1
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Erdmann EA, Mahapatra A, Mukherjee P, Yang B, Hundley HA. To protect and modify double-stranded RNA - the critical roles of ADARs in development, immunity and oncogenesis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 56:54-87. [PMID: 33356612 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1856768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) are present in all animals and function to both bind double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and catalyze the deamination of adenosine (A) to inosine (I). As inosine is a biological mimic of guanosine, deamination by ADARs changes the genetic information in the RNA sequence and is commonly referred to as RNA editing. Millions of A-to-I editing events have been reported for metazoan transcriptomes, indicating that RNA editing is a widespread mechanism used to generate molecular and phenotypic diversity. Loss of ADARs results in lethality in mice and behavioral phenotypes in worm and fly model systems. Furthermore, alterations in RNA editing occur in over 35 human pathologies, including several neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, and cancers. In this review, a basic introduction to ADAR structure and target recognition will be provided before summarizing how ADARs affect the fate of cellular RNAs and how researchers are using this knowledge to engineer ADARs for personalized medicine. In addition, we will highlight the important roles of ADARs and RNA editing in innate immunity and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Erdmann
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Priyanka Mukherjee
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Boyoon Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Heather A Hundley
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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2
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Thuy-Boun AS, Thomas JM, Grajo HL, Palumbo CM, Park S, Nguyen LT, Fisher AJ, Beal PA. Asymmetric dimerization of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA facilitates substrate recognition. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:7958-7972. [PMID: 32597966 PMCID: PMC7641318 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are enzymes that convert adenosine to inosine in duplex RNA, a modification that exhibits a multitude of effects on RNA structure and function. Recent studies have identified ADAR1 as a potential cancer therapeutic target. ADARs are also important in the development of directed RNA editing therapeutics. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of the ADAR reaction will advance efforts to develop ADAR inhibitors and new tools for directed RNA editing. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of a fragment of human ADAR2 comprising its deaminase domain and double stranded RNA binding domain 2 (dsRBD2) bound to an RNA duplex as an asymmetric homodimer. We identified a highly conserved ADAR dimerization interface and validated the importance of these sequence elements on dimer formation via gel mobility shift assays and size exclusion chromatography. We also show that mutation in the dimerization interface inhibits editing in an RNA substrate-dependent manner for both ADAR1 and ADAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Herra L Grajo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cody M Palumbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - SeHee Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Luan T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Beal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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3
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Zhou D, Zeng J, Zeng X, Li Y, Wu Z, Wan X, Hu P, Su X. A Novel P53/POMC/Gas/SASH1 Autoregulatory Feedback Loop and Pathologic Hyperpigmentation. Mol Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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4
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Shevchenko G, Morris KV. All I's on the RADAR: role of ADAR in gene regulation. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2860-2873. [PMID: 29770436 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) editing is the most abundant form of RNA modification in mammalian cells, which is catalyzed by adenosine deaminase acting on the double-stranded RNA (ADAR) protein family. A-to-I editing is currently known to be involved in the regulation of the immune system, RNA splicing, protein recoding, microRNA biogenesis, and formation of heterochromatin. Editing occurs within regions of double-stranded RNA, particularly within inverted Alu repeats, and is associated with many diseases including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic syndromes. However, the significance of RNA editing in a large portion of the transcriptome remains unknown. Here, we review the current knowledge about the prevalence and function of A-to-I editing by the ADAR protein family, focusing on its role in the regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, RNA editing-independent regulation of cellular processes by ADAR and the putative role(s) of this process in gene regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Shevchenko
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
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5
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Fisher AJ, Beal PA. Effects of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome mutations predicted from ADAR-RNA structures. RNA Biol 2016; 14:164-170. [PMID: 27937139 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1267097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine (A) to inosine (I) RNA editing is important for life in metazoan organisms. Dysregulation or mutations that compromise the efficacy of A to I editing results in neurological disorders and a shorten life span. These reactions are catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs), which hydrolytically deaminate adenosines in regions of duplex RNA. Because inosine mimics guanosine in hydrogen bonding, this prolific RNA editing alters the sequence and structural information in the RNA landscape. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a severe childhood autoimmune disease that is one of a broader set of inherited disorders characterized by constitutive upregulation of type I interferon (IFN) referred to as type I interferonopathies. AGS is caused by mutations in multiple genes whose protein products, including ADAR1, are all involved in nucleic acid metabolism or sensing. The recent crystal structures of human ADAR2 deaminase domain complexed with duplex RNA substrates enabled modeling of how AGS causing mutations may influence RNA binding and catalysis. The mutations can be broadly characterized into three groups; mutations on RNA-binding loops that directly affect RNA binding, "second-layer" mutations that can alter the disposition of RNA-binding loops, and mutations that can alter the position of an α-helix bearing an essential catalytic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Fisher
- a Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.,b Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Peter A Beal
- a Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
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6
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Zhou D, Wei Z, Kuang Z, Luo H, Ma J, Zeng X, Wang K, Liu B, Gong F, Wang J, Lei S, Wang D, Zeng J, Wang T, He Y, Yuan Y, Dai H, He L, Xing Q. A novel P53/POMC/Gαs/SASH1 autoregulatory feedback loop activates mutated SASH1 to cause pathologic hyperpigmentation. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:802-815. [PMID: 27885802 PMCID: PMC5345616 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
p53-Transcriptional-regulated proteins interact with a large number of other signal transduction pathways in the cell, and a number of positive and negative autoregulatory feedback loops act upon the p53 response. P53 directly controls the POMC/α-MSH productions induced by ultraviolet (UV) and is associated with UV-independent pathological pigmentation. When identifying the causative gene of dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH), we found three mutations encoding amino acid substitutions in the gene SAM and SH3 domain containing 1 (SASH1), and SASH1 was associated with guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit-alpha isoforms short (Gαs). However, the pathological gene and pathological mechanism of DUH remain unknown for about 90 years. We demonstrate that SASH1 is physiologically induced by p53 upon UV stimulation and SASH and p53 is reciprocally induced at physiological and pathophysiological conditions. SASH1 is regulated by a novel p53/POMC/α-MSH/Gαs/SASH1 cascade to mediate melanogenesis. A novel p53/POMC/Gαs/SASH1 autoregulatory positive feedback loop is regulated by SASH1 mutations to induce pathological hyperpigmentation phenotype. Our study demonstrates that a novel p53/POMC/Gαs/SASH1 autoregulatory positive feedback loop is regulated by SASH1 mutations to induce pathological hyperpigmentation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding'an Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Bio-X Institute, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongshu Kuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huangchao Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangshu Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanchuan Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiawei Zeng
- Dujiangyan People's Hospital, Cheng du, Sichuan, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqiang Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongying Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Bio-X Institute, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghe Xing
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Eifler T, Pokharel S, Beal PA. RNA-Seq analysis identifies a novel set of editing substrates for human ADAR2 present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7857-69. [PMID: 24124932 DOI: 10.1021/bi4006539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ADAR2 is a member of a family of RNA editing enzymes found in metazoa that bind double helical RNAs and deaminate select adenosines. We find that when human ADAR2 is overexpressed in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae it substantially reduces the rate of cell growth. This effect is dependent on the deaminase activity of the enzyme, suggesting yeast transcripts are edited by ADAR2. Characterization of this novel set of RNA substrates provided a unique opportunity to gain insight into ADAR2's site selectivity. We used RNA-Seq. to identify transcripts present in S. cerevisiae subject to ADAR2-catalyzed editing. From this analysis, we identified 17 adenosines present in yeast RNAs that satisfied our criteria for candidate editing sites. Substrates identified include both coding and noncoding RNAs. Subsequent Sanger sequencing of RT-PCR products from yeast total RNA confirmed efficient editing at a subset of the candidate sites including BDF2 mRNA, RL28 intron RNA, HAC1 3'UTR RNA, 25S rRNA, U1 snRNA, and U2 snRNA. Two adenosines within the U1 snRNA sequence not identified as substrates during the original RNA-Seq. screen were shown to be deaminated by ADAR2 during the follow-up analysis. In addition, examination of the RNA sequence surrounding each edited adenosine in this novel group of ADAR2 sites revealed a previously unrecognized sequence preference. Remarkably, rapid deamination at one of these sites (BDF2 mRNA) does not require ADAR2's dsRNA-binding domains (dsRBDs). Human glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) mRNA is a known ADAR2 substrate with similar flanking sequence and secondary structure to the yeast BDF2 site discovered here. As observed with the BDF2 site, rapid deamination at the GLI1 site does not require ADAR2's dsRBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Eifler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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8
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Zhang J, Chen X, Zhang Z, Wang H, Guo L, Liu Y, Zhao X, Cao W, Xing Q, Shao F. The adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 p150 isoform is involved in the pathogenesis of dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:637-44. [PMID: 23621630 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J.Y. Zhang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; 130 Dong-An Road; Shanghai 200032; China
| | - X.D. Chen
- Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road; Shanghai 200011; China
| | - Z. Zhang
- Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road; Shanghai 200011; China
| | - H.L. Wang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; 130 Dong-An Road; Shanghai 200032; China
| | - L. Guo
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; 130 Dong-An Road; Shanghai 200032; China
| | - Y. Liu
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; 130 Dong-An Road; Shanghai 200032; China
| | - X.Z. Zhao
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; 130 Dong-An Road; Shanghai 200032; China
| | - W. Cao
- Zhengzhou People's Hospital; 33 Huanghe Road; Zhengzhou 450053; China
| | - Q.H. Xing
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; 130 Dong-An Road; Shanghai 200032; China
| | - F.M. Shao
- Department of Urology; People's Hospital of Henan Province; 7 Wei-Wu Road; Zhengzhou 450000; China
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9
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Hayashi M, Suzuki T. Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. J Dermatol 2012; 40:336-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2012.01661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Dermatology; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata; Japan
| | - Tamio Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata; Japan
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10
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A method to identify RNA A-to-I editing targets using I-specific cleavage and exon array analysis. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 27:38-45. [PMID: 22960667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA A-to-I editing is the most common single-base editing in the animal kingdom. Dysregulations of RNA A-to-I editing are associated with developmental defects in mouse and human diseases. Mouse knockout models deficient in ADAR activities show lethal phenotypes associated with defects in nervous system, failure of hematopoiesis and reduced tolerance to stress. While several methods of identifying RNA A-to-I editing sites are currently available, most of the critical editing targets responsible for the important biological functions of ADARs remain unknown. Here we report a method to systematically analyze RNA A-to-I editing targets by combining I-specific cleavage and exon array analysis. Our results show that I-specific cleavage on editing sites causes more than twofold signal reductions in edited exons of known targets such as Gria2, Htr2c, Gabra3 and Cyfip2 in mice. This method provides an experimental approach for genome-wide analysis of RNA A-to-I editing targets with exon-level resolution. We believe this method will help expedite inquiry into the roles of RNA A-to-I editing in various biological processes and diseases.
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11
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Li M, Yang L, Li C, Jin C, Lai M, Zhang G, Hu Y, Ji J, Yao Z. Mutational spectrum of the ADAR1 gene in dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302:469-76. [PMID: 20186421 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH) is a rare autosomal dominant cutaneous disorder characterized by a mixture of hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules of various sizes on the extremities and caused by the mutations of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA1 (ADAR1) gene. We screened 14 unrelated families or sporadic cases for mutation in the full coding sequence of this gene. Eight novel heterozygous mutations of ADAR1 and four known mutations were identified, including four missense mutations (p.R26K, p.Y1192D, p.R916Q, p.R1155W), six frameshift mutations (p.N205fsX217, p.V211fsX217, p.V404fsX417, p.I914fsX927, p.L1053fsX1076, p.L1070fs1092), and two nonsense mutations (p.R474X, p.R1096X). Interestingly, we failed to detect any mutations of ADAR1 in one family. Including our data, there are now 93 different mutations reported in 105 independent patients that we have tabulated. From the review of clinical features in these reports, we found that the same mutation could lead to different phenotypes even in the same family and did not establish a clear correlation between genotypes and phenotypes. Finally this study is useful for functional studies of the protein and to define a diagnostic strategy for mutation screening of the ADAR1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Kondo T, Suzuki T, Mitsuhashi Y, Ito S, Kono M, Komine M, Akita H, Tomita Y. Six novel mutations of the ADAR1 gene in patients with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria: histological observation and comparison of genotypes and clinical phenotypes. J Dermatol 2008; 35:395-406. [PMID: 18705826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH), is a pigmentary genodermatosis of autosomal dominant inheritance. Since we clarified that the disease is caused by a mutation of the adenosine deaminase acting on the RNA 1 gene (ADAR1) in 2003, the molecular pathogenesis of a peculiar clinical feature of the disease has been expected to be clarified. We examined five familial cases and one sporadic case of Japanese families with DSH. The mutation analyses were done with single-strand conformation polymorphism/heteroduplex (SSCP/HD) analysis and direct sequencing of ADAR1. The DNA analysis of each patient revealed one missense mutation (p.F1091S), two nonsense mutations (p.C893X, p.S581X) and three frame-shift mutations (p.E498fsX517, p.F1091fsX1092, p.L855fsX856). Visual and electron microscopic findings showed abundant melanin pigment deposited all over the basal layer, and enlarged melanocytes with long dendrites located in the pigmented lesions with small or immature melanosomes scattered sparsely in the cytoplasm, but in the adjacent keratinocytes many small melanosomes were singly dispersed or aggregated. The hypopigmented areas showed little melanin deposition and reduced numbers of melanocytes in which much degenerative cytoplasmic vacuole formation could be observed by electron microscopy. Herein, we report six cases of DSH with six novel mutations. The variety of their clinical phenotypes even in the pedigree may suggest the presence of factors other than the ADAR1 gene influencing the extent of the clinical skin lesion. Microscopic findings suggest that the clinical appearance must have developed directly by melanocyte variations mainly induced by the ADAR1 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kondo
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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13
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Lu J, Liao Z, Chen J, Xiang Y, Wu Z, Zuo C, Jiang X, Huang J. Identification of two novel DSRAD mutations in two Chinese families with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Arch Dermatol Res 2006; 298:357-60. [PMID: 17021765 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH) is a hereditary skin disease characterized by the presence of hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules on face and dorsal aspects of the extremities that appear in infancy or early childhood. Genetic studies have identified mutations in the double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (DSRAD) gene, encoding double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase, to be responsible for this disorder. Here, we report two novel mutations c.2116 G > A (E706K) and c.2848 C > T (Q950X) in the DSRAD gene identified in two Chinese pedigrees with DSH. This study should be useful for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for affected families and in expanding the database on DSRAD gene mutations in DSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Inagaki K, Ito S, Kono M, Horikawa T, Fujiwara S, Ishiko A, Matsunaga K, Aoyama Y, Tosaki-Ichikawa H, Tomita Y. Ten novel mutations of the ADAR1 gene in Japanese patients with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:309-11. [PMID: 16917490 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH) is a pigmentary genodermatosis of autosomal-dominant inheritance. We have reported 20 different mutations of the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 gene (ADAR1) in patients with DSH since we had clarified that the disease is caused by a mutation of the ADAR1 gene in 2003. In this study, we report 10 novel mutations responsible for DSH: p.Q102fsX123, p.T369fsX374, p.S664fsX677, p.R892L, p.I913R, p.R916Q, p.P990fsX1016, p.C1081S, p.C1169F, and p.K1187X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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15
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Abstract
The post-transcriptional modification of mammalian transcripts by A-to-I RNA editing has been recognized as an important mechanism for the generation of molecular diversity and also regulates protein function through recoding of genomic information. As the molecular players of editing are characterized and an increasing number of genes become identified that are subject to A-to-I modification, the potential impact of editing on the etiology or progression of human diseases is realized. Here we review the recent knowledge on where disturbances in A-to-I RNA editing have been correlated with human disease phenotypes.
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