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Rodent Models of Diabetic Retinopathy as a Useful Research Tool to Study Neurovascular Cross-Talk. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020262. [PMID: 36829539 PMCID: PMC9952991 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases leading to dysfunction of various organs, including ocular complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). Nowadays, DR treatments involve invasive options and are applied at the sight-threatening stages of DR. It is important to investigate noninvasive or pharmacological methods enabling the disease to be controlled at the early stage or to prevent ocular complications. Animal models are useful in DR laboratory practice, and this review is dedicated to them. The first part describes the characteristics of the most commonly used genetic rodent models in DR research. The second part focuses on the main chemically induced models. The authors pay particular attention to the streptozotocin model. Moreover, this section is enriched with practical aspects and contains the current protocols used in research in the last three years. Both parts include suggestions on which aspect of DR can be tested using a given model and the disadvantages of each model. Although animal models show huge variability, they are still an important and irreplaceable research tool. Note that the choice of a research model should be thoroughly considered and dependent on the aspect of the disease to be analyzed.
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Lee PY, Zhao D, Wong VHY, Hoang A, Tran KKN, van Koeverden AK, Afiat BC, Nguyen CTO, Bui BV. Measuring the Full-Field Electroretinogram in Rodents. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2708:131-140. [PMID: 37558967 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3409-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Electroretinography allows for noninvasive functional assessment of the retina and is a mainstay for preclinical studies of retinal function in health and disease. The full-field electroretinogram is useful for a variety of applications as it returns a functional readout from each of the major cell classes within the retina: photoreceptors, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells. Rodent models are commonly employed in ocular degeneration studies due to the fast throughput of these mammalian species and the conservation of the electroretinogram from the preclinic to the clinic. Here we describe approaches for in vivo electroretinography in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ying Lee
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Da Zhao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie K N Tran
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna K van Koeverden
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brianna C Afiat
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Zhao D, Lee PY, Wong VHY, Nishimura T, Hoang A, Tran KKN, van Koeverden AK, Afiat BC, Nguyen CTO, Bui BV. Retinal Assessment Using In Vivo Electroretinography and Optical Coherence Tomography in Rodent Models of Diabetes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2678:37-48. [PMID: 37326704 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3255-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electroretinography and optical coherence tomography imaging allow for non-invasive quantitative assessment of the retina. These approaches have become mainstays for identifying the very earliest impact of hyperglycemia on retinal function and structure in animal models of diabetic eye disease. Moreover, they are essential for assessing the safety and efficacy of novel treatment approaches for diabetic retinopathy. Here, we describe approaches for in vivo electroretinography and optical coherence tomography imaging in rodent models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Lee
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomoharu Nishimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie K N Tran
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna K van Koeverden
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brianna C Afiat
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Choh V, Gurdita A, Tan B, Feng Y, Bizheva K, McCulloch DL, Joos KM. Isoflurane and ketamine:xylazine differentially affect intraocular pressure-associated scotopic threshold responses in Sprague-Dawley rats. Doc Ophthalmol 2017. [PMID: 28638951 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-017-9597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amplitudes of electroretinograms (ERG) are enhanced during acute, moderate elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in rats anaesthetised with isoflurane. As anaesthetics alone are known to affect ERG amplitudes, the present study compares the effects of inhalant isoflurane and injected ketamine:xylazine on the scotopic threshold response (STR) in rats with moderate IOP elevation. METHODS Isoflurane-anaesthetised (n = 9) and ketamine:xylazine-anaesthetised (n = 6) rats underwent acute unilateral IOP elevation using a vascular loop anterior to the equator of the right eye. STRs to a luminance series (subthreshold to -3.04 log scotopic cd s/m2) were recorded from each eye of Sprague-Dawley rats before, during, and after IOP elevation. RESULTS Positive STR (pSTR) amplitudes for all conditions were significantly smaller (p = 0.0001) for isoflurane- than for ketamine:xylazine-anaesthetised rats. In addition, ketamine:xylazine was associated with a progressive increase in pSTR amplitudes over time (p = 0.0028). IOP elevation was associated with an increase in pSTR amplitude (both anaesthetics p < 0.0001). The absolute interocular differences in IOP-associated enhancement of pSTR amplitudes for ketamine:xylazine and isoflurane were similar (66.3 ± 35.5 vs. 54.2 ± 24.1 µV, respectively). However, the fold increase in amplitude during IOP elevation was significantly higher in the isoflurane- than in the ketamine:xylazine-anaesthetised rats (16.8 ± 29.7x vs. 2.1 ± 2.7x, respectively, p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS The anaesthetics differentially affect the STRs in the rat model with markedly reduced amplitudes with isoflurane compared to ketamine:xylazine. However, the IOP-associated enhancement is of similar absolute magnitude for the two anaesthetics, suggesting that IOP stress and anaesthetic effects operate on separate retinal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Choh
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Akshay Gurdita
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Bingyao Tan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yunwei Feng
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kostadinka Bizheva
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Daphne L McCulloch
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Karen M Joos
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Szabadfi K, Pinter E, Reglodi D, Gabriel R. Neuropeptides, trophic factors, and other substances providing morphofunctional and metabolic protection in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:1-121. [PMID: 24952915 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vision is the most important sensory modality for many species, including humans. Damage to the retina results in vision loss or even blindness. One of the most serious complications of diabetes, a disease that has seen a worldwide increase in prevalence, is diabetic retinopathy. This condition stems from consequences of pathological metabolism and develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% with type 2 diabetes. The development of novel protective drugs is essential. In this review we provide a description of the disease and conclude that type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes lead to the same retinopathy. We evaluate existing experimental models and recent developments in finding effective compounds against this disorder. In our opinion, the best models are the long-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty and spontaneously diabetic Torii rats, while the most promising substances are topically administered somatostatin and pigment epithelium-derived factor analogs, antivasculogenic substances, and systemic antioxidants. Future drug development should focus on these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Erika Pinter
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE MTA Lendulet-PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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