found that CTGF was expressed at similar levels in P, C, and N cells, whereas MCP-1 was significantly more expressed in P cells than in C cells and more in C cells than in N cells. Higher MCP-1 expression was also found in the lesions than in normal TA. Treatment with TGF-beta1-induced higher expression of MCP-1 but not CTGF in all three types of cells, with C cells being the most responsive. Based on these observations, we propose that MCP-1 could be a novel therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Shwun Lin
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1695, USA.
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to give an overview of the field of restenosis prevention with antioxidants, put in the perspective of their potential use for the prevention of atherosclerosis progression. Compelling evidence points to oxidative stress as an important trigger in the complex chain of events leading to atherosclerosis. There is also evidence that oxidative stress occurs early after angioplasty. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce endothelial dysfunction and macrophage activation, resulting in the release of cytokines and growth factors that stimulate matrix remodeling and smooth muscle cell proliferation. The accumulation of new extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cells will result in the neointimal formation responsible for lumen narrowing after stent deployment and which contributes to that after balloon angioplasty. In addition, oxidation processes are involved in the cross-linking of collagen fibers, and this coupled with smooth muscle cell contraction and endothelial dysfunction may result in long-term vascular constriction or lack of adaptive vascular remodeling after balloon angioplasty. The powerful antioxidant probucol has been shown to prevent coronary restenosis after balloon angioplasty in the Multivitamins and Probucol (MVP) trial and other clinical studies. However, prolongation of the QT interval with probucol remains a long-term safety concern. AGI-1067, a metabolically stable analog of probucol, is a vascular protectant with strong antioxidant properties as potent to those of probucol. There has been no evidence of prolongation of the QT interval with AGI-1067 in initial clinical studies. The anti-restenosis properties of AGI-1067 are being assessed in the Canadian Antioxidant Restenosis Trial (CART)-1. Considering that oxidative stress and inflammation may persist for a prolonged period after stent placement, treatment with AGI-1067 for the entire period of risk after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) [instead of only 4 weeks in CART-1] may result in enhanced protection against luminal renarrowing. This hypothesis will be tested in the randomized, multicenter CART-2 trial. AGI-1067 has been effective at preventing atherosclerosis in all tested animal models, including the low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient and apo-E knockout mice. This has potentially important implications, as PCI and local approaches to prevent restenosis such as coated stents are not expected to prevent atherosclerosis progression, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. As the ultimate goal of therapy for patients with coronary artery disease must remain prevention of disease progression and atherosclerosis-related events, CART-2 will test the value of AGI-1067 for the reduction of both post-PCI restenosis and atherosclerosis progression.
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34
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Chen YH, Lin SJ, Chen JW, Ku HH, Chen YL. Magnolol attenuates VCAM-1 expression in vitro in TNF-alpha-treated human aortic endothelial cells and in vivo in the aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:37-47. [PMID: 11786478 PMCID: PMC1573120 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In a previous study, we showed that magnolol, a potent antioxidant derived from a Chinese herb, attenuates monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and intimal hyperplasia in the balloon-injured aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Expression of cell adhesion molecules by the arterial endothelium and the attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium may play a major role in atherosclerosis. In the present study, the effects of magnolol on the expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-treated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were investigated. 2. Pretreatment of HAECs with magnolol (5 microM) significantly suppressed the TNF-alpha-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (64.8+/-1.9%), but had no effect on the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial cell selectin. 3. Magnolol (5 and 10 microM) significantly reduced the binding of the human monocytic cell line, U937, to TNF-alpha-stimulated HAECs (58.4 and 56.4% inhibition, respectively). Gel shift assays using the (32)P-labelled NF-kappa B consensus sequence as probe showed that magnolol pretreatment reduced the density of the shifted bands seen after TNF-alpha-induced activation. Immunoblot analysis and immunofluorescence staining of nuclear extracts demonstrated a 58% reduction in the amount of NF-kappa B p65 in the nuclei in magnolol-treated HAECs. Magnolol also attenuated intracellular H(2)O(2) generation in both control and TNF-alpha treated HAECs. 4. Furthermore, in vivo, magnolol attenuates the intimal thickening and TNF-alpha and VCAM-1 protein expression seen in the thoracic aortas of cholesterol-fed rabbits. 5. Taken together, these data demonstrate that magnolol inhibits TNF-alpha-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B p65 and thereby suppresses expression of VCAM-1, resulting in reduced adhesion of leukocytes. These results suggest that magnolol has anti-inflammatory properties and may play important roles in the prevention of atherosclerosis and inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hai Ku
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lien Chen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence:
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