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Bellini NK, Thiemann OH, Reyes-Batlle M, Lorenzo-Morales J, Costa AO. A history of over 40 years of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba studies in Brazil - a systematic review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210373. [PMID: 35792751 PMCID: PMC9252135 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living amoeba (FLA) group includes the potentially pathogenic genera Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Balamuthia, Sappinia, and Vermamoeba, causative agents of human infections (encephalitis, keratitis, and disseminated diseases). In Brazil, the first report on pathogenic FLA was published in the 70s and showed meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria spp. FLA studies are emerging, but no literature review is available to investigate this trend in Brazil critically. Thus, the present work aims to integrate and discuss these data. Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched, retrieving studies from 1974 to 2020. The screening process resulted in 178 papers, which were clustered into core and auxiliary classes and sorted into five categories: wet-bench studies, dry-bench studies, clinical reports, environmental identifications, and literature reviews. The papers dating from the last ten years account for 75% (134/178) of the total publications, indicating the FLA topic has gained Brazilian interest. Moreover, 81% (144/178) address Acanthamoeba-related matter, revealing this genus as the most prevalent in all categories. Brazil’s Southeast, South, and Midwest geographic regions accounted for 96% (171/178) of the publications studied in the present work. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the pioneer in summarising the FLA research history in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Karla Bellini
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Otavio Henrique Thiemann
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red MP de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Oliveira Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Acanthamoeba mauritaniensis genotype T4D: An environmental isolate displays pathogenic behavior. Parasitol Int 2019; 74:102002. [PMID: 31669294 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amoebae with a worldwide distribution. These amoebae can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and amoebic keratitis in humans. Proteases are considered virulence factors in pathogenic Acanthamoeba. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of Acanthamoeba mauritaniensis, a nonpathogenic amoeba. We analyzed the cytopathic effect of A. mauritaniensis on RCE1(5 T5) and MDCK cells and compared it to that of Acanthamoeba castellanii. A partial biochemical characterization of proteases was performed in total crude extracts (TCE) and conditioned medium (CM). Finally, we evaluated the effect of proteases on tight junction (TJ) proteins and the transepithelial electrical resistance of MDCK cells. The results showed that this amoeba can induce substantial damage to RCE1(5T5) and MDCK cells. Moreover, the zymograms and Azocoll assays of amoebic TCE and CM revealed different protease activities, with serine proteases being the most active. Furthermore, A. mauritaniensis induced the alteration and degradation of MDCK cell TJ proteins with serine proteases. After genotyping this amoeba, we determined that it is an isolate of Acanthamoeba genotype T4D. From these data, we suggest that A. mauritaniensis genotype T4D behaves similarly to the A. castellanii strain.
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Cano A, Mattana A, Henriquez FL, Alexander J, Roberts CW. Acanthamoebaproteases contribute to macrophage activation through PAR1, but not PAR2. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12612. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cano
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Antonella Mattana
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDivision of Experimental and Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - Fiona L. Henriquez
- Infection and MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical and Environmental HealthSchool of Science & SportUniversity of the West of Scotland Paisley UK
| | - James Alexander
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Craig W. Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
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Gonçalves DDS, Ferreira MDS, Liedke SC, Gomes KX, de Oliveira GA, Leão PEL, Cesar GV, Seabra SH, Cortines JR, Casadevall A, Nimrichter L, Domont GB, Junqueira MR, Peralta JM, Guimaraes AJ. Extracellular vesicles and vesicle-free secretome of the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii under homeostasis and nutritional stress and their damaging potential to host cells. Virulence 2018; 9:818-836. [PMID: 29560793 PMCID: PMC5955443 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1451184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii (Ac) are ubiquitously distributed in nature, and by contaminating medical devices such as heart valves and contact lenses, they cause a broad range of clinical presentations to humans. Although several molecules have been described to play a role in Ac pathogenesis, including parasite host-tissue invasion and escaping of host-defense, little information is available on their mechanisms of secretion. Herein, we describe the molecular components secreted by Ac, under different protein availability conditions to simulate host niches. Ac extracellular vesicles (EVs) were morphologically and biochemically characterized. Dynamic light scattering analysis of Ac EVs identified polydisperse populations, which correlated to electron microscopy measurements. High-performance thin liquid chromatography of Ac EVs identified phospholipids, steryl-esters, sterol and free-fatty acid, the last two also characterized by GC-MS. Secretome composition (EVs and EVs-free supernatants) was also determined and proteins biological functions classified. In peptone-yeast-glucose (PYG) medium, a total of 179 proteins were identified (21 common proteins, 89 exclusive of EVs and 69 in EVs-free supernatant). In glucose alone, 205 proteins were identified (134 in EVs, 14 common and 57 proteins in EVs-free supernatant). From those, stress response, oxidative and protein and amino acid metabolism proteins prevailed. Qualitative differences were observed on carbohydrate metabolism enzymes from Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate shunt. Serine proteases and metalloproteinases predominated. Analysis of the cytotoxicity of Ac EVs (upon uptake) and EVs-free supernatant to epithelial and glioblastoma cells revealed a dose-dependent effect. Therefore, the Ac secretome differs depending on nutrient conditions, and is also likely to vary during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marina da Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susie Coutinho Liedke
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Xavier Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Afonso de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ernesto Lopes Leão
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Vargas Cesar
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio H. Seabra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Cultura de Células, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Cortines
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Barbosa Domont
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Magno Rodrigues Junqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Mauro Peralta
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan J. Guimaraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Box Behnken design of siRNA-loaded liposomes for the treatment of a murine model of ocular keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 173:725-732. [PMID: 30384269 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis is an ophthalmic disease with no specific treatment that specially affects contact lens users. The silencing of serine phosphatase (SP) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) proteins produced by Acanthamoeba has been shown to significantly reduce the cytopathic effect, although no vehicle was proposed yet to deliver the siRNA sequences to the trophozoites. In this study, PEGylated cationic liposomes were proposed and optimized using Box-Behnken design. The influence of DOTAP:DOPE ratio, DSPE-PEG concentration, and siRNA/DOTAP charge ratio were evaluated over both biological response and physicochemical properties of liposomes. The ratio of DOTAP:DOPE had an effect in the trophozoite activity whereas the charge ratio influenced both size and protease activity. The predicted values were very close to the observed values, yielding a formulation with good activity and toxicity profile, which was used in the following experiments. A murine model of ocular keratitis was treated with siGP + siSP-loaded liposomes, as well as their respective controls, and combined treatment of liposomes and chlorhexidine. After 15 days of eight daily administrations, the liposomal complex combined with chlorhexidine was the only treatment able to reverse the more severe lesions associated with keratitis. There was 60% complete regression in corneal damage, with histological sections demonstrating the presence of an integral epithelium, without lymphocytic infiltrate. The set of results demonstrate the efficacy of a combined therapy based on siRNA with classical drugs for a better prognosis of keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba.
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Sant'Ana VP, Foronda AS, de Freitas D, Carrijo-Carvalho LC, de Souza Carvalho FR. Sensitivity of Enzymatic Toxins from Corneal Isolate of Acanthamoeba Protozoan to Physicochemical Parameters. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:1316-1323. [PMID: 28755026 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a free-living amoeba that causes severe corneal infection (Acanthamoeba keratitis) and produces a variety of extracellular enzymes, called exoproteome. Since physicochemical characters are suggested being associated with therapeutic profile and clinical severity of the infection, we investigated the physicochemical properties of proteolysis mediated by amoebic exoproteome. Corneal scraping was collected from a patient who showed typical symptoms of acute Acanthamoeba keratitis. Axenic amoeba was phylogenetically identified by 18S rDNA sequencing analysis. Effects of pH, temperature and diamidines on proteolysis mediated by exoproteome were assessed using zymography assays. Proteolytic enzymes were most active at pH 7.0 and 37 °C. Calcium ions decreased enzymatic activity. The main components of amoebic exoproteome were characterized as serine proteases. We demonstrated for the first time that commercial antimicrobial diamidines used for Acanthamoeba keratitis therapy inhibit enzymatic activity of amoebic exoproteome. Results showed the thermostability of Acanthamoeba proteases, which suggest a long-term effect of these virulence factors at the central and peripheral cornea with possible role in degradation of extracellular matrix components. Our findings open new perspectives about the complementary and unreported properties of antimicrobial compounds of the diamidine class on the inhibition of enzymatic activity and presumptive control of amoebic infection in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane P Sant'Ana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu Street, 821, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Annette S Foronda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu Street, 821, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Denise de Freitas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu Street, 821, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Linda C Carrijo-Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu Street, 821, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil.,Centro Universitário do Espírito Santo (UNESC), Colatina, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ramos de Souza Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu Street, 821, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil. .,Centro Universitário do Espírito Santo (UNESC), Colatina, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
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Carrijo-Carvalho LC, Sant'ana VP, Foronda AS, de Freitas D, de Souza Carvalho FR. Therapeutic agents and biocides for ocular infections by free-living amoebae of Acanthamoeba genus. Surv Ophthalmol 2016; 62:203-218. [PMID: 27836717 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis is a sight-threatening infectious disease. Resistance of the cystic form of the protozoan to biocides and the potential toxicity of chemical compounds to corneal cells are the main concerns related to long-term treatment with the clinically available ophthalmic drugs. Currently, a limited number of recognized antimicrobial agents are available to treat ocular amoebic infections. Topical application of biguanide and diamidine antiseptic solutions is the first-line therapy. We consider the current challenges when treating Acanthamoeba keratitis and review the chemical properties, toxicities, and mechanisms of action of the available biocides. Antimicrobial therapy using anti-inflammatory drugs is controversial, and aspects related to this topic are discussed. Finally, we offer our perspective on potential improvement of the effectiveness and safety of therapeutic profiles, with the focus on the quality of life and the advancement of individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Christian Carrijo-Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Peracini Sant'ana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Annette Silva Foronda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise de Freitas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Ramos de Souza Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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