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Kim JE, Lee DY, Choi J, Hong YD, Nam J, Park WS, Shim SM. Spectral and mass characterization of kinetic conversion from retinoids to retinoic acid in an in vitro 3-D human skin equivalent model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 198:106784. [PMID: 38705422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of retinoids, such as retinol (ROL), retinal (RAL), and retinyl palmitate (RP), on epidermal integrity, skin deposition, and bioconversion to retinoic acid (RA). 3-D human skin equivalent model (EpiDermFT™) was used. Epidermal cellular integrity measured by TEER values was significantly higher for a topical treatment of ROL and RAL than RP (p < 0.05). The skin deposition (μM) of ROL and RAL was approximately 269.54 ± 73.94 and 211.35 ± 20.96, respectively, greater than that of RP (63.70 ± 37.97) over 2 h incubation. Spectral changes were revealed that the CO maximum absorbance occurred between 1600∼1800 cm-1 and was greater from ROL than that from RAL and RP, indicating conjugation of R-OH to R-CHO or R-COOH could strongly occur after ROL treatment. Subsequently, a metabolite from the bioconversion of ROL and RAL was identified as RA, which has a product ion of m/z 283.06, by using liquid a chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) - total ion chromatogram (TIC). The amount of bioconversion from ROL and RAL to RA in artificial skin was 0.68 ± 0.13 and 0.70 ± 0.10 μM at 2 h and 0.60 ± 0.04 and 0.57 ± 0.06 μM at 24 h, respectively. RA was not detected in the skin and the receiver compartment after RP treatment. ROL could be a useful dermatological ingredient to maintain epidermal integrity more effectively, more stably deposit on the skin, and more steadily metabolize to RA than other retinoids such as RAL and RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-Yeon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joonho Choi
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Deok Hong
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jin Nam
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Won-Seok Park
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul, South Korea.
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Delivery and diffusion of retinal in dermis and epidermis through the combination of prodrug nanoparticles and detachable dissolvable microneedles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2751-2761. [PMID: 35191004 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To minimize chemical degradation of retinal, we graft this aldehyde on chitosan chains to make them self-assemble into pro-retinal nanoparticles (PRNs), which we then load into detachable dissolvable microneedles (DDMNs) made of 1:1 (by weight) hyaluronic acid/maltose. The presence of PRNs in the hyaluronic acid-maltose needle matrix also helps improve the microneedles' mechanical strength. Ex vivo administration of PRN-loaded DDMNs on fresh porcine ear skin shows, as observed by stereomicroscopic and confocal fluorescence microscopic analyses of the cross-sectioned tissue pieces, complete deposition followed by dissolution of the needles and diffusion of the PRNs in epidermis and dermis. Rats administered with a single dose of PRN-loaded DDMNs show significantly increased epidermal thickness as compared to rats administered with control DDMNs (no PRN). Both the PRN-loaded DDMNs and the control DDMNs produce no skin irritation in rats.
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Ogunjimi AT, Chahud F, Lopez RFV. Isotretinoin-Delonix polymeric nanoparticles: Potentials for skin follicular targeting in acne treatment. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121217. [PMID: 34688848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In acne management, oral isotretinoin (IST) is associated with various untoward systemic effects, while its topical formulation has irritation side effects. Delonix (DLX) is a natural galactomannan derived from Delonix regia seed that can fabricate nanoparticles for topical skin delivery. This study aims to develop IST-DLX nanoparticles and assess their prospects for acne treatment. Fluorescent-DLX nanoparticles (made with a lipophilic BODIPY dye) or IST-DLX nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. BODIPY-DLX nanoparticles' skin distribution and IST-DLX nanoparticles' in-vitro targeting were assessed in pig ear skin, inflammatory modulation was assessed in AMJ-2 macrophage cells, while skin penetration and irritation were assessed in Wistar rats. IST-DLX nanoparticles had ≈230 nm, negative zeta potential, and ≈30% encapsulation efficiency. Confocal showed BODIPY in DLX nanoparticles accumulated in hair follicles as compared to BODIPY solution. IST-DLX nanoparticles released ≈37% IST over 48 h and increased IST 3-fold in hair follicles compared to IST solution. IST-DLX nanoparticles suppressed IL-6 expression in cells and reduced photo-irritation in Wistar rats compared to IST solution. In conclusion, IST-DLX nanoparticles may target and deliver adequate IST to skin layers associated with acne, avoid systemic penetration, modulate inflammatory pathogenic acne stage and prevent IST topical photo-irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayomi Tolulope Ogunjimi
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Chahud
- University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata F V Lopez
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Salem HF, Kharshoum RM, Awad SM, Ahmed Mostafa M, Abou-Taleb HA. Tailoring of Retinyl Palmitate-Based Ethosomal Hydrogel as a Novel Nanoplatform for Acne Vulgaris Management: Fabrication, Optimization, and Clinical Evaluation Employing a Split-Face Comparative Study. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4251-4276. [PMID: 34211271 PMCID: PMC8239256 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s301597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Retinyl palmitate (RP), the most stable vitamin A derivative, is used to treat photoaging and other skin disorders. The need to minimize the adverse effects of topical drug administration has led to an enhanced interest in loading RP on ethosomes for topical drug delivery. The aim of the current study was to prepare and compare the performance of RP decorated ethosomal hydrogel with tretinoin cream in the treatment of acne vulgaris as an approach to improve drug efficacy and decrease its side effects. METHODS RP-loaded ethosomes were prepared using the injection sonication technique. A Box-Behnken design using Design Expert® software was used for the optimization of formulation variables. Particle size, zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), % drug release, and permeation over 24 h of different formulations were determined. The optimal formulation was incorporated into a hydrogel. Finally, the efficacy and tolerability of the optimized RP ethosomal hydrogel were clinically evaluated for acne treatment using a split-face comparative clinical study. RESULTS The optimized ethosomal RP showed particle size of 195.8±5.45 nm, ZP of -62.1±2.85 mV, EE% of 92.63±4.33%, drug release % of 96.63±6.81%, and drug permeation % of 85.98 ±4.79%. Both the optimized RP ethosomal hydrogel and tretinoin effectively reduced all types of acne lesions (inflammatory, non-inflammatory, and total lesions). However, RP resulted in significantly lower non-inflammatory and total acne lesion count than the marketed tretinoin formulation. Besides, RP-loaded ethosomes showed significantly improved tolerability compared to marketed tretinoin with no or minimal skin irritation symptoms. CONCLUSION RP ethosomal hydrogel is considerably effective in controlling acne vulgaris with excellent skin tolerability. Therefore, it represents an interesting alternative to conventional marketed tretinoin formulation for topical acne treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba F Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Kharshoum
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sara M Awad
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mai Ahmed Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba A Abou-Taleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Lind T, Lugano R, Gustafson AM, Norgård M, van Haeringen A, Dimberg A, Melhus H, Robertson SP, Andersson G. Bones in human CYP26B1 deficiency and rats with hypervitaminosis A phenocopy Vegfa overexpression. Bone Rep 2018; 9:27-36. [PMID: 30003121 PMCID: PMC6039751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Angulated femurs are present prenatally both in CYP26B1 deficient humans with a reduced capacity to degrade retinoic acid (RA, the active metabolite of vitamin A), and mice overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor a (Vegfa). Since excessive ingestion of vitamin A is known to induce spontaneous fractures and as the Vegfa-induced femur angulation in mice appears to be caused by intrauterine fractures, we analyzed bones from a CYP26B1 deficient human and rats with hypervitaminosis A to further explore Vegfa as a mechanistic link for the effect of vitamin A on bone. We show that bone from a human with CYP26B1 mutations displayed periosteal osteoclasts in piles within deep resorption pits, a pathognomonic sign of hypervitaminosis A. Analysis of the human angulated fetal femur revealed excessive bone formation in the marrow cavity and abundant blood vessels. Normal human endothelial cells showed disturbed cell-cell junctions and increased CYP26B1 and VEGFA expression upon RA exposure. Studies in rats showed increased plasma and tissue Vegfa concentrations and signs of bone marrow microhemorrhage on the first day of excess dietary vitamin A intake. Subsequently hypervitaminosis A rats displayed excess bone formation, fibrosis and an increased number of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, which are known characteristics of Vegfa overexpression. This study supports the notion that the skeletal phenotype in CYP26B1 deficient human bone is caused by excess RA. Our findings suggest that an initial part of the vitamin A mechanism causing bone alterations is mediated by excess Vegfa and disturbed bone marrow microvessel integrity. Human CYP26B1 deficit and rat hypervitaminosis A phenocopy Vegf bone overexpression Hypervitaminosis A cause rapid microhemorrhage in rat bone marrow. Retinoic acid treatment disrupt cell-cell junction integrity between endothelial cells. Hypervitaminosis A have a persistent negative effect on rat bone marrow perfusion. Hypervitaminosis A rat bones resemble bones of patients with myelofibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Osteoporosis, Uppsala University, University Hospital, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roberta Lugano
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann-Marie Gustafson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Osteoporosis, Uppsala University, University Hospital, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Norgård
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Arie van Haeringen
- Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Melhus
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Osteoporosis, Uppsala University, University Hospital, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Göran Andersson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14152 Huddinge, Sweden
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Hawkins S, Adamus J, Chiang CY, Covell E, O'Leary J, Lee JM. Retinyl propionate and climbazole combination demonstrates clinical improvement to the appearance of hyperpigmentation and deep wrinkling with minimal irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 39:589-599. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hawkins
- Unilever Research and Development; Trumbull CT 06611 USA
| | - J. Adamus
- Unilever Research and Development; Trumbull CT 06611 USA
| | - C.-y. Chiang
- Unilever Research and Development; Trumbull CT 06611 USA
| | - E. Covell
- Unilever Research and Development; Trumbull CT 06611 USA
| | - J. O'Leary
- Unilever Research and Development; Trumbull CT 06611 USA
| | - J.-m. Lee
- Unilever Research and Development; Trumbull CT 06611 USA
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MDI 301 suppresses myeloid leukemia cell growth in vitro and in vivo without the toxicity associated with all-trans retinoic acid therapy. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:763-73. [PMID: 26010252 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MDI 301 is a novel 9-cis retinoic acid derivative in which the terminal carboxylic acid group has been replaced by a picolinate ester. MDI 301, a retinoic acid receptor-α - agonist, suppressed the growth of several human myeloid leukemia cell lines (HL60, NB4, OCI-M2, and K562) in vitro and induced cell-substrate adhesion in conjunction with upregulation of CD11b. Tumor growth in HL60-injected athymic nude mice was reduced. In vitro, MDI 301 was comparable to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) whereas in vivo, MDI 301 was slightly more efficacious than ATRA. Most importantly, unlike what was found with ATRA treatment, MDI 301 did not induce a cytokine response in the treated animals and the severe inflammatory changes and systemic toxicity seen with ATRA did not occur. A retinoid with these characteristics might be valuable in the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia, or, perhaps, other forms of myeloid leukemia.
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García-Fernández RA, Pérez-Martínez C, García-Iglesias MJ. In vivo long-term effects of retinoic acid exposure in utero on induced tumours in adult mouse skin. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:538-46, e93-4. [PMID: 25041412 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA) and its analogues (retinoids) are promising agents in skin cancer prevention following either topical application or oral administration. However, long-term in vivo effects of RA on chemically induced hyperplastic epidermal foci in adult mouse skin have also been described, casting some doubt with regard to its chemopreventive activity. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To characterize chemically induced skin tumours and to investigate the in vivo long-term action and preventive effect of RA on adult mouse skin carcinogenesis. ANIMALS Fifty-six adult Naval Medical Research Institute mice, exposed (n = 28) or not exposed (n = 28) to RA in utero. METHODS Mice were treated with a standard two-stage skin carcinogenesis protocol, which included an initiating application of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene followed by promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. RESULTS Retinoic acid administered to pregnant mice showed a long-term inhibitory action on cell differentiation and development of chemically induced tumours on the adult skin of their offspring, as well as a stimulatory effect on cell proliferation and expression of an early marker of malignant progression (keratin 13). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results suggest that RA exposure in utero confers long-lasting effects on adult mouse skin carcinogenesis. These include chemopreventive activity (reduced number of tumours), as well as enhancement of squamous papilloma progression, which appears to be due to enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and suppression of epidermal maturation. The clinical significance of these findings is not known for other routes of RA administration at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A García-Fernández
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Kurashima Y, Amiya T, Fujisawa K, Shibata N, Suzuki Y, Kogure Y, Hashimoto E, Otsuka A, Kabashima K, Sato S, Sato T, Kubo M, Akira S, Miyake K, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H. The enzyme Cyp26b1 mediates inhibition of mast cell activation by fibroblasts to maintain skin-barrier homeostasis. Immunity 2014; 40:530-41. [PMID: 24726878 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) mature locally, thus possessing tissue-dependent phenotypes for their critical roles in both protective immunity against pathogens and the development of allergy or inflammation. We previously reported that MCs highly express P2X7, a receptor for extracellular ATP, in the colon but not in the skin. The ATP-P2X7 pathway induces MC activation and consequently exacerbates the inflammation. Here, we identified the mechanisms by which P2X7 expression on MCs is reduced by fibroblasts in the skin, but not in the other tissues. The retinoic-acid-degrading enzyme Cyp26b1 is highly expressed in skin fibroblasts, and its inhibition resulted in the upregulation of P2X7 on MCs. We also noted the increased expression of P2X7 on skin MCs and consequent P2X7- and MC-dependent dermatitis (so-called retinoid dermatitis) in the presence of excessive amounts of retinoic acid. These results demonstrate a unique skin-barrier homeostatic network operating through Cyp26b1-mediated inhibition of ATP-dependent MC activation by fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kurashima
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takeaki Amiya
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kumiko Fujisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Naoko Shibata
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuta Kogure
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Eri Hashimoto
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Sciences, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Kim B, Kim JE, Kim H, Lee JD, Choi KY, Lee SH. Co-treatment with retinyl retinoate and a PPARα agonist reduces retinoid dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51:733-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zeng W, Tahrani A, Shakher J, Varani J, Hughes S, Dubb K, Stevens MJ. Effects of a synthetic retinoid on skin structure, matrix metalloproteinases, and procollagen in healthy and high-risk subjects with diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2011; 25:398-404. [PMID: 22055260 PMCID: PMC3240843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In diabetes, foot ulceration may result from increased skin fragility. Retinoids can reverse some diabetes-induced deficits of skin structure and function, but their clinical utility is limited by skin irritation. The effects of diabetes and MDI 301, a nonirritating synthetic retinoid, and retinoic acid have been evaluated on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), procollagen expression, and skin structure in skin biopsies from nondiabetic volunteers and diabetic subjects at risk of foot ulceration using organ culture techniques. METHODS Zymography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were utilized for analysis of MMP-1, -2, and -9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and immunohistochemistry for type I procollagen protein abundance. Collagen structure parameters were assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. RESULTS The % of active MMP-1 and -9 was higher and TIMP-1 abundance was lower in subjects with diabetes. Type 1 procollagen abundance was reduced and skin structural deficits were increased in diabetes. Three μM MDI 301 reduced active MMP-1 and -9 abundance by 29% (P < .05) and 40% (P < .05), respectively, and increased TIMP-1 by 45% (P = .07). MDI 301 increased type 1 procollagen abundance by 40% (P < .01) and completely corrected structural deficit scores. Two μM retinoic acid reduced MMP-1 but did not significantly affect skin structure. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that diabetic patients at risk of foot ulceration have deficits of skin structure and function. MDI 301 offers potential for repairing this skin damage complicating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK, B15 2TT
| | - Abd Tahrani
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK, B15 2TT
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK B9 5SS
| | | | - James Varani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Sharon Hughes
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK, B15 2TT
| | - Kiran Dubb
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK, B15 2TT
| | - Martin J Stevens
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK, B15 2TT
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK B9 5SS
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García-Serrano L, Gomez-Ferrería MA, Contreras-Jurado C, Segrelles C, Paramio JM, Aranda A. The thyroid hormone receptors modulate the skin response to retinoids. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23825. [PMID: 21858227 PMCID: PMC3157470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoids play an important role in skin homeostasis and when administered topically cause skin hyperplasia, abnormal epidermal differentiation and inflammation. Thyroidal status in humans also influences skin morphology and function and we have recently shown that the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are required for a normal proliferative response to 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in mice. Methodology/Principal findings We have compared the epidermal response of mice lacking the thyroid hormone receptor binding isoforms TRα1 and TRβ to retinoids and TPA. Reduced hyperplasia and a decreased number of proliferating cells in the basal layer in response to 9-cis-RA and TPA were found in the epidermis of TR-deficient mice. Nuclear levels of proteins important for cell proliferation were altered, and expression of keratins 5 and 6 was also reduced, concomitantly with the decreased number of epidermal cell layers. In control mice the retinoid (but not TPA) induced parakeratosis and diminished expression of keratin 10 and loricrin, markers of early and terminal epidermal differentiation, respectively. This reduction was more accentuated in the TR deficient animals, whereas they did not present parakeratosis. Therefore, TRs modulate both the proliferative response to retinoids and their inhibitory effects on skin differentiation. Reduced proliferation, which was reversed upon thyroxine treatment, was also found in hypothyroid mice, demonstrating that thyroid hormone binding to TRs is required for the normal response to retinoids. In addition, the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 and the chemotactic proteins S1008A and S1008B were significantly elevated in the skin of TR knock-out mice after TPA or 9-cis-RA treatment and immune cell infiltration was also enhanced. Conclusions/significance Since retinoids are commonly used for the treatment of skin disorders, these results demonstrating that TRs regulate skin proliferation, differentiation and inflammation in response to these compounds could have not only physiological but also therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Castro GA, Oliveira CA, Mahecha GAB, Ferreira LAM. Comedolytic effect and reduced skin irritation of a new formulation of all-trans retinoic acid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical treatment of acne. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:513-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bai R, Siu IM, Tyler BM, Staedtke V, Gallia GL, Riggins GJ. Evaluation of retinoic acid therapy for OTX2-positive medulloblastomas. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:655-63. [PMID: 20511190 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeobox transcription factor OTX2 plays an essential role during embryonic brain development. It is normally silenced in the adult brain, but is overexpressed by genomic amplification or other mechanisms in the majority of medulloblastomas (MBs). Retinoic acids (RAs) can suppress OTX2 expression and inhibit MB growth. In this study, 9-cis RA most potently inhibited MB cell growth. 9-cis RA functions through the downregulation of OTX2 expression, which subsequently induces neuronal differentiation of OTX2-expressing cells. Treatment with 9-cis RA reduced the growth of D425 flank xenograft tumors in mice. In an intracranial model, however, MB tumors showed resistance to 9-cis RA treatment, and we implicated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) as a potential mediator of resistance to RA therapy. These findings suggest a mechanism for RA-mediated anti-tumor effect on OTX2-positive MB cells and indicate that therapeutic targeting of OTX2 might be effective if FGF pathway-mediated resistance can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyuan Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, CRB II Rm. 257, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Takahashi N, Fujiu Y. Cytokeratins 16 and 10 bind to retinoic acid covalently in skin tissue of mice. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:974-9. [PMID: 19922530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA) has various biological effects in mammalian cells and tissues. In epidermal cells, RA is an inhibitor of differentiation to the squamous phenotype. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of RA on epidermal cells and other cell types are mediated by RA nuclear receptors and retinoylation (acylation by RA) of proteins. OBJECTIVES To understand the components responsible for RA effects via RA nuclear receptors and retinoylation. METHODS We examined for the first time RA-binding proteins in mouse skin in vivo by immunoblotting using anti-RA monoclonal antibodies and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS We identified eight RA-binding proteins in the skin of hairless mice that were increased by topical RA treatment. Three of these proteins were identified as cytokeratin 10, cytokeratin 16 and serum albumin. CONCLUSION These results raise the possibility that RA binding to cytokeratins in vivo may be involved in the effect of RA on keratinocytes in mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan.
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16
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The Göttingen minipig for assessment of retinoid efficacy in the skin: comparison of results from topically treated animals with results from organ-cultured skin. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:551-7. [PMID: 19536603 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Göttingen minipigs were treated topically for 6 d with a novel retinoid (MDI 301) at concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 30% in cream vehicle. Treatment of the minipigs did not adversely affect their health (hematological and necropsy parameters) or produce changes in the skin suggestive of retinoid-induced skin irritation. After killing the animals, skin samples from each treatment site were excised and maintained in organ culture for 6 d. In addition, untreated skin was also maintained in organ culture and treated with MDI 301 (0.1-5 microg/ml). After 3 d, the culture supernatants were collected and analyzed for levels of collagen type I and for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Both skin samples treated in vivo and skin samples exposed to MDI 301 in culture demonstrated increased collagen production. Only slight changes in levels of MMP-2 (gelatinase A) or MMP-9 (gelatinase B) were seen. After 6 d, the organ-cultured skin was fixed in formalin and prepared for histology. The organ-cultured skin was compared to skin that was fixed at killing after in vivo treatment. Epidermal hyperplasia was quantified at various MDI 301 concentrations. In vivo and in vitro treatments showed similar results-although the thickness was not substantially changed on average, there were focal areas of hyperplasia at higher retinoid concentrations. Taken together, these data suggest that MDI 301 enhances collagen production in minipig skin, without irritation. Furthermore, these studies suggest that minipig skin exposed to the retinoid in organ culture is equally predictive as topically treated skin. The in vitro organ culture approach may provide a cost-effective alternative model to that of the intact animal for skin retinoid testing.
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Bhattacharyya TK, Higgins NP, Sebastian JS, Thomas JR. Comparison of epidermal morphologic response to commercial antiwrinkle agents in the hairless mouse. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35:1109-18. [PMID: 19438686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of commercial antiwrinkle and antiaging compounds are available to consumers for rejuvenation of facial skin ravaged by age or solar radiation. Experimental data on the histological effects of these commercial products in laboratory models are sparse. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of topical application of five commercially available antiaging compounds (retinoic acid, glycolic acid, vitamin C, estrogen, and soy) on the dorsal skin. METHODS AND MATERIALS The effects were examined using light microscopic analysis of the epidermis in the normal nonirradiated hairless mouse. The agents were applied daily to dorsal tattooed areas for 2 weeks before histological assessment; neighboring untreated surface areas were used as control. Morphometric measurements of total epidermal width, nuclear volume of keratinocytes in three layers, and index of proliferating cell nuclear antigen according to immunohistochemistry were obtained and statistically analyzed. RESULTS Significant histomorphometric effects were noticed with all five agents, but more pronounced changes were obtained with glycolic acid, estrogen, and retinoic acid product. CONCLUSIONS These baseline data will be useful for future studies on the effect of ultraviolet radiation to cause photoaging and reparative effects of similar agents in this animal. The information contained in the report may provide guidelines to consumers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Bhattacharyya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Warner RL, Bhagavathula N, Nerusu K, Hanosh A, McClintock SD, Naik MK, Johnson KJ, Ginsburg I, Varani J. MDI 301, a nonirritating retinoid, improves abrasion wound healing in damaged/atrophic skin. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16:117-24. [PMID: 18211583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2007.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MDI 301 is a picolinic acid-substituted ester of 9-cis retinoic acid. It has been shown in the past that MDI 301 increases epidermal thickness, decreases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and increases procollagen synthesis in organ-cultured human skin. Unlike all-trans retinoic acid (RA), MDI 301 does not induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines or induce expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules in human skin. In the present study we examined topical MDI 301 treatment for ability to improve the structure and function of skin in three models of skin damage in rodents and for ability to improve abrasion wound healing in these models. MDI 301 was applied daily to the skin of rats treated with the potent corticosteroid, clobetasol propionate, to the skin of diabetic rats (8 weeks posttreatment with streptozotocin) and to the skin of aged (14-16-month-old) rats. In all three models, subsequently induced abrasion wounds healed more rapidly in the retinoid-treated animals than in vehicle-treated controls. Immediately after complete wound closure, tissue from the wound site (as well as from a control site) was put into organ culture and maintained for 3 days. At the end of the incubation period, culture fluids were assessed for soluble type I collagen and for MMPs-2 and -9. In all three models, the level of type I collagen was increased and MMP levels were decreased by MDI 301. In all three models, skin irritation during the retinoid-treatment phase was virtually nonexistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roscoe L Warner
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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19
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Jacobson MK, Kim H, Coyle WR, Kim M, Coyle DL, Rizer RL, Jacobson EL. Effect of myristyl nicotinate on retinoic acid therapy for facial photodamage. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:927-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Varani J, Bhagavathula N, Aslam MN, Fay K, Warner RL, Hanosh A, Barron AG, Miller RA. Inhibition of retinoic acid-induced skin irritation in calorie-restricted mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 300:27-35. [PMID: 17968574 PMCID: PMC5644022 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mice on a calorie-restricted (CR) diet (total calories restricted to 70% of ad libitum; AL) for periods of time ranging from 3 to 18 months were examined for response to topical treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Daily application of a 0.1% solution of RA to the shaved skin of UM-HET3 mice on an AL diet produced a severe irritation that was evident by day 4, maximal at day 7–8 and still detectable at day 14. Skin irritation was characterized by redness, dryness, flaking and failure of the hair to grow at the treated site. In CR mice, the same treatment produced little detectable irritation. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the retinoid-treatment period (day 7 or day 14) and skin from these animals was examined histologically. In both AL and CR mice, a similar degree of epidermal hyperplasia was observed. Numerous inflammatory cells (mononuclear cells and granulocytes) were present in the skin of both groups. Occasional S100-positive cells (presumably Langerhans cells) were also observed in the epidermis of skin from both groups. S100-positive cells were also observed in the dermis. When skin from CR and AL mice was incubated in organ culture for 3 days (on day 7 after initiation of RA treatment), similar levels of four different pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in the conditioned medium. Soluble type I collagen levels were also similar. In contrast, the level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was lower in the conditioned medium of skin from CR mice than in conditioned medium from skin cultures of AL mice. Taken together, these studies suggest that CR may provide a way to mitigate the irritation that normally accompanies RA treatment without compromising the beneficial effects of retinoid use. CR appears to exert a protective effect at the target tissue level rather than by a reduction in pro-inflammatory events, per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Varani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine Road, Box 0602, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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21
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Varani J, Fay K, Perone P. MDI 301, a non-irritating retinoid, induces changes in human skin that underlie repair. Arch Dermatol Res 2006; 298:439-48. [PMID: 17146625 PMCID: PMC3167081 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that all-trans retinoic acid (RA) increases collagen production and decreases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in organ-cultured human skin. Decreased MMP activity is associated with up-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). These changes are accompanied by a hyperplastic response in the epidermis. Here we show that a synthetic picolinic ester-substituted retinoid (designated as MDI 301) has comparable effects to those of RA in regard to these activities. What makes these findings of interest is that RA also stimulates elaboration of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulates leukocyte adhesion molecules in organ-cultured skin. MDI 301 does not induce such changes or is much less active. In a past study we showed that while RA was irritating to the skin of topically treated hairless mice, MDI 301 was essentially non-irritating under the same conditions [Varani et al. (2003) Arch. Dermatol Res 295:255-262]. Taken in conjunction with the findings from the past study, the present data suggest that MDI 301 will be similar to RA in capacity to repair damaged skin, but will be effective under conditions that are not irritating. These findings, thus, suggest that retinoid efficacy and clinically relevant irritancy are not inextricably linked. Potential for efficacy under conditions in which irritation is not observed is a strong rationale for further development of MDI 301 as a skin-repair agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Varani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine Road, Box 0602, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Varani J, Bhagavathula N, Ellis CN, Pershadsingh HA. Thiazolidinediones: potential as therapeutics for psoriasis and perhaps other hyperproliferative skin disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:1453-68. [PMID: 17040203 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.11.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The thiazolidinediones constitute a family of synthetic compounds that act as high-affinity ligands for persoxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family. Although originally developed to facilitate glucose control in patients with Type 2 diabetes, a number of studies showed that these agents effectively inhibited epithelial cell proliferation and tissue inflammation. Many of the initial cell growth inhibition studies were conducted with malignant epithelial cells from various sites; however, in addition to malignant epithelial cells, other studies showed that rapidly proliferating epidermal keratinoctyes in culture were also sensitive to the growth-inhibiting action of these moieties. Additional studies subsequently demonstrated that some patients with plaque psoriasis responded to treatment with one or another member of the thiazolidinedione family. Due to the potential therapeutic benefit of these compounds in diseases such as psoriasis, studies have been conducted to elucidate mechanisms by which growth inhibition is achieved. Interference with a number of growth-influencing signalling pathways has been demonstrated. Of interest, some of the growth-inhibiting effects are seen under conditions in which PPAR-gamma activation may not be responsible for the activity. Based on therapeutic potential, additional ongoing studies are aimed at developing novel thiazolidinediones that may have better efficacy than the currently available agents. Other studies are aimed at identifying optimal ways to use these agents in the treatment of hyperplastic skin diseases such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Varani
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, 1301 Catherine Road/Box 0602, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Appleyard VCL, O'Neill MA, Murray KE, Bray SE, Thomson G, Kernohan NM, Varani J, Zhang J, Thompson AM. Activity of MDI-301, a novel synthetic retinoid, in xenografts. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 15:991-6. [PMID: 15514569 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200411000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of MDI-301, a non-toxic novel synthetic retinoid, was found to be equivalent to the natural 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA) in vitro against estrogen-dependent MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines which express RA receptor (RAR) alpha. Both retinoids also showed similar efficacy against established PC-3 prostate carcinoma xenografts. MCF7 tumor xenografts showed a reduction in tumor growth of 48% without systemic side-effects upon treatment with MDI-301 compared with MCF7 controls. Tumor xenografts derived from MDA-MB-231, an estrogen-independent breast cancer cell line that expresses low levels of RARalpha, were unresponsive. This study demonstrates that MDI-301 is as efficacious as 9-cis-RA against cancer cells with RARalpha, with no signs of toxicity in vivo, making it a potential candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia C L Appleyard
- Department of Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Lateef H, Abatan OI, Aslam MN, Stevens MJ, Varani J. Topical pretreatment of diabetic rats with all-trans retinoic acid improves healing of subsequently induced abrasion wounds. Diabetes 2005; 54:855-61. [PMID: 15734865 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.3.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ) and maintained for 8 weeks, during which time they were treated topically on alternative days with a solution of 0.1% all-trans retinoic acid in a vehicle of 70:30% ethanol/propylene glycol. STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with vehicle served as controls. Additional nondiabetic rats were treated with all-trans retinoic acid or vehicle in parallel. At the end of the 8-week period, rats from all four treatment groups were subjected to abrasion wound formation. Wounds healed more rapidly in vehicle-treated nondiabetic skin than in vehicle-treated diabetic skin (96% of the wound surface area closed in nondiabetic rats within 6 days vs. 41% closed in diabetic rats). Wounds in all-trans retinoic acid-treated diabetic skin healed more rapidly than wounds in vehicle-treated diabetic skin (85% of the wound surface area closed in all-trans retinoic acid-treated diabetic rats vs. 41% closed in vehicle-treated diabetic rats). At the histological level, recently healed skin from vehicle-treated diabetic rats was shown to contain a thin, wispy provisional matrix in which many of the embedded cells were rounded and some were pycnotic. In contrast, a much denser provisional matrix with large numbers of embedded spindle-shaped cells was observed in healed wounds from diabetic skin that had been pretreated with all-trans retinoic acid. The all-trans retinoic acid-treated diabetic skin was histologically similar to vehicle-treated (or all-trans retinoic acid-treated) skin from nondiabetic animals. In light of these findings, we suggest that prophylactic use of retinoid-containing preparations might be useful in preventing the development of nonhealing skin ulcers resultant from minor traumas in at-risk skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Lateef
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine Road/Box 0602, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Varani J, Bhagavathula N, Nerusu KC, Sherzer H, Fay K, Boitano AE, Glick GD, Johnson K, Kang S, Opipari AW. A novel benzodiazepine selectively inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and reduces retinoid-induced epidermal hyperplasia in organ-cultured human skin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 313:56-63. [PMID: 15576471 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.075929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bz-423 is a new benzodiazepine that has cytotoxic and cytostatic effects against a number of cell types in culture, and recent studies have shown efficacy in experimental lupus models in rodents. The present study demonstrates that treating human skin in organ culture with Bz-423 suppresses retinoid-induced epidermal hyperplasia. Bz-423 suppresses hyperplasia in organ culture at concentrations that also inhibit keratinocyte proliferation in monolayer culture but that are not cytotoxic for keratinocytes and do not inhibit fibroblast growth. Under conditions in which keratinocyte proliferation is inhibited, there is no measurable effect on epidermal growth factor receptor activation, but there is reduced signaling at the level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Suppression of keratinocyte growth by Bz-423 is associated with generation of intracellular oxidants. However, antioxidant treatment reduces keratinocyte cytotoxicity that occurs at high concentrations of Bz-423, but it does not inhibit growth suppression. Together, these data suggest that Bz-423 has the potential to limit the untoward effects associated with topical retinoid treatment, and in addition, may have therapeutic effects against other forms of epidermal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Varani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine Rd./Box 0602, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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