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Hamanová Čechová M, Cvrček J, Dupej J, Brůžek J, Velemínská J. The influence of biological relatedness on sexual dimorphism and sex classification based on external morphology of the frontal bone. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1727-1740. [PMID: 38400922 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The most significant sexual differences in the human skull are located in the upper third of the face (the frontal bone), which is a useful research object, mainly in combination with virtual anthropology methods. However, the influence of biological relatedness on sexual dimorphism and frontal bone variability remains unknown. This study was directed at sexual difference description and sex classification using the form and shape of the external surface of the frontal bones from a genealogically documented Central European osteological sample (nineteenth to twentieth centuries). The study sample consisted of 47 cranial CT images of the adult members of several branches of one family group over 4 generations. Three-dimensional virtual models of the frontal bones were analyzed using geometric morphometrics and multidimensional statistics. Almost the entire external frontal surface was significantly different between males and females, especially in form. Significant differences were also found between this related sample and an unrelated one. Sex estimation of the biologically related individuals was performed using the classification models developed on a sample of unrelated individuals from the recent Czech population (Čechová et al. in Int J Legal Med 133: 1285 1294, 2019), with a result of 74.46% and 63.83% in form and shape, respectively. Failure of this classifier was caused by the existence of typical traits found in the biologically related sample different from the usual manifestation of sexual dimorphism. This can be explained as due to the increased degree of similarity and the reduction of variability in biologically related individuals. The results show the importance of testing previously published methods on genealogical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Hamanová Čechová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Cvrček
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1710, Prague 20, Horní Počernice, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Fernandes ALVC, Shetti A, Lagali-Jirge V, Keluskar V. Accuracy of sex estimation by morphometric evaluation of foramen magnum using computed tomography - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024; 20:268-279. [PMID: 36971895 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to determine whether the morphometric evaluation of the foramen magnum using computed tomography can be used as an accurate tool in estimating the sex of an individual. An extensive search of the databases, PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Scopus, was carried out to procure articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The AQUA tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. A random effects model was used for the meta-analysis of the eligible studies using the STATA software, version 16, 2019 at 95% CI and p ≤ 0.05. Eleven eligible articles that measured the transverse and sagittal diameters of the foramen magnum using computed tomography were included in this study. The sagittal diameter of the foramen magnum was greater than the transverse diameter, and both the diameters were greater in males than in females. Meta-analysis revealed that both transverse and sagittal diameters were more reliable for male sex estimation. Since there is a dimensional variation between the male and female foramen magnum, it can be used for initial sex identification and also as an auxiliary to other advanced methods of sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Louise Veiga Coutinho Fernandes
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KAHER's KLE Vishwnath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, Constituent Unit of KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| | - Arvind Shetti
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KAHER's KLE Vishwnath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, Constituent Unit of KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Vasanti Lagali-Jirge
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KAHER's KLE Vishwnath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, Constituent Unit of KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Vaishali Keluskar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KAHER's KLE Vishwnath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, Constituent Unit of KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
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Chou ST, Lin SH, Chen SC, Chen CM, Tseng YC. Comparison of the transverse cranial base dimension in different craniofacial skeletal relationships: A cone-beam computed tomography study. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:364-376. [PMID: 38303855 PMCID: PMC10829675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose In comparing the cranial base's size, most cephalometric studies focused on the length and angle in the anteroposterior direction. However, investigating the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial base's transverse dimensions is challenging. This study aimed to investigate the transverse dimensions of the cranial base in different craniofacial skeletal patterns and sexes using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods A total of 210 adults (105 males and 105 females), including three different skeletal relationships, were included in the study. The cranial base dimensions were measured on a three-dimensional image structure rendered by CBCT. Statistical methods included the Kappa statistic for analysis of consistency and reproducibility and the independent t-test for differences in cranial base dimensions between sexes. A general linear model (GLM) was used to compare the transverse size of the cranial base among skeletal Class I, II, and III groups. The Pearson correlation coefficient explored the correlation among the cranial base dimensions. Results The cranial base dimensions did not differ significantly between skeletal Class I, II, and III. The more prominent cranial base size was found in males than females, except for the crista galli length (CGL) and cribriform ethmoid plate width (CEPW). The cranial base dimensions did not differ significantly between different skeletal relationships. Most dimensions have significant correlations in the middle and the posterior cranial base. Conclusion The cranial base's transverse dimensions in Taiwanese adults show no significant differences between craniofacial skeletal relationships. In the middle and posterior cranial base, transverse measurements reveal significant sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ting Chou
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Tseng
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Jaideepa, Jha A, Mehta DN, Singh V, Malawat K, Sinha S. Gender Determination from Maxillary Sinus using Computed Tomography Scans - A Radiographic Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:S1010-S1012. [PMID: 37694061 PMCID: PMC10485413 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_250_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objective Purpose of this research was to check the precision of gender identification using computed tomography (CT) head and neck scans and volumetric analysis of the maxillary sinus. Materials and Methods For 50 patients (25 females and 25 males), left and right maxillary sinus scans were acquired, and linear measurements (width, length, height, and volume) were assessed. Both maxillary sinus measurements' means and standard deviations were computed and contrasted. Results Males have been found to have considerably larger maxillary sinuses than females. Conclusion Accurate gender determination is possible with the use of maxillary sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideepa
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashutosh Jha
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Dhaval N. Mehta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vasundhara Singh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Kanchan Malawat
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pacific Dental College, Debari, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shalini Sinha
- Department of Periodontics, Mithila Minority Dental College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
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Ortiz Rosa E, Crosato EM, Castro CC, Oliveira RE, Biazevic MGH. Comparative study of sex estimates in adult skulls using direct measurement and tomographic image reconstruction. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e064. [PMID: 37341235 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex estimation is an important procedure in forensic anthropology for human identification. The development of new technologies, such as three-dimensional computed tomography (CT), has provided excellent alternatives for this purpose. This study examined and compared a morphological method for sex estimation using two different approaches - direct measurement of physical structures and tomographic analysis using 3D images. A total of 111 skulls from the Museum of Human Anatomy at the University of São Paulo (MAH-USP) were used, (60 males and 51 females). All specimens were scanned by Philips Brilliance 64 CT scanner equipment and their corresponding images were reconstructed in three-dimensional (3D) models. The morphological characteristics of the skulls were analyzed by an observer who was blinded to the sex of the specimens. Five cranial structures were analyzed: external occipital crest, mastoid process, supraorbital margin, glabella, and mental eminence. The structures were scored 1 to 5 according to Buikstra and Ubelaker and validated by Walker. The success rates of the sex estimates obtained through direct measurement of the dry skulls ranged from 67.4% to 70.4% as compared to 60.2% to 68.1% for CT reconstruction. When analyzed separately, the maximum accuracy of the method was 68.33% in males and 88.24% in females in the physical analysis of structures. The glabella and mastoid process were the most effective structures to estimate sex through both techniques, respectively. Our results show that 3D CT images can be accurately used in the morphological analysis for sex estimation, representing a viable alternative in forensic anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Ortiz Rosa
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Community Dentistry Department, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edgard Michel Crosato
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Community Dentistry Department, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Campi Castro
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Medicine, Radiology Department, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Elias Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kamaşak B, Ulcay T, Küçük A, Karaman ZF, İpekten F, Öktem İS, Aycan K. A new supportive approach in the diagnosis of Chiari malformation type 1 in pediatric patients. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:1581-1587. [PMID: 36635375 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-05833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1) is a posterior fossa anomaly characterized by herniation of the cerebellar tonsils from the foramen magnum (FM). This study compares FM, medulla spinalis (MS), and herniated cerebellar tonsils ratios by making area measurements from axial plane MRI in CM-1 patients and the control group. METHODS Our study evaluated 30 pediatric patients with CM-1 and 30 people in the control group. The lengths of the McRae line, twining line, and clivus line were measured on the posterior cranial fossa evaluation. The areas of FM (AFM), MS (AMS), and herniated cerebellar tonsils (ATONSILS) were measured by axial images. RESULTS As a result of area measurements obtained from axial cross-sectional MRI, a statistically significant difference was found between CM-1 patients and the control group. According to the results of the ROC analysis, if an individual's AMS/AFM value is above 17.9% or the ATONSILS/AFM value is above 18.4%, it can be interpreted as a CM-1 patient. CONCLUSION It will be easier to diagnose the patient with the new approach we obtained from axial MR images in addition to sagittal MR images. This method can be a guide in some cases when the surgeons are undecided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Kamaşak
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey.
| | - Tufan Ulcay
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Küçük
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zehra Filiz Karaman
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Funda İpekten
- Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Suat Öktem
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kenan Aycan
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
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Atreya A, Shrestha R, Bhandari K, Malla SK, Acharya S, Menezes RG. Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum in sex estimation: An additional 3DCT study from Nepal on a larger sample. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e999. [PMID: 36544619 PMCID: PMC9758477 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estimation of sex of the skeletal remains plays a vital part in the identification of an individual. This study is focused on the morphometric measurements of the foramen magnum region and examining the accuracy of sexual dimorphism in the Nepalese population. Methods Measurements were obtained from 3D computed tomography (CT) scan of 261 Nepalese adult cranial bases with known age and sex. Length and breadth of the foramen magnum, length and breadth of right and left occipital condyles and maximum and minimum intercondylar distance were measured on the base of the skull CT images. Results The mean values for all parameters were higher in males than females except for the maximum intercondylar distance. Sex prediction done with discriminant function analysis could classify the skull with an overall accuracy of 70.5%-71%. Conclusions It can be concluded from the results that the morphometric study of the foramen magnum is less reliable for sex estimation in the Nepalese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Atreya
- Department of Forensic MedicineLumbini Medical CollegePalpaNepal
| | - Rijen Shrestha
- Department of AnthropologyPunjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
| | - Kiran Bhandari
- Department of RadiologyLumbini Medical CollegePalpaNepal
| | - Saurav K. Malla
- Department of Radiology & InterventionsGrande International HospitalKathmanduNepal
| | | | - Ritesh G. Menezes
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammamSaudi Arabia
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Hoover KC, Thomas GP. Sexual dimorphism and biomechanical loading in occipital bone morphological variation. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23792. [PMID: 36193635 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore the contribution of biological sex and biomechanical activity from subsistence to occipital bone variation. Previous studies have used occipital bone traits to determine biological sex and identify ancestry to differing degrees of success. Biomechanical stress from variation in subsistence and gender-based divisions of labor could perhaps explain some of the noise in the signal for these grouping variables. To explore this possibility, we used metric (foramen magnum length and breadth, external occipital protuberance depth, lambda-inion length, bicondylar breadth) and nonmetric traits (general occipital form, presence of a nuchal crest, and nuchal line count). We collected original data and mined published data for our analysis using skeletal collections of Native American hunter-gatherers and horticulturalists, a historic military site, and contemporary study collections. We find that the foramen magnum area exhibits sexual dimorphism and is not influenced by subsistence, but the accuracy of sex estimation is only 71%, suggesting the chance of being correct at slightly more than two-thirds. All traits exhibited sex-based variation but only bicondylar breadth and lambda-inion metrics exhibited subsistence-based variation. Given the limited amount of variance explained by either sex or sex and subsistence, biomechanics may still play a role but not from the influence of subsistence practices in these datasets. Additional data from a wider array of skeletal samples, perhaps with known occupation, is warranted if we are to understand how occipital variation is shaped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara C Hoover
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Thomas
- Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Kartal E, Etli Y, Asirdizer M, Hekimoglu Y, Keskin S, Demir U, Yavuz A, Celbis O. Sex estimation using foramen magnum measurements, discriminant analyses and artificial neural networks on an eastern Turkish population sample. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 59:102143. [PMID: 36084487 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have been conducted using the foramen magnum for sex estimation, recent findings have indicated that the discriminant and regression models obtained from the foramen magnum may not be reliable. Artificial Neural Networks, was used as a classification technique in sex estimation studies on some other bones, did not used in sex estimation studies on the foramen magnum until now. The aim of this study was sex estimation on an Eastern Turkish population sample using foramen magnum measurements, discriminant analyses and Artificial Neural Networks. METHODOLOGY The study was performed on the CT images of a total of 720 cases, comprising 360 males and 360 females. For sex estimation, discriminant analysis and Artificial Neural Networks were used. RESULTS The accuracy rate was 86.7% with discriminant analysis and when sex estimation accuracy was determined according to cases with posterior probabilities above 95%, the accuracy ranged from 0% to 33.3%. With the use of the discriminant formulas of 2 other studies, obtained from different Turkish samples, sex could be determined at a rate of 84.6%. Some formulas were found to be unsuccessful in sex estimation. Sex estimation accuracy of 88.2% was achieved with Artificial Neural Networks. CONCLUSION In this study, it was found that sex could be determined to some extent with discriminant formulas from other samples from the same population, although some formulas were unsuccessful. With the use of image processing techniques and machine learning algorithms, better results can be obtained in sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Kartal
- Assistant Professor of Forensic Medicine, Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty of Van Yuzuncu, Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Yasin Etli
- Specialist of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty Hospital of Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Asirdizer
- Professor of Forensic Medicine, Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty of Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yavuz Hekimoglu
- Associate Professor of Forensic Medicine, Ankara City Hospital of Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Siddik Keskin
- Professor of Biostatistics, Head of Biostatistics Department, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ugur Demir
- Specialist of Forensic Medicine, Tokat Hospital of Health Sciences University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Yavuz
- Associate Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital of Health Sciences University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Celbis
- Professor of Forensic Medicine, Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty of Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Jashari T, Duro S, Gündemir O, Szara T, Ilieski V, Mamuti D, Choudhary OP. Morphology, morphometry and some aspects of clinical anatomy in the skull and mandible of Sharri sheep. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00955-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate and record data on the morphometrical parameters of the skull and mandible in Sharri sheep. We have evaluated 34 skulls (24 females and 10 males) of Sharri sheep (Ovis aries), a local breed of sheep from Northern Macedonia. Fifty-one measurements were evaluated in total: 37 parameters on the skull and 14 parameters on the mandible. The results of the study show that, in general, the morphology and morphometric parameters of the skull and mandible, of Sharri sheep are similar to those of other sheep breeds with few differences. The mean skull length (SL), skull height (SH), distance between two supraorbital foramina (DBTSF), orbital length (OL), mandible length (ML) and Sharri sheep diastema (D) were 247.47 ± 13.12 mm, 104.71 ± 6.21 mm, 50.73 ± 3.44 mm, 41.21 ± 1.99 mm, 185.91 ± 13.33 mm and 45.81 ± 3.73 mm, respectively. The results also show that out of 51 parameters, only 13 show a statistically significant difference between females and males, particularly the distance of akrokranion to opisthion (AO), articular surface length of mandibular condyle (ASL) and anterior limit of the mandibular foramen to cranial border of ramus mandible (RBMFRMRM). The findings of this study are important in many aspects: morphologically, morphometrically and especially clinically, during surgical interventions in the head region. With a lack of information in current literature on the investigated parameters in this sheep breed, the present data are a solid basis for further studies in comparative anatomy with other ruminants and in other areas such as zooarchaeology and animal welfare.
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Morphometric analysis of foramen magnum and occipital condyle using CT images for sex determination in a Saudi Arabian population. Morphologie 2021; 106:260-270. [PMID: 34391659 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to evaluate FM and occipital condyles measurements morphometrically for sex determination by using discriminant function analysis and to note visually the variation in the shape of the foramen magnum in a Saudi Arabian population by using CT scan images. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study included 472 CT scans (236 males and 236 females; age range, 18-72 years). The foramen magnum shapes were classified into 8 types: oval, egg, round, hexagonal, pentagonal, tetragonal, irregular (A) and irregular (B). The intraobserver and interobserver test was done to calculate the reliability of the measurement. Eight dimensions of the FM and occipital condyle were evaluated to determine the sexual dimorphism using an independent t-test. Sex determination was estimated using discriminate function analysis. RESULTS The commonest shape of FM was hexagonal and the tetragonal shape was the least common type. Coefficient of reliability (R) was high, ranging between 0.89 and 0.99, which indicates the measurements are reliable and sufficiently precise. All the eight measurements, the FM length and width, FM index, FM area, the width and length of right and left occipital condyles were significantly greater in males than the female. Univariate discriminant function showed an accuracy rate varying from 61% to 66.6% based on FM or occipital condyles measurements. The multivariate analysis of FM and occipital condyle measurements increased the overall accuracy rate of sex determination to 71.6%. CONCLUSION The univariate analysis of FM and occipital condyle measurements indicates, that the FM area (66.1%), FML (62.5%), FMW (62.5%) and ROCL (62.1%) could be reliable individual variables in sex determination. The multivariate analysis including all the eight variables of FM and occipital condyle increased the accuracy rate of sex determination to 71.6% in determining the sex as male (73.3%) or female (69.9%). The shape of the FM is not useful in sex estimation. The results obtained showed a low degree of sexual dimorphism in the basicranium, the use of this method in forensic anthropology could be helpful for assessment on highly fragmented skull bases.
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Zhang Y, Schepartz LA. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric studies of modern human occipital variation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245445. [PMID: 33444349 PMCID: PMC7808672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate three-dimensional morphological variation of the occipital bone between sexes and among populations, to determine how ancestry, sex and size account for occipital shape variation and to describe the exact forms by which the differences are expressed. Methods CT data for 214 modern crania of Asian, African and European ancestry were compared using 3D geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics, including principal component analysis, Hotelling’s T2 test, multivariate regression, ANOVA, and MANCOVA. Results Sex differences in average occipital morphology are only observed in Europeans, with males exhibiting a pronounced inion. Significant ancestral differences are observed among all samples and are shared by males and females. Asian and African crania have smaller biasterionic breadths and flatter clivus angles compared to Europeans. Asian and European crania are similar in their nuchal and occipital plane proportions, nuchal and occipital angles, and lower inion positions compared to Africans. Centroid size significantly differs between sexes and among populations. The overall allometry, while significant, explains little of the shape variation. Larger occipital bones were associated with a more curved occipital plane, a pronounced inion, a narrower biasterionic breadth, a more flexed clivus, and a lower and relatively smaller foramen magnum. Conclusions Although significant shape differences were observed among populations, it is not recommended to use occipital morphology in sex or population estimation as both factors explained little of the observed variance. Other factors, relating to function and the environment, are suggested to be greater contributors to occipital variation. For the same reason, it is also not recommended to use the occiput in phylogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental and Social Archaeology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Lynne A. Schepartz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Agarwal HS, Setia P, Pandey S. Virtual determination of sex: Estimating cut off value of digital metric traits of foramen magnum on three-dimensional computed tomography with receiver operating characteristic and logistic regression analysis. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_59_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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14
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Wani B, Nazir N, Sheikh R, Chalkoo A, Jan T. Morphometric analysis of foramen magnum in the determination of sex using computed tomography. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_57_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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15
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Ward MH, Williams RL, Bekvalac J, Bajada S, Maheson M, Adds PJ. The innominate tubercle of the femur is a consistent surgical landmark and shows no variation between sex and side: An osteological study. Clin Anat 2021; 34:742-747. [PMID: 33347646 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During direct anterior approach hip arthroplasty, the innominate tubercle (IT) of the femur is used as a reference point for femoral neck osteotomy. A recent study found that IT dimensions are unaffected by femoral length, neck-shaft angle, and neck length. This study investigated the position of the tubercle relative to femoral side, sex and femoral neck dimensions. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and ninety femora (95 pairs, complete with biographical data) from St. Bride's Church, London, were photographed with the apex of the tubercle marked. Using imaging software, axes were superimposed onto the image, allowing the X and Y co-ordinates of the tubercle apex to be derived. Statistical analysis was carried out. RESULTS The position of the tubercle did not vary significantly and did not correlate with femoral side (p > .05). P values for variation of the X and Y coordinates were 0.351 and 0.996 in left and right femora, respectively. The tubercle position did not vary significantly with sex (p > .05). p Values for variation of the X and Y coordinates were 0.254 and 0.634 in males and females, respectively. There was little variation between tubercle position and femoral neck dimensions: correlation coefficient -0.20 (x coordinate) and -0.12 (y coordinate). CONCLUSIONS The data showed that the position of the IT did not vary significantly with either sex or side and that, therefore, the tubercle can be considered a reliable surgical landmark during arthroplasty surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Ward
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education (Anatomy), St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rhodri L Williams
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Hywel Dda University NHS Health Board, Carmarthen, Wales, UK
| | - Jelena Bekvalac
- The Centre for Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of London, London, UK
| | - Stefan Bajada
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Hywel Dda University NHS Health Board, Carmarthen, Wales, UK
| | - Marci Maheson
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Philip J Adds
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education (Anatomy), St George's, University of London, London, UK
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García-Rivero D, Taylor R, Umbelino C, Price TD, García- Viñas E, Bernáldez-Sánchez E, Pérez-Jordà G, Peña-Chocarro L, Barrera-Cruz M, Gibaja-Bao JF, Díaz-Rodríguez MJ, Monteiro P, Vera-Rodríguez JC, Pérez-González J. The exceptional finding of Locus 2 at Dehesilla Cave and the Middle Neolithic ritual funerary practices of the Iberian Peninsula. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236961. [PMID: 32790702 PMCID: PMC7425899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant number of funerary contexts for the Early Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula, and the body of information is much larger for the Late Neolithic. In contrast, the archaeological information available for the period in between (ca. 4800-4400/4200 cal BC) is scarce. This period, generally called Middle Neolithic, is the least well-known of the peninsular Neolithic sequence, and at present there is no specific synthesis on this topic at the peninsular scale. In 2017, an exceptional funerary context was discovered at Dehesilla Cave (Sierra de Cádiz, Southern Iberian Peninsula), providing radiocarbon dates which place it at the beginning of this little-known Middle Neolithic period, specifically between ca. 4800-4550 cal BC. Locus 2 is a deposition constituted by two adult human skulls and the skeleton of a very young sheep/goat, associated with stone structures and a hearth, and a number of pots, stone and bone tools and charred plant remains. The objectives of this paper are, firstly, to present the new archaeological context documented at Dehesilla Cave, supported by a wide range of data provided by interdisciplinary methods. The dataset is diverse in nature: stratigraphic, osteological, isotopic, zoological, artifactual, botanical and radiocarbon results are presented together. Secondly, to place this finding within the general context of the contemporaneous sites known in the Iberian Peninsula through a systematic review of the available evidence. This enables not only the formulation of explanations of the singular new context, but also to infer the possible ritual funerary behaviours and practices in the 5th millennium cal BC in the Iberian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Rivero
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth Taylor
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Cláudia Umbelino
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - T. Douglas Price
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - María Barrera-Cruz
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Patricia Monteiro
- Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behavior, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Meral O, Belkıs Toklu B, Meydan R, Kaya A, Karadayı B, Acar T. Sex estimation from foramen magnum parameters in adult Turkish population: A computed tomography study. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 47:101775. [PMID: 32791469 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Identification of skeletal relics is crucial for medicolegal purposes. Sex estimation is one of the critical parts providing the identification of skeletal relics. In forensic practice, sex estimation requires multidisciplinary studies of such as forensic medicine, anatomy, dentistry and radiology. Recently, radiological studies on this subject have been increasing with the developing technology. The objective of this study is to examine the usage of radiological dimensions of foramen magnum for sex estimation in human skulls by developing discriminant functions in Turkish population. We analyzed 600 (300 males and 300 females) Computerized Tomography (CT) images of Turkish individuals aged between 21 and 50. Four measurements were obtained from CT images. All measurements in males were significantly greater than in females, and they provided the higher sex classification accuracy. The area of the foramen magnum calculated by Radinsky's formula was the best measurement for sex estimation with a 75% accuracy rate. In conclusion, the CT images of foramen magnum show sexual dimorphism in our population. To use population specific data would be the most appropriate approach for sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Meral
- Çiğli Training and Research Hospital, Department of Forensic Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Betül Belkıs Toklu
- Sağlık Bilimleri University, Bozyaka Training And Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Meydan
- Sağlık Bilimleri University, Bozyaka Training And Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahsen Kaya
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Beytullah Karadayı
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Department of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Türker Acar
- Sağlık Bilimleri University, Bozyaka Training And Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Izmir, Turkey
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Bolz S, Gapert R, Hartwig S, Tsokos M, Oesterhelweg L. Evaluation of foramen magnum sexual dimorphism in a modern documented German population using post-mortem computed tomography. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Saini V. Secular trends in cranial chord variables: a study of changes in sexual dimorphism of the North Indian population during 1954–2011. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 46:519-526. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1677773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Saini
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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20
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Mustafa A, Abusamra H, Kanaan N, Alsalem M, Allouh M, Kalbouneh H. Morphometric study of the facial skeleton in Jordanians: A computed tomography scan-based study. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109916. [PMID: 31426020 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown variability in osteometric measurements of the skull between populations. Therefore, each population should have specific standards to optimize the accuracy of identification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sexual dimorphism in metric relations between anatomical points of the skull using CT scans in a Jordanian population by means of discriminant function analysis, to determine which continuous variables discriminate between sexes, and to examine the craniofacial changes according to age. 500 CT scans (240 males and 260 females) were used and a total of 11 craniofacial parameters were studied. The data were analyzed using distriminant function analysis. Sexual dimorphism was found mainly in the young adult group. Significant age related changes were noticed in minimum frontal breadth, orbital height and orbital index. In all subjects, the analysis of multivariate (dimorphic variables) and stepwise functions gave an accuracy of 58.8% and 57.0% respectively. Using stepwise analysis, the most dimorphic variables to estimate sex were maximum frontal breadth, bimaxillary breadth and orbital index. The multivariate analysis of all variables gave an accuracy of 58.8%. The percentages of correct sexing in Jordanian population were high using the single variable analysis in females only. In females, classification accuracies of 70.4% using bimaxillary breadth, 70.0% using the orbital index, and 68.1% using maximum frontal breadth were obtained. Additionally, discriminant analysis was conducted separately for each age group. Higher percentages of correct sexing were obtained only in young adults. The results of the discriminant function analysis did not appear to be significant. The results of discriminant function were insignificant in middle aged and elderly groups. Being female and young increases the percentages of correct sexing. Generally, low levels of accuracy of sexual dimorphism were obtained in our study, suggesting that population estimates of dimorphism are highly variable and the equations derived from the discriminant function analysis are not reliable in sex estimation in Jordanians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohammad Alsalem
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
| | | | - Heba Kalbouneh
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
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21
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Dudar JC, Castillo ER. Quantification of anatomical variation at the atlanto-occipital articulation: morphometric resolution of commingled human remains within the repatriation documentation process. J Anat 2019; 235:396-411. [PMID: 27976375 PMCID: PMC6637704 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Within many institutional collections are skeletal and mummified human remains representing a part of our species' adaptation and evolution to various biocultural environments. Archaeologically recovered individuals come from deep into our past, and possess information that provides insight into population history, genetics, diet, health and other questions relevant to all living peoples. Academic concerns have been raised regarding the reinterment of these collections due to the rise of the international repatriation movement, the passage of various laws and implementation of institutional policies. While all potential research questions cannot be anticipated, the proactive documentation of collections is one way to ensure primary data are maintained for future study. This paper explores developments in digitization technology that allow the archive of virtual copies of human remains, and an example of how anatomical and archaeological collections can be digitized towards pragmatic research goals. The anatomical variability of the human atlanto-occipital (AO) articular surfaces was studied using non-metric categorical shape, 2D measurement and 3D morphometric analyses to provide reference standards for the reassociation of individuals from commingled skeletal remains, such as found in some archaeological sites or forensic investigations including mass grave or mass disaster recovery scenes. Results suggest that qualitative shape observations and caliper-derived measurements of the articulating AO condyles tend to display significant sexual dimorphism and biological ancestry-related size and shape differences. Variables derived from a scanned 3D mesh, such as condylar angle and articular surface curvature, quantify biomechanical variation and display a stronger congruency within individuals. It is recommended that a two-stage approach involving initial screening and identification of possible reassociation candidates is accomplished with a linear osteometric approach, followed by 3D laser scanning of the candidate joint surfaces for morphometric analyses to confirm reassociations when destructive DNA typing is not allowed or otherwise impractical due to cost or other resource restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher Dudar
- Department of AnthropologyNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Eric R. Castillo
- Department of Human Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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Sinhorini PA, Costa IAP, Lopez-Capp TT, Biazevic MGH, de Paiva LAS. Comparative analysis of four morphometric methods for sex estimation: A study conducted on human skulls. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2019; 39:29-34. [PMID: 31200148 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pelvis and skull are the regions of the human skeleton that most clearly show sexual dimorphism, with the pelvis being superior to the skull for sex estimation owing to reproductive and hormonal factors. However, as many skeletons are found incomplete, it is important to be able to determine sex from analyzing the skull as well as the pelvis. This study was aimed at validating and evaluating the effectiveness of four morphometric methods for sex estimation using the human skull. One hundred human Brazilian skulls belonging to identified but unclaimed skeletons were used after all legal and administrative requirements for exhumation were satisfied. Four dimensions were analyzed: the facial triangle; the bimastoid triangle; the mastoid triangle; and finally, the occipital triangle. These dimensions were used to calculate the triangle areas. Descriptive analysis was used to verify the mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval of all variables and discriminant analysis with cross-validation was used to verify the percentage of correctness of the sex estimation methods. Individual analysis of the areas of the facial, right mastoid, left mastoid, bimastoid, and occipital triangles, and sum of the mastoid triangle areas, produced average accuracies of 63.0%, 81.8%, 77.8%, 71.4%, 64.0%, and 80.8%, respectively. Combinations of triangles resulted in higher mean accuracy percentages, with only 75.6% accuracy recorded when the left and right mastoid triangle areas were removed. All average values of analyzed triangles were higher in males than in females. Analyses of the cranial triangles were useful for sex estimation in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Anaya Sinhorini
- Medical School, Sao Camilo University Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Igor Arthur Parron Costa
- Medical School, Sao Camilo University Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thais Torralbo Lopez-Capp
- Community Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Gabriela Haye Biazevic
- Community Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Airton Saavedra de Paiva
- Medical School, Sao Camilo University Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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23
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Sex estimation using external morphology of the frontal bone and frontal sinuses in a contemporary Czech population. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1285-1294. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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González-Colmenares G, Sanabria Medina C, Rojas-Sánchez MP, León K, Malpud A. Sex estimation from skull base radiographs in a contemporary Colombian population. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 62:77-81. [PMID: 30684829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to study the sexual dimorphism of the base of the skull in radiographs of a bone collection of contemporary Colombian adults, with the intention of formulating discriminant functions capable of classifying sex in this population. The sample consisted of 115 skull base radiographs, (44 females and 71 males), which originated from the Colombian Human Skeletals Collection. Radiographs with good contrast were selected. Images of skulls with asymmetries and fractures were excluded. Five measures: Maximum cranial base length, Foramen magnum length, Maximum cranial breadth, Bizygomatic breadth, Foramen magnum breadth length, were preformed using ImageJ5 software ®; an intra-observer error was determined using paired t-test. Statistical analysis showed a sexual dimorphism for all variables (p < 0.05). The step-by-step procedure of the discriminant function selected 2 variables from the 5 (Foramen magnum length and Bizygomatic breadth) and the precision was between 86.4% and 88.6% in the determination of sex. However cross-validation showed an accuracy of 85.7% to male and 87.2% to female. The skull base is highly dimorphic. The established discriminant functions can be used to estimate sex in the Colombian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - César Sanabria Medina
- University Antonio Nariño, Career 3 E, No. 47A-15, Block 1, Bogotá, Colombia; Pathology Group, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Calle 7 A # 12-61, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Katherine León
- University Antonio Nariño, Career 3 E, No. 47A-15, Block 5, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Anderson Malpud
- University Antonio Nariño, Career 3 E, No. 47A-15, Block 5, Bogotá, Colombia
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Lopez-Capp TT, Rynn C, Wilkinson C, Paiva LASD, Michel-Crosato E, Biazevic MGH. Sexing the Cranium from the Foramen Magnum Using Discriminant Analysis in a Brazilian Sample. Braz Dent J 2018; 29:592-598. [PMID: 30517483 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201802087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the identification process, the foramen magnum has shown controversial results in sex estimation. The present study aimed to analyze the morphometric variables of the foramen magnum in Brazilian adult cranium for sex estimation. The sample was composed of 100 craniums (53 males and 47 females) from the documented collection of the Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences. The protocol measurement was constituted of two linear measurements: maximum length of the foramen magnum and maximum breadth of the foramen magnum and two formulas to calculate the area, method one (M1) and method two (M2). Descriptive statistics showed statistically significant differences between sex (p<0.05) for all variables. The univariate discriminant functions showed an accuracy between 56.0-62.0%, and the multivariate analysis showed a percentage of accuracy between 60.0-65.0%, the greatest accuracy was found combining the two linear measurements with M1(71.7%), even after cross-validation (66%). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that M2 is the best parameter for estimating sex (AUC=0.693). A reference table for Brazilians using the foramen magnum parameters was developed based on the results of the ROC curve analysis. In conclusion, the foramen magnum should be used with caution to estimate sex in forensic cases of fragmentary craniums, due to the limited accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Rynn
- Center of Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Caroline Wilkinson
- Liverpool School of Art and Design, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
| | | | - Edgard Michel-Crosato
- Department of Community Dentistry, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Toneva D, Nikolova S, Harizanov S, Georgiev I, Zlatareva D, Hadjidekov V, Dandov A, Lazarov N. Sex estimation by size and shape of foramen magnum based on CT imaging. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018; 35:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Discriminant Function Analysis of Foramen Magnum Variables in South Indian Population: A Study of Computerised Tomographic Images. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2056291. [PMID: 30356386 PMCID: PMC6178149 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2056291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The foramen magnum as a transition area between skull and spine plays an important role as a landmark, because of its close relationship to vital structures such as the brain and spinal cord. Configuration and size of the foramen magnum play an important role for assessing craniovertebral relations. The objectives of the present study are to find out shape and dimensions of foramen magnum in cranial CT scans. All the variables were evaluated by using discriminant function analysis. Materials and Methods The study sample comprised 200 CT scans (110 males and 90 females) of south Indian origin. The shapes of the foramen magnum were classified into 8 types: oval, egg, round, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal, irregular (A), and irregular (B). The parameters were noted meticulously and the statistical analysis for sex comparison was made by Student's t-test and was considered significant whenever P≤0.05. To determine the relationships between the studied parameters, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. Results The foramen magnum was classified into 8 types based on shape. Commonest was oval and pentagonal was the least common type. The anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, circumference, and area were significantly greater in males than in females (P<0.001). The mean FM index of male CT scans was 85.01 ± 8.67, whereas in case of female CT scans, it was 83.17 ± 7.78. With all the variables in consideration, overall 65% of cranial CT scans were sexed correctly by using multivariate analysis. Conclusion Several anatomic parameters such as shape and dimensions of FM should be taken into consideration during surgery involving the craniovertebral junction. Also these can be used during forensic and anthropological investigation of unknown individuals for determining gender, ethnicity, and so on. The multivariate analysis is by far the best method for determination of sex of cranium with available resources.
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Kramer NA, Lopez-Capp TT, Michel-Crosato E, Biazevic MGH. Sex estimation from the mastoid process using Micro-CT among Brazilians: Discriminant analysis and ROC curve analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jofri.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lopez-Capp TT, Rynn C, Wilkinson C, de Paiva LAS, Michel-Crosato E, Biazevic MGH. Discriminant analysis of mandibular measurements for the estimation of sex in a modern Brazilian sample. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:843-851. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bejdová Š, Dupej J, Krajíček V, Velemínská J, Velemínský P. Stability of upper face sexual dimorphism in central European populations (Czech Republic) during the modern age. Int J Legal Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ibrahim A, Alias A, Nor FM, Swarhib M, Abu Bakar SN, Das S. Study of sexual dimorphism of Malaysian crania: an important step in identification of the skeletal remains. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:86-92. [PMID: 28713610 PMCID: PMC5509904 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is one of the main steps in the identification of human skeletal remains. It constitutes an initial step in personal identification from the skeletal remains. The aim of the present study was to provide the population-specific sex discriminating osteometric standards to aid human identification. The present study was conducted on 87 (174 sides) slices of crania using postmortem computed tomography in 45 males and 42 females, aged between 18 and 75 years. About 22 parameters of crania were measured using Osirix software 3-D Volume Rendering. Results showed that all parameters were significantly higher in males than in females except for orbital height of the left eye by independent t test (P<0.01). By discriminant analysis, the classification accuracy was 85.1%, and by regression, the classification accuracy ranged from 78.2% to 86.2%. In conclusion, cranium can be used to distinguish between males and females in the Malaysian population. The results of the present study can be used as a forensic tool for identification of unknown crania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnasser Ibrahim
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aspalilah Alias
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Mohd Nor
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Swarhib
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Noorain Abu Bakar
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the detailed morphological and morphometric analysis of foramen magnum (FM) in dry cranii. METHODS One hundred fifty skulls of unidentified sex were macroscopically examined and were photographed with Canon 400B (55 mm objective). According to tooth eruption of the skulls, they were accepted as adults. None of the examined skulls showed signs of prior cranial surgery, malformation, or trauma. The evaluated study parameters that were recorded with Vernier caliper in millimeter were as follows: antero-posterior diameter from Basion to Opisthion, transverse diameter (largest distance between the lateral margins of the FM), and the shape of the FM (Fig. 1). The shape of the FM was determined according to FM index that was calculated by dividing antero-posterior diameter by transverse diameter. When FM index was found greater than or equal to 1.2, the foramen was accepted to be oval in shape. Whereas the FM index was found less than 1.2, the foramen was accepted to be round in shape The area of the FM was calculated by using 2 different formulas as described previously by Radinsky (/4 × π × w × h) and Teixeira (π × {(h + w)/4}2), and "π" was accepted as 3.14 in both formulas. RESULTS The results of descriptive statistics and areas of the FMs were presented in Table 1. The mean antero-posterior diameter and transverse diameter of anteroposterior diameter by transverse diameters were found as 34.38 ± 2.38 and 28.95 ± 2.19, respectively. The mean area of the FMs estimated by Teixeria formula was determined significantly larger than the mean area of the FMs estimated by Radinsky formula (P <0.001). According to estimated FM index of the 150 adult dry skulls, 87 (58%) of skulls were described as being round in shape and 63 (42%) of skulls were described as being oval in shape (Fig. 1). CONCLUSION The surgeons must comprehend regarding the detailed morphological and morphometric features of FM to avoid vital complications during the surgical procedures.
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Seifert Z, Friedl L, Chaumoitre K, Brůžek J. Applicability and limitations of sex assessment based on foramen magnum. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 271:126.e1-126.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Morphometric evaluation of the foramen magnum for sex determination: A study from Saudi Arabia. J Forensic Leg Med 2017; 46:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Raikar NA, Meundi MA, David CM, Rao MD, Jogigowda SC. Sexual dimorphism in foramen magnum dimensions in the South Indian population: A digital submentovertex radiographic study. J Forensic Dent Sci 2017; 8:180. [PMID: 28123285 PMCID: PMC5210118 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.195104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: Personal identification is a vital arena of forensic investigation, facilitating the search for missing persons. This process of identification is eased by the determination of age, sex, and ethnicity. In situations where there are fragmented and mutilated skeletal remains, sex determination is relatively difficult, and it becomes important to establish the accuracy of individual bones. Aim: This study aims to evaluate sexual dimorphism in foramen magnum (FM) dimensions in the South Indian population using digital submentovertex (SMV) radiograph. Materials and Methods: 150 individuals (75 males and 75 females) were subjected to digital SMV radiography. FM in the resultant image was assessed for longitudinal and transverse diameters, circumference, and area. Also, one particular shape was assigned to each image based on the classification of Chethan et al. of FM shapes. Three qualified oral radiologists performed all the measurements twice within an interval of 10 days. Results and Conclusion: The values obtained for all four parameters were statistically significant and higher in males than in females. The most common morphology of FM was an egg shape while hexagonal was the least common morphology. Circumference was the best indicator of sex followed by area, transverse diameter, and longitudinal diameter. Having achieved a high accuracy of 67.3% with digital SMV radiograph makes it a reliable and reproducible alternative to dry skulls for sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Ajit Raikar
- Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Manasa A Meundi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chaya M David
- Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahesh Dathu Rao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Akay G, Güngör K, Peker İ. Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum using cone beam computed tomography. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:1715-1722. [PMID: 29306229 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1607-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Musilová B, Dupej J, Velemínská J, Chaumoitre K, Bruzek J. Exocranial surfaces for sex assessment of the human cranium. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 269:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tambawala SS, Karjodkar FR, Sansare K, Prakash N, Dora AC. Sexual dimorphism of foramen magnum using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 44:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang K, Cui JH, Luo YZ, Fan F, Yang M, Li XH, Zhang W, Deng ZH. Estimation of stature and sex from scapular measurements by three-dimensional volume-rendering technique using in Chinese. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 21:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Assessment of craniometric traits in South Indian dry skulls for sex determination. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 37:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Foramen Magnum Dimensions for Sex Determination. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:459428. [PMID: 26346917 PMCID: PMC4540976 DOI: 10.1155/2015/459428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The structural integrity of foramen magnum is usually preserved in fire accidents and explosions due to its resistant nature and secluded anatomical position and this study attempts to determine its sexing potential. Methods. The sagittal and transverse diameters and area of foramen magnum of seventy-two skulls (41 male and 31 female) from south Indian population were measured. The analysis was done using Student's t-test, linear correlation, histogram, Q-Q plot, and Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) to obtain a model for sex determination. The predicted probabilities of BLR were analysed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Result. BLR analysis and ROC curve revealed that the predictability of the dimensions in sexing the crania was 69.6% for sagittal diameter, 66.4% for transverse diameter, and 70.3% for area of foramen. Conclusion. The sexual dimorphism of foramen magnum dimensions is established. However, due to considerable overlapping of male and female values, it is unwise to singularly rely on the foramen measurements. However, considering the high sex predictability percentage of its dimensions in the present study and the studies preceding it, the foramen measurements can be used to supplement other sexing evidence available so as to precisely ascertain the sex of the skeleton.
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Parvindokht B, Reza DM, Saeid B. Morphometric analysis of hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone in Iranian dry skulls. JOURNAL OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION AND SPINE 2015; 6:111-4. [PMID: 26288545 PMCID: PMC4530509 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8237.161591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The hypoglossal canal (HC) is in basal part of cranium that transmits the nerve that supplies the motor innervations to the muscles of tongue. Study on morphometry of (HC) and its variations has been a considerable interest field to neurosurgeons and research workers especially because of their racial and regional. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, 26 adult dry human crania of no sex known were studied for (HC) and its variants. Thirty five skulls were observed for any damage of post cranial fossa and those in good condition (26 skulls)were selected. Sliding Vernier caliper was used for morphometric analysis. Results: There were significant difference between distances of: a-(HC) till anterior tip of condyles (right and left), b-(HC) till posterior tip of condyles (right and left), c-(HC)till lower border of occipital condyles (right and left), d-(HC) till external border of foramen jugular (right and left), e-(HC) till opisthion(right and left), f-(HC) till carotid canal (right and left), g-(HC) till jugular tubercle (right and left). There wasn't significant difference in other parameters. Conclusion: Detailed morphometric analysis of (HC) will help in planning of surgical intervention of skull base in safer and easier ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayat Parvindokht
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Darabi Mohammad Reza
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Babaei Saeid
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Giurazza F, Schena E, Del Vescovo R, Cazzato RL, Mortato L, Saccomandi P, Paternostro F, Onofri L, Zobel BB. Sex determination from scapular length measurements by CT scans images in a Caucasian population. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2013:1632-5. [PMID: 24110016 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6609829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Together with race, stature and age, sex is a main component of the biological identity. Thanks to its proportional correlation with parts of the human body, sex can be evaluated form the skeleton. The most accurate approach to determine sex by bone size is based on os coxae or skull. After natural disaster their presence can never be guaranteed, therefore the development of methods of sex determination using other skeletal elements can result crucial. Herein, sexual dimorphism in the human scapula is used to develop a two-variable discriminant function for sex estimation. We have enrolled 100 males and 100 females who underwent thoracic CT scan evaluation and we have estimated two scapular diameters. The estimation has been carried out by analyzing images of the scapulae of each patient after three dimensional post-processing reconstructions. The two-variable function allows to obtain an overall accuracy of 88% on the calibration sample. Furthermore, we have employed the mentioned function on a collection of 10 individual test sample from the collection of the "Museo di Anatomia Umana di Firenze" of the Università degli Studi di Firenze; sex has been correctly predicted on 9 skeletons.
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Estimation of sex in Japanese cadavers based on sternal measurements using multidetector computed tomography. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2015; 17:226-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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A study of cranial variations based on craniometric indices in a South Indian population. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25:1645-9. [PMID: 25162547 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human skull has been the most extensively studied bone for establishing the taxonomies at evolutionary levels. Crania are also the most commonly used skeletal elements in population studies because they are known to be more genetically driven and less affected by environmental factors. The craniofacial indices are considered as clinical anthropometric parameters used in the investigation of craniofacial skeletal deformities and brain development. The present research is an attempt to study the cranial indices in the South Indian population. METHODS The sample for the study included 118 dry adult crania. All the osteometric measurements were taken using standard anthropometric instruments, and 3 indices, namely, cranial index, orbital index (OI), and index of foreman magnum (FMI), were calculated. Cranial index is calculated as (maximum cranial breadth / maximum cranial length) × 100, OI as (orbital height / orbital breadth) × 100, and FMI as (transverse diameter / anteroposterior diameter) × 100. The crania were further classified based on these indices. RESULTS The cranial index ranged between 66.67 and 85.71 (mean, 78.57 [SD, 4.11]), the OI ranged between 68.89 and 102.63 (mean, 84.23 [SD, 6.64]), and the FMI ranged between 68.57 and 96.88 (mean, 79.71 [SD, 6.98]). Cranial index did not show any significant correlation with the OI (r = -0.162, P = 0.081) or the FMI (r = -0.045, P = 0.626). A statistically significant correlation was, however, observed between OI and FMI (r = -0.232, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS The current study developed population-specific classification of crania using cranial indices. This craniometric baseline data pertaining to the craniofacial indices may be useful in presurgical planning and the postsurgical evaluation. It may also assist the forensic anthropologists in the categorization of human skulls, which may be an important component in identification of highly decomposed dead bodies and skeletal remains. More such studies need to be conducted to understand the effect of environment and genetics on the cranial shapes in different population groups.
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Álvarez-Sandoval BA, Manzanilla LR, Montiel R. Sex determination in highly fragmented human DNA by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104629. [PMID: 25098828 PMCID: PMC4123986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex identification in ancient human remains is a common problem especially if the skeletons are sub-adult, incomplete or damaged. In this paper we propose a new method to identify sex, based on real-time PCR amplification of small fragments (61 and 64 bp) of the third exon within the amelogenin gene covering a 3-bp deletion on the AMELX-allele, followed by a High Resolution Melting analysis (HRM). HRM is based on the melting curves of amplified fragments. The amelogenin gene is located on both chromosomes X and Y, showing dimorphism in length. This molecular tool is rapid, sensitive and reduces the risk of contamination from exogenous genetic material when used for ancient DNA studies. The accuracy of the new method described here has been corroborated by using control samples of known sex and by contrasting our results with those obtained with other methods. Our method has proven to be useful even in heavily degraded samples, where other previously published methods failed. Stochastic problems such as the random allele drop-out phenomenon are expected to occur in a less severe form, due to the smaller fragment size to be amplified. Thus, their negative effect could be easier to overcome by a proper experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A. Álvarez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Linda R. Manzanilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Montiel
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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García-Parra P, Pérez Fernández Á, Djorojevic M, Botella M, Alemán I. Sexual dimorphism of human sternum in a contemporary Spanish population. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:313.e1-9. [PMID: 25102779 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation is one of the first steps in forensic anthropology to identify human remains. In absence of the skull or the pelvis, any skeletal remain becomes fundamental for identification, especially in mass-disaster cases. The sternum is a potentially useful element in anthropological analysis with a high recovery rate in both forensic-and archaeological context. This study aims to develop classification functions for use in Spanish population. For this, sternum sexual dimorphism is studied in a sample of 105 individuals, known age-at-death, ancestry and sex, from San José Municipal Cemetery of Granada (Spain). Lin's concordance correlation coefficient was used to estimate intra-and inter-observer error. In discriminant analysis for estimating sex, cross-validation shows accuracy rates exceeds 90% for sternum body length and maximum width (91.8%), or total length with maximum width (90.7%). Isolated variables with higher accuracy rates are total sternum length (89.1%), and sternum body length (87%). Although there is compliance with Hyrtl's law it is not useful for estimating sex in Spanish population. These discriminant functions have also been validated successfully in two samples from Portugal (Coimbra identified skeletal collection--CISC, and 21st century identified ckeletal collection--Santarém XXI): the variables with higher accuracy rates sternum total length with its maximum width (92.3% the correctly classified individual in the sample CISC; and 83.5% in the sample of Santarém XXI) and the sternum total length (92.1% and 78.5%, respectively). The discriminant functions achieved with the collection of the San Jose cemetery of Granada can be applied to current remains, provided that study populations present a similar sexual dimorphism, like the two samples from Portuguese population presented in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García-Parra
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda de Madrid, Granada, n°11, C.P 18012, Spain.
| | - Ángela Pérez Fernández
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda de Madrid, Granada, n°11, C.P 18012, Spain
| | - Mirjana Djorojevic
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda de Madrid, Granada, n°11, C.P 18012, Spain
| | - Miguel Botella
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda de Madrid, Granada, n°11, C.P 18012, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Alemán
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda de Madrid, Granada, n°11, C.P 18012, Spain
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Perlaza NA. Sex Determination from the Frontal Bone: A Geometric Morphometric Study. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1330-2. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Néstor A. Perlaza
- Department of Basic Sciences; Faculty of Health; Universidad Libre; Cali 760043 Colombia
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Assessment of sex from endocranial cavity using volume-rendered CT scans in a sample from Medellín, Colombia. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 234:186.e1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saini V, Srivastava R, Shamal SN, Singh TB, Kumar V, Kumar P, Tripathi SK. Temporal variations in basicranium dimorphism of North Indians. Int J Legal Med 2013; 128:699-707. [PMID: 24374986 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Saini
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India,
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