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Raghunathan N, Sankaran S, Miteu GD. A comprehensive review of iPS cell line-based disease modelling of the polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias 2 and 3: a focus on the research outcomes. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:3487-3498. [PMID: 38846892 PMCID: PMC11152827 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. To date, approximately 50 different subtypes of SCAs have been characterized. The prevalent types of SCAs are usually of PolyQ origin, wherein the disease pathology is a consequence of multiple glutamine residues being encoded onto the disease proteins, causing expansions. SCAs 2 and 3 are the most frequently diagnosed subtypes, wherein affected patients exhibit certain characteristic physiological manifestations, such as gait ataxia and dysarthria. Nevertheless, other clinical signs were exclusive to these subtypes. Recently, multiple molecular diagnostic methods have been developed to identify and characterize these subtypes. Despite these advancements, the molecular pathology of SCAs remains unknown. To further understand the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative SCAs 2 and 3, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based modelling is a compelling avenue to pursue. We cover the present state of iPSC-based in-vitro illness modelling of SCA subtypes 2 and 3 below, along with a list of cell lines created, and the relevance of research outcomes to personalized autologous therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Goshen D. Miteu
- School of Biosciences, Biotechnology, University of Nottingham, England, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Caleb University, Lagos, Nigeria
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2
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Chaudhry A, Anthanasiou-Fragkouli A, Houlden H. DRPLA: understanding the natural history and developing biomarkers to accelerate therapeutic trials in a globally rare repeat expansion disorder. J Neurol 2021; 268:3031-3041. [PMID: 33106889 PMCID: PMC8289787 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansions in the atrophin-1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. There are currently no disease-modifying treatments available. The broad development of therapies for DRPLA, as well as other similar rare diseases, has hit a roadblock due to the rarity of the condition and the wide global distribution of patients and families, consequently inhibiting biomarker development and therapeutic research. Considering the shifting focus towards diverse populations, widespread genetic testing, rapid advancements in the development of clinical and wet biomarkers for Huntington's disease (HD), and the ongoing clinical trials for antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies, the prospect of developing effective treatments in rare disorders has completely changed. The awareness of the HD ASO program has prompted global collaboration for rare disorders in natural history studies and the development of biomarkers, with the eventual goal of undergoing treatment trials. Here, we discuss DRPLA, which shares similarities with HD, and how in this and other repeat expansion disorders, neurogenetics groups like ours at UCL are gearing up for forthcoming natural history studies to accelerate future ASO treatment trials to hopefully emulate the progress seen in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Chaudhry
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Kim DH, Kim R, Lee JY, Lee KM. Clinical, Imaging, and Laboratory Markers of Premanifest Spinocerebellar Ataxia 1, 2, 3, and 6: A Systematic Review. J Clin Neurol 2021; 17:187-199. [PMID: 33835738 PMCID: PMC8053554 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Premanifest mutation carriers with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) can exhibit subtle abnormalities before developing ataxia. We summarized the preataxic manifestations of SCA1, -2, -3, and -6, and their associations with ataxia onset. Methods We included studies of the premanifest carriers of SCA published between January 1998 and December 2019 identified in Scopus and PubMed by searching for terms including ‘spinocerebellar ataxia’ and several synonyms of ‘preataxic manifestation’. We systematically reviewed the results obtained in studies categorized based on clinical, imaging, and laboratory markers. Results We finally performed a qualitative analysis of 48 papers. Common preataxic manifestations appearing in multiple SCA subtypes were muscle cramps, abnormal muscle reflexes, instability in gait and posture, lower Composite Cerebellar Functional Severity scores, abnormalities in video-oculography and transcranial magnetic stimulation, and gray-matter loss and volume reduction in the brainstem and cerebellar structures. Also, decreased sensory amplitudes in nerve conduction studies were observed in SCA2. Eotaxin and neurofilament light-chain levels were revealed as sensitive blood biomarkers in SCA3. Concerning potential predictive markers, hyporeflexia and abnormalities of somatosensory evoked potentials showed correlations with the time to ataxia onset in SCA2 carriers. However, no longitudinal data were found for the other SCA gene carriers. Conclusions Our results suggest that preataxic manifestations vary among SCA1, -2, -3, and -6, with some subtypes sharing specific features. Combining various markers into a standardized index for premanifest carriers may be useful for early screening and assessing the risk of disease progression in SCA carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoi Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University-Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryul Kim
- Department of Neurology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jee Young Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University-Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Min Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Distribution of the CAG Triplet Repeat in ATXN1, ATXN3, and CACNA1A Loci in Peruvian Population. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:527-535. [PMID: 32285347 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia subtypes 1, 3, and 6 (SCA1, MJD/SCA3, and SCA6) are among the most prevalent autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias worldwide, but their relative frequencies in Peru are low. Frequency of large normal (LN) alleles at spinocerebellar ataxia-causative genes has been proposed to be associated with disease prevalence. To investigate the allelic distribution of the CAG repeat in ATXN1, ATXN3, and CACNA1A genes in a Peruvian mestizo population and examine their association with the relative frequency of SCA1, MJD/SCA3, and SCA6 across populations. We genotyped 213 healthy mestizo individuals from Northern Lima, Peru, for ATXN1, ATXN3, and CACNA1A using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). We compared the frequency of LN alleles and relative disease frequency between populations. We also tested 40 samples for CAT repeat interruptions within the CAG tract of ATXN1. We found no association between disease frequency and population frequency of LN alleles at ATXN1 and ATXN3. All 40 ATXN1 samples tested for CAT interruptions were positive. Frequency of LN alleles at CACNA1A correlates with SCA6 frequency across several populations, but this effect was largely driven by data from a single population. Low frequency of SCA1 and MJD/SCA3 in Peru is not explained by frequency of LN alleles at ATXN1 and ATXN3, respectively. The observed correlation between CACNA1A LN alleles and SCA6 frequency requires further assessment.
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Azevedo PB, Rocha AG, Keim LMN, Lavinsky D, Furtado GV, de Mattos EP, Vargas FR, Leotti VB, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Jardim LB. Ophthalmological and Neurologic Manifestations in Pre-clinical and Clinical Phases of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:388-396. [PMID: 30637674 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-1004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a polyglutamine disease that progressively affects the cerebellum, brainstem, and retina. SCA7 is quite rare, and insights into biomarkers and pre-clinical phases are still missing. We aimed to describe neurologic and ophthalmological findings observed in symptomatic and pre-symptomatic SCA7 subjects. Several neurologic scales, visual acuity, visual fields obtained by computer perimetry, and macular thickness in optical coherence tomography (mOCT) were measured in symptomatic carriers and at risk relatives. Molecular analysis of the ATXN7 was done blindly in individuals at risk. Thirteen symptomatic carriers, 3 pre-symptomatic subjects, and 5 related controls were enrolled. Symptomatic carriers presented scores significantly different from those of controls in most neurologic and ophthalmological scores. Gradual changes from controls to pre-symptomatic and then to symptomatic carriers were seen in mean (SD) of visual fields - 1.34 (1.15), - 2.81 (1.66). and - 9.56 (7.26); mOCT - 1.11 (2.6), - 3.48 (3.54), and - 7.73 (2.56) Z scores; and "Spinocerebellar Ataxia Functional Index (SCAFI)" - 1.16 (0.28), 0.65 (0.56), and - 0.61 (0.44), respectively. Visual fields and SCAFI were significantly correlated with time to disease onset (pre-symptomatic)/disease duration (symptomatic carriers). Visual fields, mOCT, and SCAFI stood out as candidates for state biomarkers for SCA7 since pre-symptomatic stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro B Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Oftalmologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anastácia G Rocha
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leda M N Keim
- Hospital Gaffrée e Guinle, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Lavinsky
- Serviço de Oftalmologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel V Furtado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo P de Mattos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Vargas
- Hospital Gaffrée e Guinle, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia de Malformações Congênitas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa B Leotti
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria-Luiza Saraiva-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura B Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Investigação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Buijsen RAM, Toonen LJA, Gardiner SL, van Roon-Mom WMC. Genetics, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Progress in Polyglutamine Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:263-286. [PMID: 30607747 PMCID: PMC6554265 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by degeneration of the cerebellum and its connections. All ADCAs have progressive ataxia as their main clinical feature, frequently accompanied by dysarthria and oculomotor deficits. The most common spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are 6 polyglutamine (polyQ) SCAs. These diseases are all caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the coding region of a gene. Currently, no curative treatment is available for any of the polyQ SCAs, but increasing knowledge on the genetics and the pathological mechanisms of these polyQ SCAs has provided promising therapeutic targets to potentially slow disease progression. Potential treatments can be divided into pharmacological and gene therapies that target the toxic downstream effects, gene therapies that target the polyQ SCA genes, and stem cell replacement therapies. Here, we will provide a review on the genetics, mechanisms, and therapeutic progress in polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A M Buijsen
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lodewijk J A Toonen
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah L Gardiner
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kim JS, Kwon S, Ki CS, Youn J, Cho JW. The Etiologies of Chronic Progressive Cerebellar Ataxia in a Korean Population. J Clin Neurol 2018; 14:374-380. [PMID: 29971977 PMCID: PMC6032000 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2018.14.3.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The etiologies and frequencies of cerebellar ataxias vary between countries. Our primary aim was to determine the frequency of each diagnostic group of cerebellar ataxia patients in a Korean population. Methods We reviewed the medical records of patients who were being followed up between November 1994 and February 2016. We divided patients with cerebellar ataxias into familial and non-familial groups and analyzed the frequency of each etiology. Finally, we categorized patients into genetic, sporadic, secondary, and suspected genetic, but undetermined ataxia. Results A total of 820 patients were included in the study, among whom 136 (16.6%) familial patients and 684 (83.4%) non-familial cases were identified. Genetic diagnoses confirmed 98/136 (72%) familial and 72/684 (11%) nonfamilial patients. The overall etiologies of progressive ataxias comprised 170 (20.7%) genetic, 516 (62.9%) sporadic, 43 (5.2%) secondary, and 91 (11.1%) undetermined ataxia. The most common cause of ataxia was multiple-system atrophy (57.3%). In the genetic group, the most common etiology was spinocerebellar ataxia (152/170, 89.4%) and the most common subtype was spinocerebellar ataxia-3.38 of 136 familial and 53 of 684 sporadic cases (91/820, 11.1%) were undetermined ataxia. Conclusions This is the largest epidemiological study to analyze the frequencies of various cerebellar ataxias in a Korean population based on the large database of a tertiary hospital movement-disorders clinic in South Korea. These data would be helpful for clinicians in constructing diagnostic strategies and counseling for patients with cerebellar ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soonwook Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Youn
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Whan Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Boz PB, Koç F, Kocatürk Sel S, Güzel Aİ, Kasap H. Determination of Genotypic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Friedreich's Ataxia and Autosomal Dominant Spinocerebellar Ataxia Types 1, 2, 3, and 6. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2016; 53:115-119. [PMID: 28360782 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2015.9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to analyze the genotypic characteristics of Friedreich's ataxia (FA) and autosomal dominant ataxias [such as spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1, 2, 3, and 6] using molecular and biological methods in hereditary cerebellar ataxia considering both clinical and electrophysiological findings. METHODS The study included 129 indexed cases, who applied to the neurology department and were diagnosed with hereditary cerebellar ataxia through clinical, laboratory, and electrophysiological findings, and 15 sibling patients who were diagnosed through family scanning (144 cases in total); their genetic analyses were also performed. Detailed physical and neurological examinations, pedigree analyses, electroneurography, evoked potentials, cerebral-spinal magnetic resonance imaging, and echocardiographic analyses were performed for all cases. Blood samples were collected from patients, and the genotypic characteristics of autosomal dominant SCA types 1, 2, 3, and 6 were investigated. Statistical analyses were performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA) 17.0. RESULTS Almost 50% of patients were defined as FA. Moreover, two SCA1 cases and one SCA6 case were detected. CONCLUSION In our study, 47.2% of patients with FA had developed hereditary cerebellar ataxia. Ground and autosomal dominant-linked SCA1 and SCA6 were each detected in one family. These data suggest that patients with cerebellar ataxia of hereditary origin should be primarily examined for FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Bengi Boz
- Clinic of Neurology, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Filiz Koç
- Department of Neurology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sabriye Kocatürk Sel
- Department of Medical Biology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ali İrfan Güzel
- Department of Medical Biology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Halil Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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Kim JS, Cho JW. Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias: A Korean Perspective. J Mov Disord 2015; 8:67-75. [PMID: 26090078 PMCID: PMC4460542 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ataxia is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by progressive ataxia combined with/without peripheral neuropathy, extrapyramidal symptoms, pyramidal symptoms, seizure, and multiple systematic involvements. More than 35 autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias have been designated as spinocerebellar ataxia, and there are 55 recessive ataxias that have not been named systematically. Conducting genetic sequencing to confirm a diagnosis is difficult due to the large amount of subtypes with phenotypic overlap. The prevalence of hereditary ataxia can vary among countries, and estimations of prevalence and subtype frequencies are necessary for planning a diagnostic strategy in a specific population. This review covers the various hereditary ataxias reported in the Korean population with a focus on the prevalence and subtype frequencies as the clinical characteristics of the various subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Whan Cho
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias, frequently referred to as spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) have been under intense scientific research limelight since expansions of coded CAG trinucleotide repeats were demonstrated to cause several dominantly inherited SCAs. The number of new SCA loci has expanded dramatically in recent years. At least ten genes have been identified for SCAs 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 17, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and six loci responsible for SCAs 4, 5, 11,13, 14, and 16 have been mapped. Genetic testing is essential for diagnosis due to the overlapping and varied phenotypic features of the different SCAs. While there is no effective treatment available, genetic counseling is important for addressing the many ethical, social, legal, and psychological issues facing SCA patients. Researchers have recently provided valuable information on the pathogenesis of the disease and hopefully a cure will be available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
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11
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de Castilhos RM, Furtado GV, Gheno TC, Schaeffer P, Russo A, Barsottini O, Pedroso JL, Salarini DZ, Vargas FR, de Lima MADFD, Godeiro C, Santana-da-Silva LC, Toralles MBP, Santos S, van der Linden H, Wanderley HY, de Medeiros PFV, Pereira ET, Ribeiro E, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Jardim LB. Spinocerebellar ataxias in Brazil--frequencies and modulating effects of related genes. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 13:17-28. [PMID: 23943520 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the frequency of spinocerebellar ataxias and of CAG repeats range in different geographical regions of Brazil, and explores the hypothetical role of normal CAG repeats at ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, CACNA1A, and ATXN7 genes on age at onset and on neurological findings. Patients with symptoms and family history compatible with a SCA were recruited in 11 cities of the country; clinical data and DNA samples were collected. Capillary electrophoresis was performed to detect CAG lengths at SCA1, SCA2, SCA3/MJD, SCA6, SCA7, SCA12, SCA17, and DRPLA associated genes, and a repeat primed PCR was used to detect ATTCT expansions at SCA10 gene. Five hundred forty-four patients (359 families) were included. There were 214 SCA3/MJD families (59.6 %), 28 SCA2 (7.8 %), 20 SCA7 (5.6 %), 15 SCA1 (4.2 %), 12 SCA10 (3.3 %), 5 SCA6 (1.4 %), and 65 families without a molecular diagnosis (18.1 %). Divergent rates of SCA3/MJD, SCA2, and SCA7 were seen in regions with different ethnic backgrounds. 64.7 % of our SCA10 patients presented seizures. Among SCA2 patients, longer ATXN3 CAG alleles were associated with earlier ages at onset (p < 0.036, linear regression). A portrait of SCAs in Brazil was obtained, where variation in frequencies seemed to parallel ethnic differences. New potential interactions between some SCA-related genes were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Machado de Castilhos
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90.035-903, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Boonkongchuen P, Pongpakdee S, Jindahra P, Papsing C, Peerapatmongkol P, Wetchaphanphesat S, Paiboonpol S, Dejthevaporn C, Tanprawate S, Nudsasarn A, Jariengprasert C, Muntham D, Ingsathit A, Pulkes T. Clinical analysis of adult-onset spinocerebellar ataxias in Thailand. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:75. [PMID: 24708620 PMCID: PMC3985579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-ataxic symptoms of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) vary widely and often overlap with various types of SCAs. Duration and severity of the disease and genetic background may play a role in such phenotypic diversity. We conducted the study in order to study clinical characteristics of common SCAs in Thailand and the factors that may influence their phenotypes. Methods 131 (49.43%) out of 265 Thai ataxia families with cerebellar degeneration had positive tests for SCA1, SCA2, Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) or SCA6. The study evaluated 83 available families including SCA1 (21 patients), SCA2 (15), MJD (39) and SCA6 (8). Comparisons of frequency of each non-ataxic sign among different SCA subtypes were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to analyze parameters in association with disease severity and size of CAG repeat. Results Mean ages at onset were not different among patients with different SCAs (40.31 ± 11.33 years, mean ± SD). Surprisingly, SCA6 patients often had age at onset and phenotypes indistinguishable from SCA1, SCA2 and MJD. Frequencies of ophthalmoparesis, nystagmus, hyperreflexia and areflexia were significantly different among the common SCAs, whilst frequency of slow saccade was not. In contrast to Caucasian patients, parkinsonism, dystonia, dementia, and facial fasciculation were uncommon in Thai patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that ophthalmoparesis (p < 0.001) and sensory impairment (p = 0.025) were associated with the severity of the disease. Conclusions We described clinical characteristics of the 4 most common SCAs in Thailand accounting for almost 90% of familial spinocerebellar ataxias. There were some different observations compared to Caucasian patients including earlier age at onset of SCA6 and the paucity of extrapyramidal features, cognitive impairment and facial fasciculation. Severity of the disease, size of the pathological CAG repeat allele, genetic background and somatic heterogeneity of pathological alleles may influence clinical expressions of these common SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Teeratorn Pulkes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia (hereinafter referred to as CA) designate a group of neurodegenerative disorders. CA is distinguished into a group of hereditary and non-hereditary disorders. CA shows clinically progressive features and accompanies various neurological abnormalities. However, there are very few studies and case reports in Korean patients. To estimate the prevalence rate and current status of the CA patients in Korea, we used data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRAS) and from the National Health Insurance Corporation. To evaluate the functional status of CA patient in Korea, we conducted a simple random sampling among the 500 members of Korea Ataxia Society registered on its homepage. We evaluated the functional status and degree of disturbance to their everyday life with modified Rankin scales and Barthel ADL index. Using the data from HIRAS, we could estimate the prevalence rate of CA patients in Korea as 8.29 patients/100,000 persons. The prevalence rate of hereditary and non-hereditary cerebellar ataxia was 4.99 patients/100,000 persons and 3.30 patients/100,000 persons, respectively. Data on rare intractable diseases reported by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2006 suggested that the number of CA patients who have visited medical institutes was almost doubled for the 2-year period. The medical expense and hospital stay also increased 4.5- and 3-fold, respectively. After severity evaluation with modified Rankin scales and Barthel ADL index, we found that most CA patients in Korea have ataxia-related difficulties in their everyday life.
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Sequeiros J, Martins S, Silveira I. Epidemiology and population genetics of degenerative ataxias. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 103:227-51. [PMID: 21827892 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sequeiros
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Gan SR, Shi SS, Wu JJ, Wang N, Zhao GX, Weng ST, Murong SX, Lu CZ, Wu ZY. High frequency of Machado-Joseph disease identified in southeastern Chinese kindreds with spinocerebellar ataxia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:47. [PMID: 20334689 PMCID: PMC2861663 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), caused by a CAG repeat expansion located in exon10 of the ATXN3 gene, is now regarded as one of the most common spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) in the world. The relative frequency of MJD among SCA has previously been estimated at about 50% in the Chinese population and has been reported to be related to the frequency of large normal alleles in some populations. Taq polymerase has been used for PCR in nearly all studies reported previously. Methods Normal and expanded alleles of ATXN3 were detected via PCR using LA Taq DNA polymerase (better for GC-rich sequences) and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 150 normal individuals and 138 unrelated probands from autosomal dominant SCA families. To compare reaction efficiency, 12 MJD patients' expanded alleles were amplified with La Taq and Taq polymerase respectively in the same amplifying systems and reaction conditions. Results Normal alleles ranged from 12 to 42 CAG repeats. The most common allele contained 14 repeats with a frequency of 23.3%, which corroborates previous reports. The frequency of large normal alleles (>27 repeats) was 0.28, which was very high relative to previous reports. The frequency of MJD in SCA patients was 72.5%, which was significantly higher than those in previous reports about the Chinese and other Asian populations. This frequency was one of the highest reported worldwide, with only Portuguese and Brazilian populations exhibiting higher proportions. All 12 expanded alleles were amplified in PCR with La Taq polymerase, whereas only 2 expanded alleles were amplified with Taq polymerase. Conclusion We have first reported the highest relative frequency of MJD in Asia, and we attribute this high frequency to a more efficient PCR using LA Taq polymerase and hypothesized that large ANs may act as a reservoir for expanded alleles in the Southeastern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rui Gan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
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16
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Sułek-Piątkowska A, Zdzienicka E, Rakowicz M, Krysa W, Rajkiewicz M, Szirkowiec W, Zaremba J. The occurrence of spinocerebellar ataxias caused by dynamic mutations in Polish patients. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2010; 44:238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Basri R, Yabe I, Soma H, Sasaki H. Spectrum and prevalence of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan: a study of 113 Japanese families. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:848-855. [PMID: 17805477 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) is a genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders. To shed further light on the clinical and genetic spectrum of ADCA in Japan, we conducted a study to determine the frequency of a new variety of different subtypes of SCAs among ADCA patients. This current study was carried out from April 1999 to December 2006 on the basis of patients with symptoms and signs of ADCA disorders. PCR and/or direct sequencing were evaluated in a total of 113 families. Among them, 35 families were found to have the mutation associated with SCA6, 30 with SCA3, 11 with SCA1, five with SCA2, five with DRPLA, and one with SCA14. We also detected the heterozygous -16C --> T single nucleotide substitution within the puratrophin-1 gene responsible for 16q22.1-linked ADCA in ten families. In this study, unusual varieties of SCA, including 27, 13, 5, 7, 8, 12, 17, and 16 were not found. Of the 113 patients, 14% had as yet unidentified ADCA mutations. The present study validates the prevalence of genetically distinct ADCA subtypes based on ethnic origin and geographical variation, and shows that 16q-linked ADCA has strong hereditary effects in patients with ADCAs in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Basri
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7. Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8368, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7. Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8368, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Soma
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7. Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8368, Japan
| | - Hidenao Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7. Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8368, Japan
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18
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Dragasević NT, Culjković B, Klein C, Ristić A, Keckarević M, Topisirović I, Vukosavić S, Svetel M, Kock N, Stefanova E, Romac S, Kostić VS. Frequency analysis and clinical characterization of different types of spinocerebellar ataxia in Serbian patients. Mov Disord 2006; 21:187-91. [PMID: 16149098 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative frequencies of different spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) vary widely among different ethnic groups, presumably due to a founder effect. We investigated the relative prevalence of SCA1-3, 6-8, 12, 17; dentate-rubro-pallidoluysian atrophy; and Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) in Serbian patients with adult-onset (>20 years of age) hereditary and sporadic SCAs, and compared clinical features of patients with genetically confirmed SCAs. A total of 108 patients from 54 families (38 apparently dominant [ADCA] and 16 apparently recessive) with adult-onset hereditary ataxia and 75 apparently sporadic patients were assessed. Of 38 families with ADCA, 13 (34%) were positive for an expansion in an SCA1 and 5 families (13%) for an expansion in an SCA2 allele. In 20 families (53%), no expansions have been identified in any of the analyzed genes. Gaze palsy, spasticity, and hyperreflexia were significantly more common in SCA1, whereas slow saccades, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, and dystonia prevailed in SCA2 patients. Among the 16 families with an apparently recessive mode of ataxia inheritance, 4 (25%) were identified as having the FRDA mutation. Ataxia-causing mutations were identified in 8 (10.6%) of patients with apparently sporadic adult-onset ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa T Dragasević
- Institute of Neurology CCS, Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
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19
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Sobczak K, Krzyzosiak WJ. Patterns of CAG repeat interruptions in SCA1 and SCA2 genes in relation to repeat instability. Hum Mutat 2005; 24:236-47. [PMID: 15300851 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
About 3% of the human genome is composed of simple sequence repeats and many of these sequences occur within genes. These repeats are often polymorphic in a normal population and their expansion in specific genes leads to a number of hereditary neurological diseases. Normal variants of disease-related genes contain either pure or interrupted repeats, and the postulated function of the interruptions is to prevent repeat expansions. Their structural role in the repeat tracts of genes and transcripts awaits detailed characterization. In this study, we have determined the SCA1 and SCA2 genotypes in a Polish population and found significant differences in allele spectra and frequencies from those reported for other populations. They are discussed in relation to the repeat expansion mechanism and disease incidence. We postulate that the dynamic mutation of the genes SCA1 (also ATX1 or ataxin 1) and SCA2 (also ATX2 or ataxin 2) may begin from the expansion of long pure repeat tracts without the prior loss of interruptions. A simple way of cost-effective allelotyping of CAG repeat regions in the SCA1 and SCA2genes is also shown. The reliable SSCP/duplex analysis presented here may be the method of choice for the systematic searching of genes for known and novel interrupted repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Sobczak
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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20
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Zortea M, Armani M, Pastorello E, Nunez GF, Lombardi S, Tonello S, Rigoni MT, Zuliani L, Mostacciuolo ML, Gellera C, Di Donato S, Trevisan CP. Prevalence of inherited ataxias in the province of Padua, Italy. Neuroepidemiology 2004; 23:275-80. [PMID: 15297793 DOI: 10.1159/000080092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Few population studies are available on epidemiological indexes of hereditary ataxias. An investigation on the prevalence rate of these movement disorders is in progress for the Veneto region, the main area of northeast Italy with a population of 4,490,586 inhabitants. The first results of this epidemiological survey concern the province of Padua, which numbers 845,203 residents (January 1, 2002). The prevalence rate of inherited ataxias has been estimated at 93.3 cases per million inhabitants. The most common types appeared to be the autosomal dominant forms, namely spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and 2, with a prevalence of 24 per 1,000,000. In the same population, with a prevalence rate of 6 per 1,000,000, Friedreich's ataxia was defined as the prominent recessive autosomal form. There were very rare cases of ataxia telangiectasia, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency and cerebellar ataxia with congenital muscular dystrophy, a recently identified autosomal recessive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zortea
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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21
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Bryer A, Krause A, Bill P, Davids V, Bryant D, Butler J, Heckmann J, Ramesar R, Greenberg J. The hereditary adult-onset ataxias in South Africa. J Neurol Sci 2004; 216:47-54. [PMID: 14607302 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is little data on the spectrum and frequencies of the autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) from the African continent. We undertook a large prospective population-based study over a 10-year period in South Africa (SA). Affected persons were clinically evaluated, and the molecular analysis for the SCA1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 expansions was undertaken. Of the 54 SA families with dominant ataxia, SCA1 accounted for 40.7%, SCA2 for 13%, SCA3 for 3.7%, SCA6 for 1.9%, SCA7 for 22.2% and 18.5% were negative for all these mutations. The frequency of the SCA1 and SCA7 expansions in SA represents one of the highest frequencies for these expansions reported in any country. In this study, the SCA7 mutations have only been found in SA families of Black ethnic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Bryer
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa.
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22
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Matsumura R, Futamura N, Ando N, Ueno S. Frequency of spinocerebellar ataxia mutations in the Kinki district of Japan. Acta Neurol Scand 2003; 107:38-41. [PMID: 12542511 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.01347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the frequencies of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) in the Kinki district, the western part of the main island of Japan. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and forty-three families with dominantly inherited ataxia and 220 patients with apparently sporadic cerebellar ataxia were examined for the SCA1, SCA2, SCA3/Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), SCA6, SCA7, SCA8, SCA12 and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) mutations. RESULTS Among the dominant families, SCA1 accounted for 3%, SCA2 for 4%, SCA3/MJD for 24%, SCA6 for 31% and DRPLA for 12%. Neither SCA7 nor SCA12 mutations were detected. Among the apparently sporadic patients, 15% were found to have expanded triplet repeats. Of these, the SCA6 mutation was most frequently detected. CONCLUSION SCA6 is the most common SCA in the Kinki district of Japan. Comparison of our results with those from other regions of Japan and different countries shows geographic and ethnic variation in the frequency of SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matsumura
- Department of Neurology, Nishi-Nara National Hospital, Hichijo, Nara,
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23
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Zhao Y, Tan EK, Law HY, Yoon CS, Wong MC, Ng I. Prevalence and ethnic differences of autosomal-dominant cerebellar ataxia in Singapore. Clin Genet 2002; 62:478-81. [PMID: 12485197 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the prevalence and ethnic differences of autosomal-dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) in Singapore. Amongst 204 patients with ataxia who underwent genetic testing for dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) and for spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12, 58 (28.4%) patients from 36 families tested positive. SCA 3 was identified in 31 (53.4%) patients from 15 families, SCA 2 in 17 (29.3%) patients from 12 families and SCA 1 in four (6.9%) patients from four families. Other SCA subtypes were rare. SCA 2 was the only subtype identified amongst ethnic Malay and ethnic Indian families. The estimated prevalence of ADCA in Singaporean families was at least 1 : 27,000. Based on the history and ancestry of Singaporeans, our study supported a founder effect for specific SCA subtypes and the association of ethnicity-specific SCA subtypes. Our findings suggest that SCA 2 is relatively common amongst the Malay race and that priority testing for SCA 3 and SCA 2 for ethnic Chinese, and SCA 2 for ethnic Malay, may be cost effective and relevant for the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
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24
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Maruyama H, Izumi Y, Morino H, Oda M, Toji H, Nakamura S, Kawakami H. Difference in disease-free survival curve and regional distribution according to subtype of spinocerebellar ataxia: a study of 1,286 Japanese patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:578-83. [PMID: 12116198 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Expansions of trinucleotide repeats have been discovered in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1, 2, 6, 7, 12, and 17, Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3), and dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). However, the frequency of familial SCA in Japan remains unclear. The number of trinucleotide repeats was determined for 1,286 patients. Three hundred and thirty families (523 cases) were autosomal dominant group (A), and 165 families were positive for family history but not autosomal dominant group (B), while the remaining 598 cases were the sporadic group (C). The frequency of SCA subtypes in autosomal dominant group was: 1) 5.5% for SCA1; 2) 2.4% for SCA2; 3) 27.6% for MJD/SCA3; 4) 25.5% for SCA6; 5) 0.3% for SCA17; and 6) 7.3% for DRPLA. Abnormal expansion of SCA12 was not detected. Another 31.5% of the patients in the autosomal dominant group had unknown genetic abnormalities. Within group B, SCA6 was the most prominent and within the sporadic group MJD/SCA3 and SCA6 were the most common subtypes observed. The disease-free survival curve of SCA6 was different from that of other SCAs and the mean age at onset for SCA6 was found to be later than that of the other types. Regional differences were observed in the relative rate of SCA subtypes. MJD/SCA3 appears more common in the Kanto and Kyushu districts of Japan, whereas SCA6 is most common in the Chugoku district. In order to establish an effective social welfare system for SCA patients, clinical course and regional differences in the prevalence of SCA subtypes must be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Maruyama
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan
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25
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Lee Y, Oh MR, Kim CH, Hwang HZ, Kim JS, Song SM, Jin DK. A simple method for the detection of neurologic disorders associated with CAG repeat expansion using PCR-microtiter plate hybridization. J Biotechnol 2002; 95:215-23. [PMID: 12007862 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new screening method was developed for the detection of CAG expanded alleles in patients with hereditary ataxia using polymerase chain reaction-based microtiter plate hybridization (PCR-MPH). The system can be applied to detect pathologic alleles by hybridization with the immobilized (CAG)48 repeat probe derived from the unrelated gene 'ERDA1' except for the CAG repeats. We examined 10 individuals with SCA3, 10 with Huntington disease and 30 normal controls (31 controls for SCA3) using this method. The results showed that a clear discrimination was possible in all cases. We suggest that this system be made available for mass screening of patients with hereditary ataxia disorders. This report is the first to demonstrate that a PCR-MPH system can be successfully applied to DNA size differentiation in addition to base pair mismatches. Also, our design of the probe is unique in that the probe motif stem from the unrelated gene sequence and not from the synthetic oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lee
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, 50 Ilwon-dong, kangnam-ku, 135-710, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Mori M, Adachi Y, Kusumi M, Nakashima K. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6: founder effect in Western Japan. J Neurol Sci 2001; 185:43-7. [PMID: 11266690 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(01)00453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An accumulation of SCA6 cases has been observed in the Chugoku area of Western Japan. In the Tottori prefecture, located in the northeastern part of the Chugoku district, we observed a cluster of SCA6 families within the eastern area, suggesting that there may be a founder in the Japanese SCA6 population. Genotyping with DNA microsatellite markers linked to the CACNL1A4 gene on chromosome 19p13 demonstrated shared allelic characteristics and revealed a common haplotype in the majority of Japanese families. The common haplotype of the shared (CAG)(22) repeat found in this study may indicate the meiotic stability of CAG repeats in SCA6 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mori
- Division of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishimachi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
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27
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Sobrido MJ, Geschwind DH. Molecular Genetics and Inherited Ataxias: Redefining Phenotypes and Pathogenesis. Neuroscientist 2000. [DOI: 10.1177/107385840000600609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic research on inherited ataxias has transformed our understanding of these conditions. The availability of genetic testing has shown that a classification based solely on clinical and pathologic findings is not adequate, and molecular genetic analysis is now mandatory for diagnostic accuracy and prognostic purposes. The epidemiology of these disorders is also being rewritten under the light of molecular genetic analysis. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances on the hereditary cerebellar degenerations without a known metabolic defect, focusing on genotype-phenotype correlations in the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) and Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA). Three main biochemical pathways seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of inherited ataxias: 1) expansion of (CAG)n repeats within genes coding for polyglutamine-containing proteins (SCAs); 2) impairment of mitochondrial function (FRDA); and 3) dysfunction of ion channels (episodic ataxias, EA1, EA2). It is likely that many neurodegenerative conditions will prove to share basic molecular mechanisms, and therefore, data provided by the investigation of a particular disease is likely to be relevant to our global understanding of spinocerebellar degenerations and other degenerative disorders of the nervous system. A better knowledge of the molecular and cellular routes leading to neurodegeneration will provide a key to the design of rational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Sobrido
- Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Program, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Program, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California,
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Abstract
After decades of confusion as a result of the marked clinical variability of spinocerebellar degeneration, molecular analyses have permitted the identification of loci and genes, which constitute the basis of a new classification. However, even greater genetic heterogeneity is suspected and several phenotypes, such as complex forms of spastic paraplegia and autosomal recessive ataxias, have not yet been thoroughly explored. Unexpectedly, the genes responsible for Friedreich's ataxia and a form of autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia place these diseases in the category of mitochondrial disorders. The unstable mutations caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions are responsible for a growing number of inherited cerebellar ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Durr
- Consultation de Génétique Médicale et INSERM U289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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29
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Sasaki H, Yabe I, Yamashita I, Tashiro K. Prevalence of triplet repeat expansion in ataxia patients from Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. J Neurol Sci 2000; 175:45-51. [PMID: 10785256 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 44% of cases of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan, were estimated to be inherited. To determine the prevalence of triplet repeat expansion in hereditary SCA patients, we genotyped seven genetically defined dominant SCAs in 349 patients, including 266 patients from 77 families, 78 probands from unrelated families with hereditary late-onset SCA, and five patients in whom a family history of SCA was not demonstrated. The frequency of each disorder in a total of 155 unrelated families was 23.9% for Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), 29.0% for SCA6, 9.7% for SCA1, 7.7% for SCA2, and 2.6% for dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy. Abnormal expansion of triplet repeats for SCA7 and SCA8 was not detected. A total of 27.1% of the patients had still unknown SCA mutations. In addition, the GAA repeat in the frataxin gene was not abnormally expanded in 13 early-onset SCA patients with clinical features similar to those of Friedreich ataxia. Comparison of our results with those from other centers handling SCA showed that MJD is prevalent throughout Japan, but the frequencies of other dominant SCAs differ considerably even within Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N-15 W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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