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Sholl LM, Awad M, Basu Roy U, Beasley MB, Cartun RW, Hwang DM, Kalemkerian G, Lopez-Rios F, Mino-Kenudson M, Paintal A, Reid K, Ritterhouse L, Souter LA, Swanson PE, Ventura CB, Furtado LV. Programmed Death Ligand-1 and Tumor Mutation Burden Testing of Patients With Lung Cancer for Selection of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapies: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, Pulmonary Pathology Society, and LUNGevity Foundation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2024; 148:757-774. [PMID: 38625026 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0536-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Rapid advancements in the understanding and manipulation of tumor-immune interactions have led to the approval of immune therapies for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Certain immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies require the use of companion diagnostics, but methodologic variability has led to uncertainty around test selection and implementation in practice. OBJECTIVE.— To develop evidence-based guideline recommendations for the testing of immunotherapy/immunomodulatory biomarkers, including programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and tumor mutation burden (TMB), in patients with lung cancer. DESIGN.— The College of American Pathologists convened a panel of experts in non-small cell lung cancer and biomarker testing to develop evidence-based recommendations in accordance with the standards for trustworthy clinical practice guidelines established by the National Academy of Medicine. A systematic literature review was conducted to address 8 key questions. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, recommendations were created from the available evidence, certainty of that evidence, and key judgments as defined in the GRADE Evidence to Decision framework. RESULTS.— Six recommendation statements were developed. CONCLUSIONS.— This guideline summarizes the current understanding and hurdles associated with the use of PD-L1 expression and TMB testing for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy selection in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and presents evidence-based recommendations for PD-L1 and TMB testing in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette M Sholl
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Sholl)
| | - Mark Awad
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (Awad)
| | - Upal Basu Roy
- Translational Science Research Program, LUNGevity Foundation, Chicago, Illinois (Basu Roy)
| | - Mary Beth Beasley
- the Department of Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Beasley)
| | - Richard Walter Cartun
- the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut (Cartun)
| | - David M Hwang
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Hwang)
| | - Gregory Kalemkerian
- the Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor (Kalemkerian)
| | - Fernando Lopez-Rios
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (Lopez-Rios)
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Mino-Kenudson)
| | - Ajit Paintal
- the Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois (Paintal)
| | - Kearin Reid
- Governance (Reid) and the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-based Guidelines, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois(Ventura)
| | - Lauren Ritterhouse
- the Department of Pathology, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Ritterhouse)
| | | | - Paul E Swanson
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Swanson)
| | - Christina B Ventura
- Governance (Reid) and the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-based Guidelines, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois(Ventura)
| | - Larissa V Furtado
- the Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Furtado)
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2
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Beccari S, Mohamed E, Voong V, Hilz S, Lafontaine M, Shai A, Lim Y, Martinez J, Switzman B, Yu RL, Lupo JM, Chang EF, Hervey-Jumper SL, Berger MS, Costello JF, Phillips JJ. Quantitative Assessment of Preanalytic Variables on Clinical Evaluation of PI3/AKT/mTOR Signaling Activity in Diffuse Glioma. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100488. [PMID: 38588881 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Biomarker-driven therapeutic clinical trials require the implementation of standardized, evidence-based practices for sample collection. In diffuse glioma, phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase/AKT/mTOR (PI3/AKT/mTOR) signaling is an attractive therapeutic target for which window-of-opportunity clinical trials could facilitate the identification of promising new agents. Yet, the relevant preanalytic variables and optimal tumor sampling methods necessary to measure pathway activity are unknown. To address this, we used a murine model for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) and human tumor tissue, including IDH-wildtype GBM and IDH-mutant diffuse glioma. First, we determined the impact of delayed time-to-formalin fixation, or cold ischemia time (CIT), on the quantitative assessment of cellular expression of 6 phosphoproteins that are readouts of PI3K/AK/mTOR activity (phosphorylated-proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (p-PRAS40, T246), -mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR; S2448); -AKT (p-AKT, S473); -ribosomal protein S6 (p-RPS6, S240/244 and S235/236), and -eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (p-4EBP1, T37/46). With CITs ≥ 2 hours, typical of routine clinical handling, all had reduced or altered expression with p-RPS6 (S240/244) exhibiting relatively greater stability. A similar pattern was observed using patient tumor samples from the operating room with p-4EBP1 more sensitive to delayed fixation than p-RPS6 (S240/244). Many clinical trials utilize unstained slides for biomarker evaluation. Thus, we evaluated the impact of slide storage conditions on the detection of p-RPS6 (S240/244), p-4EBP1, and p-AKT. After 5 months, storage at -80°C was required to preserve the expression of p-4EBP1 and p-AKT, whereas p-RPS6 (240/244) expression was not stable regardless of storage temperature. Biomarker heterogeneity impacts optimal tumor sampling. Quantification of p-RPS6 (240/244) expression in multiple regionally distinct human tumor samples from 8 patients revealed significant intratumoral heterogeneity. Thus, the accurate assessment of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in diffuse glioma must overcome intratumoral heterogeneity and multiple preanalytic factors, including time-to-formalin fixation, slide storage conditions, and phosphoprotein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Beccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Esraa Mohamed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Viva Voong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephanie Hilz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marisa Lafontaine
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Anny Shai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Yunita Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jerry Martinez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin Switzman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ryon L Yu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Janine M Lupo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Shawn L Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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3
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. In focus in HCB. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:445-447. [PMID: 38834901 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jürgen Roth
- University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Böckers A, Schurr L, Schön M, Scholl T, Böckers TM, Steinestel K, Arndt A. Predictive molecular pathology after prolonged fixation: A study on tissue from anatomical body donors. Exp Mol Pathol 2024; 137:104899. [PMID: 38761540 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Histopathological assessment of tissue samples after prolonged formalin fixation has been described previously, but currently there is only limited knowledge regarding the feasibility of molecular pathology on such tissue. In this pilot study, we tested routine molecular pathology methods (DNA isolation, DNA pyrosequencing/next-generation sequencing, DNA methylation analysis, RT-PCR, clonality analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization) on tissue samples from 11 tumor entities as well as non-neoplastic brain tissue from 43 body donors during the gross anatomy course at Ulm University (winter semester 2019/20 and 2020/21). The mean post mortem interval until fixation was 2.5 ± 1.6 days (range, 1-6 days). Fixation was performed with aqueous formaldehyde solution (formalin, 1.5-2%). The mean storage time of body donors was 12.8 ± 5.6 months (range, 7-25 months). While most diagnostic methods were successful, samples showed significant variability in DNA quality and evaluability. DNA pyrosequencing as well as next-generation sequencing was successful in all investigated samples. Methylation analyses were partially not successful in some extend due to limited intact DNA yield for these analyses. Taken together, the use of prolonged formalin-fixed tissue samples from body donors offers new avenues in research and education, as these samples could be used for morpho-molecular studies and the establishment of biobanks, especially for tissue types that cannot be preserved and studied in vivo. Pathological ward rounds, sample collection, and histopathological and molecular workup have been integrated in the gross anatomy course in Ulm as an integral part of the curriculum, linking anatomy and pathology and providing medical students early insight into the broad field of (molecular) pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Böckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Leon Schurr
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatjana Scholl
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Federal Army Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Böckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Konrad Steinestel
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Federal Army Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Arndt
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Federal Army Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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5
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Pandurangan K, Jayakumar J, Savoia S, Nanda R, Lata S, Kumar EH, S S, Vasudevan S, Srinivasan C, Joseph J, Sivaprakasam M, Verma R. Systematic development of immunohistochemistry protocol for large cryosections-specific to non-perfused fetal brain. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 405:110085. [PMID: 38387804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important technique in understanding the expression of neurochemical molecules in the developing human brain. Despite its routine application in the research and clinical setup, the IHC protocol specific for soft fragile fetal brains that are fixed using the non-perfusion method is still limited in studying the whole brain. NEW METHOD This study shows that the IHC protocols, using a chromogenic detection system, used in animals and adult humans are not optimal in the fetal brains. We have optimized key steps from Antigen retrieval (AR) to chromogen visualization for formalin-fixed whole-brain cryosections (20 µm) mounted on glass slides. RESULTS We show the results from six validated, commonly used antibodies to study the fetal brain. We achieved optimal antigen retrieval with 0.1 M Boric Acid, pH 9.0 at 70°C for 20 minutes. We also present the optimal incubation duration and temperature for protein blocking and the primary antibody that results in specific antigen labeling with minimal tissue damage. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The IHC protocol commonly used for adult human and animal brains results in significant tissue damage in the fetal brains with little or suboptimal antigen expression. Our new method with important modifications including the temperature, duration, and choice of the alkaline buffer for AR addresses these pitfalls and provides high-quality results. CONCLUSION The optimized IHC protocol for the developing human brain (13-22 GW) provides a high-quality, repeatable, and reliable method for studying chemoarchitecture in neurotypical and pathological conditions across different gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Pandurangan
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jaikishan Jayakumar
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Center for Computational Brain Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Reetuparna Nanda
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Lata
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Suresh S
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sudha Vasudevan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chitra Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Richa Verma
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Robinson AC, Davidson YS, Minshull J, Lally I, Walker L, Mann DMA, Roncaroli F. Retrospective neuropathological diagnosis of TDP-43 proteinopathies: Factors affecting immunoreactivity of phosphorylated TDP-43 in fixed post-mortem brain tissue. Neuropathology 2024; 44:173-179. [PMID: 37528690 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Robinson
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Yvonne S Davidson
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - James Minshull
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Imogen Lally
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Liam Walker
- Research and Innovation, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - David M A Mann
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
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7
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Eccher A, Seminati D, L’Imperio V, Casati G, Pilla D, Malapelle U, Piga I, Bindi G, Marando A, Bonoldi E, Dainese E, Riefolo M, D’Errico A, Costantini M, Lugli A, Grassi S, Scarpa A, Dei Tos AP, Pagni F. Pathology Laboratory Archives: Conservation Quality of Nucleic Acids and Proteins for NSCLC Molecular Testing. J Pers Med 2024; 14:333. [PMID: 38672960 PMCID: PMC11050929 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the molecular era, proper archival conditions within pathology laboratories are crucial, especially for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens retrieved years after the original diagnosis. Indeed, improper preservation can impact the integrity of nucleic acids and protein antigens. This study evaluates the quality status of stored FFPE blocks using multilevel omics approaches. FFPE blocks from 45 Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) cases were analyzed. The blocks were collected from six different pathology archives across Italy with distinct environmental characteristics. Nucleic acids' quantity and quality, as well as protein antigens, were assessed using various techniques, including MALDI-MSI. RNA was quantitatively higher, but more fragmented, compared to DNA. DNA quantity and quality were suitable for molecular analyses in 94.4% and 62.3% of samples, respectively. RNA quantity was adequate across all samples, but it was optimal only in 22.3% of cases. DNA quality started to deteriorate after 6-8 years, whereas RNA quality diminished only after 10 years of storage. These data might suggest a particular DNA susceptibility to FFPE blocks conservation. Immunohistochemical intensity decreased significantly after 6-8 years of storage, and MALDI-MSI analysis revealed that younger tissue blocks contained more unique proteomic signals than the older ones. This study emphasizes the importance of proper FFPE archiving conditions for molecular analyses. Governance should prioritize attention to pathology archives to ensure quality preservation and optimize predictive testing. By elucidating the nuances of FFPE block storage, this research paves the way for enhanced molecular diagnostics and therapeutic insights regarding oncology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Eccher
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Davide Seminati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (V.L.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Vincenzo L’Imperio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (V.L.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Gabriele Casati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (V.L.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Daniela Pilla
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (V.L.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Isabella Piga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Greta Bindi
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Marando
- Department of Pathology, ASST Grande Ospedale Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Emanuela Bonoldi
- Department of Pathology, ASST Grande Ospedale Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Emanuele Dainese
- Department of Pathology, ASST Valtellina e Alto Lario, 23100 Sondrio, Italy;
| | - Mattia Riefolo
- Pathology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Prevention, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonia D’Errico
- Pathology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Prevention, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (A.D.)
| | - Matteo Costantini
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy; (M.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Alberto Lugli
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy; (M.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Stefano Grassi
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy;
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Department of Pathology, University of Padua School of Medicine, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy;
| | - Fabio Pagni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (V.L.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (F.P.)
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8
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Schlein LJ, Thamm DH. Immunohistochemical evidence of NF-kB activation in canine lymphomas, histiocytic sarcomas, hemangiosarcomas, and mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:20-31. [PMID: 37357953 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231180484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Increased or constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is a feature of many chronic disease processes, including cancer. While NF-kB overactivation has been documented extensively in human oncology, there is a relative paucity of data documenting the same phenomenon in veterinary medicine. To assess NF-kB activity, antibodies to p65 and p100/p52, which are components of NF-kB heterodimers, were first validated for specificity and canine cross-reactivity via Western blot and labeling of immortalized cell pellets. Then, nuclear labeling for these antibodies was assessed via QuPath software in over 200 tumor tissue samples (10 hemangiosarcomas, 94 histiocytic sarcomas, 71 lymphomas, and 28 mast cell tumors) and compared to immunolabeling in appropriate normal tissue counterparts. Greater than 70% of spontaneous canine tumors evaluated in this study had more nuclear p65 and p100/p52 immunoreactivity than was observed in comparable normal cell populations. Specifically, 144/204 (70.58%) of tumors evaluated had positive p65 nuclear labeling and 179/195 (91.79%) had positive p100/p52 nuclear labeling. Surprisingly, greater nuclear p100/p52 reactivity was associated with a longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in canine lymphomas. These results provide support and preliminary data to investigate the role of NF-kB signaling in different types of canine cancer.
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9
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Crusius CU, Cambruzzi E, Crusius MU, Aguiar PHPD, Tognon AP, Crusius PS, Stefani MA. CD68 in Cerebral Aneurysms of Smokers and Nonsmokers: An Immunohistochemical Analysis. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2023. [PMID: 37586409 DOI: 10.1055/a-2155-2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is some evidence indicating that inflammation of the aneurysmal wall is related to aneurysmal growth and rupture. The presence of CD68 may indicate greater inflammatory activity. The objective of this study is to evaluate CD68 immunoexpression in surgically resected brain aneurysms and its association with smoking. METHODS The resected brain aneurysmal walls after microsurgical clipping were envoyed to immunohistochemistry investigation. The objective was to evaluate the expression of CD68 and CD34 antibodies. The associations between inflammatory markers, smoking, and rupture were tested using Fischer's exact test. RESULTS CD68 immunoexpression in the tunica media was associated with larger aneurysms: 7.0 mm (7.0-9.0 mm) versus 5.0 mm (3.5-5 mm; p = 0.011). There was no statistically significant association between smoking and CD68 expression in the tunica media (p = 0.234) or in either the tunica media or the tunica intima (p = 0.628). There was also no statistically significant association between hemorrhagic presentation of the aneurysm and CD68 expression in the tunica media (p = 0.689) or in either the tunica media or the tunica intima (p = 0.348). Therefore, the presence of CD68-positive cells in the aneurysmal walls indicates an association with size, especially if the tunica media is exclusively compromised (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION Immunohistochemistry investigation for CD68 antibodies was used to determine histiocytic infiltration. Adequately powered studies are necessary to further investigate the association between CD68-positive cells and both smoking history and hemorrhagic presentation of aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiano Ughini Crusius
- Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Associação Hospitalar São Vicente de Paulo (HSVP), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cambruzzi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ughini Crusius
- Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Associação Hospitalar São Vicente de Paulo (HSVP), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- School of Medicine, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Pires de Aguiar
- Researcher of School of Medicine of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Sérgio Crusius
- Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Associação Hospitalar São Vicente de Paulo (HSVP), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Stefani
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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10
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He J, Wang X, Cai L, Jia Z, Liu C, Sun X, Wu S, Ding C, Zhang Z, Liu Y. Effect of storage time of paraffin sections on the expression of PD-L1 (SP142) in invasive breast cancer. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:131. [PMID: 38053121 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD-L1 staining using long-stored paraffin sections may not be consistent with the true PD-L1 expression of patients. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the expression of PD-L1(SP142) in paraffin sections of invasive breast cancer with different storage times and the optimal storage temperature for unstained paraffin sections. METHODS The study included 71 cases of PD-L1(SP142) positive breast cancer. The unstained paraffin sections were stored at room temperature conditions (20-25 °C), 4 °C, -20 °C and - 80 °C, respectively. PD-L1 staining was performed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks of storage. PD-L1 expression was assessed with a continuity score. RESULTS The PD-L1 antigen was gradually lost as the storage time of paraffin sections increased. The PD-L1 positivity rate was 97.18% at 1 week for the sections stored at room temperature, and decreased from 83.10 to 71.83% for the sections stored for 2 weeks to 4 weeks, and 61.97%, 54.93%, and 32.93% for 8, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. When stored at low temperatures of 4 °C, -20 °C and - 80 °C, the positivity rate decreases with the same trend but more slowly compared to room temperature. The mean IC score of PD-L1 also showed a gradual decrease in all cases. In the consistency analysis, PD-L1 expression in slices stored at room temperature for 2 weeks was consistent with PD-L1 expression in fresh slices (ICC ≥ 0.9 for all slices), and PD-L1 expression in slices stored at 4 °C or -20 °C for 4 weeks was consistent with PD-L1 expression in fresh slices (ICC ≥ 0.9 for all slices). When stored under refrigeration at -80 °C, PD-L1 expression in slices stored for 3 weeks was consistent with that in fresh slices (ICC ≥ 0.9). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first article on the effect of preservation time and preservation temperature of paraffin sections on PD-L1 expression in breast cancer. Long-term storage of paraffin sections of unstained invasive breast cancer can lead to antigen loss of PD-L1 (SP142). Refrigerated storage of paraffin sections can delay antigen loss, with best results at 4 °C or -20 °C, and a storage time of no more than 4 weeks is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun He
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Lijing Cai
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Zhanli Jia
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Si Wu
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Chunyan Ding
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Zi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Yueping Liu
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China.
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11
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Grillo F, Ali M, Paudice M, Pigozzi S, Anselmi G, Scabini S, Sciallero S, Piol N, Mastracci L. Impact of formalin fixation on mismatch repair protein evaluation by immunohistochemistry. Virchows Arch 2023; 483:677-685. [PMID: 37773452 PMCID: PMC10673985 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Mismatch repair/microsatellite instability (MMR/MSI) status in colorectal cancer (CRC) has become fundamental as a diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive factor. MMR immunohistochemistry (IHC) is considered a simple and reliable approach; however, its effectiveness depends on pre-analytic factors. Aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different fixation times/protocols on MMR protein IHC quality. Left over tissue from surgically resected CRC samples (cold ischemia time < 30 min) where fixed as follows: standard formalin fixation (24-48 h); hypo-fixation (<20 h); hyper-fixation (>90 h); cold (4°C) fixation (24-48 h); standard fixation for small sample size (0.5×0.5 cm). Samples for each group were collected from 30 resected CRC and the following parameters were evaluated on 600 immunohistochemical stains: intensity of expression; patchiness of staining; presence of central artefact. Forty-six immunoreactions were inadequate (score 0 intensity), the majority regarding MLH1 or PMS2 in the hypo-fixation group (47.8%), followed by the hyper-fixation group (28.1%); cold formalin fixation showed the least inadequate cases. Patchiness and central artefact were more frequent in hypo-fixation and standard fixation group compared to the others. MLH1 (closely followed by PMS2) performed worse with regard to immunostaining intensity (p=0.0002) in the standard and in the hypo-fixation group (p< 0.00001). Using a small sample size improved patchiness/central artefacts. This is the first study specifically created to evaluate the impact of fixation on MMR protein IHC, showing that both formalin hypo- and hyper-fixation can cause problems; 24-h formalin fixation as well as cold (4°C) formalin fixation are recommended for successful IHC MMR evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Grillo
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Murad Ali
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Paudice
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Pigozzi
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Anselmi
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Scabini
- Oncological Surgical Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Sciallero
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nataniele Piol
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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12
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Cohen R, Lee-Pullen T, Miller TJ, Meehan K, Fuller K, McCoy MJ. Optimising multiplex immunofluorescence staining for characterising the tumour immune micro-environment. Methods 2023; 219:48-57. [PMID: 37741563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the tumour microenvironment provides insight into the unique interaction between the host and tumour. Ultimately, its study improves understanding of how an individual mounts and achieves an anti-tumour immune response. In the context of colorectal cancer, immune biomarkers within the tumour microenvironment outperform traditional histopathological staging in predicting disease recurrence. Multiplex immunofluorescence enables simultaneous assessment of multiple markers to provide a highly accurate classification of immune cells and their spatial characterisation relative to tumour tissue. Further, automated slide staining provides staining consistency and reduces labour costs. Image acquisition using a non-spectral scanner allows more researchers to utilise multiplexed immunofluorescence for translational research. Herein we describe the optimisation process of conducting automated staining using a five-colour, tyramide signal amplification-based multiplex immunofluorescence panel. Using antibodies against CD3, CD8, CD103 and cytokeratin, the panel characterises T cell populations within human colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue. We provide an overview of primary antibody titration and the development of tyramide signal amplification immunofluorescence monoplex assays. We detail the processes of antibody stripping and the role of exogenous horseradish peroxidase inhibition to facilitate multiplexing. An account of determining the staining sequence and fluorophore assignment is provided. We describe image acquisition using a standard fluorescence microscope slide scanner and the management of spectral crosstalk using this system. Finally, we briefly document the digital image analysis required to characterise cells and determine their spatial distribution within the colorectal tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Cohen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; Colorectal Cancer Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Perth, Western, Australia.
| | - Tracey Lee-Pullen
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Perth, Western, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western, Australia.
| | - Timothy J Miller
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Perth, Western, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western, Australia.
| | - Katie Meehan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
| | - Kathy Fuller
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
| | - Melanie J McCoy
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Perth, Western, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western, Australia.
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Feldiorean A, Bena J, Nakashima MO, McShane AJ, Cotta CV. Formalin Fixation Followed by Paraffin Embedding Allows Long-Term Storage of Proteins for Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100224. [PMID: 37517701 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In an anatomical pathology laboratory, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is used to characterize amyloid deposits identified in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET). However, the development of additional tests is partially limited by the lack of information the passage of time has on the proteins in FFPET. To investigate the reliability of LC-MS/MS in the analysis of old FFPET specimens, 1 bone marrow aspirate clot was analyzed by LC-MS/MS yearly from 2014 to 2018, in 3 consecutive months. Peptide-spectrum match, number of peptides identified, and percentage of the proteins covered were the parameters collected for the hemoglobin subunits alpha (HbA), beta (HbB), delta (HbD), and gamma (HbG). These proteins are constant components of the peripheral blood and are present in high and low abundance, allowing the monitorization of the performance of the test across varying protein concentrations. The hemoglobin subunits were stable over the years studied; 71% to 74% of HbA, 77% to 80% of HbB, 69% to 77% of HbD, and 57% to 63% of HbG were covered, with no statistical difference between 2014 and 2018. The number of peptides identified was also constant, 11 to 13 for HbA, 13 to 15 for HbB, 11 to 14 for HbD, and 7 to 9 for HbG. Peptide spectrum match was only slightly more variable: 209 to 327 for HbA, 569 to 1052 for HbB, 286 to 533 HbD, and 142 to 292 for HbG. In conclusion, high abundance hemoglobins, HbA and HbB, and relatively low abundance ones, HbD and HbG, are preserved in FFPET and confidently identified by LC-MS/MS for at least 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Bena
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan O Nakashima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, RJ Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adam J McShane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, RJ Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudiu V Cotta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, RJ Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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14
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Kim K, Ylaya K, Perry C, Lee MY, Kim JW, Chung JY, Hewitt SM. Quality Assessment of Proteins and RNA Following Storage in Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Breast Cancer Tissue Microarray Sections. Biopreserv Biobank 2023; 21:493-503. [PMID: 36264172 PMCID: PMC10623072 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2022.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the immunogenicity of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections can decrease during storage and transport, the exact mechanism of antigenic loss and how to prevent it are not clear. Herein, we investigated changes in the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), E-cadherin, and Ki-67 in human breast tissue microarray (TMA) tissue sections stored for up to 3 months in dry and wet conditions. The positive rates of ER and PR expression were minimally changed after 3 months of storage, but the Allred scores of ER and PR stored in humid conditions decreased remarkably in comparison to fresh-cut tissue. The HER-2 antigenicity and RNA integrity of breast TMA sections stored in dry conditions diminished gradually with storage time, whereas the immunoreactivity and RNA quality of HER-2 in humid conditions decreased sharply as storage length increased. The area and intensity of E-cadherin staining in tissue sections stored in dry conditions did not change significantly and were minimally changed after 3 months, respectively. In contrast, the area and intensity of E-cadherin staining in tissue sections stored in humid conditions decreased significantly as storage length increased. Finally, the Ki-67 labeling index of tissue sections stored for 3 months in dry (9% decrease) and wet (31.9% decrease) conditions was decreased in comparison to fresh sections. In conclusion, these results indicate that water is a crucial factor for protein and RNA degradation in stored tissue sections, and detailed guidelines are required in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungeun Kim
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Candice Perry
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mi-Yeon Lee
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of R&D Management, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Cai M, Li M, Lv H, Zhou S, Xu X, Shui R, Yang W. HER2-low breast cancer: evolution of HER2 expression from primary tumor to distant metastases. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:656. [PMID: 37442945 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) with low human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression is attracting much attention due to the breakthrough progress of novel anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugates. HER2 expression is examined in patients with HER2-low BC and their distant metastases in this study, so as to further clarify the dynamic characteristics of HER2 low status in the process of disease progression. METHODS Patients diagnosed with HER2 low breast cancer (defined as IHC1+ or IHC2+/ISH-) between 2012 and 2021 were included in this study. We evaluated HER2 expression of primary sites and metastatic sites, compared the impact of different clinicopathological parameters on HER2 status of metastases and compared the overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with different HER2 status in metastases. RESULTS Ninety-eight patients were included. All HER2 IHC scores were confirmed and the consistent rate with the original pathological report was 81.1%. 27.6% of the patients showed different HER2 status in metastases. The HER2 discordance rate differed among different metastatic sites (p = 0.040). The higher the T stage of the primary BC, the higher the rate of HER2 discordance was observed (p = 0.042). For the specimen type of metastasis, HER2 discordant rate was higher in surgical specimen than biopsy (p = 0.050). No difference of HER2 discordance rate was found between HER2-1+ and HER2-2+ patients. But comparing HER2 IHC score, HER2-2+ patients were less likely to have consistent metastatic HER2 levels than HER2-1+ patients (p = 0.006). No difference in survival outcomes was observed between patients with different HER2 status in metastases. CONCLUSIONS There is a possibility of HER2 expression alteration in the metastases of HER2-low breast cancer. And the rate of altered HER2 low expression was different among different metastatic sites, different T stages of primary BC and specimen type of metastasis. No prognostic significance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong Lv
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuling Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruohong Shui
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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16
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Grillo F, Paudice M, Gambella A, Bozzano S, Sciallero S, Puccini A, Lastraioli S, Dono M, Parente P, Vanoli A, Angerilli V, Fassan M, Mastracci L. Evaluating mismatch repair deficiency in colorectal cancer biopsy specimens. Histochem Cell Biol 2023:10.1007/s00418-023-02202-8. [PMID: 37284845 PMCID: PMC10386921 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) testing on all new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) has customarily been preferably performed on surgical specimens, as more tissue is available; however, new clinical trials for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the neoadjuvant setting require MMR testing on biopsy samples. This study aims at identifying advantages, disadvantages and any potential pitfalls in MMR evaluation on biopsy tissue and how to cope with them. The study is prospective-retrospective, recruiting 141 biopsies (86 proficient (p)MMR and 55 deficient (d)MMR) and 97 paired surgical specimens (48 pMMR; 49 dMMR). In biopsy specimens, a high number of indeterminate stains was observed, in particular for MLH1 (31 cases, 56.4%). The main reasons were a punctate nuclear expression of MLH1, relatively weak MLH1 nuclear expression compared to internal controls, or both (making MLH1 loss difficult to interpret), which was solved by reducing primary incubation times for MLH1. A mean of ≥ 5 biopsies had adequate immunostains, compared to ≤ 3 biopsies in inadequate cases. Conversely, surgical specimens rarely suffered from indeterminate reactions, while weaker staining intensity (p < 0.007) for MLH1 and PMS2 and increased patchiness grade (p < 0.0001) were seen. Central artefacts were almost exclusive to surgical specimens. MMR status classification was possible in 92/97 matched biopsy/resection specimen cases, and all of these were concordant (47 pMMR and 45 dMMR). Evaluation of MMR status on CRC biopsy samples is feasible, if pitfalls in interpretation are known, making laboratory-specific appropriate staining protocols fundamental for high-quality diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grillo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - M Paudice
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Gambella
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Bozzano
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Sciallero
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Puccini
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Lastraioli
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Dono
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - P Parente
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - A Vanoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Anatomic Pathology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - V Angerilli
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - L Mastracci
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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17
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Woelfle S, Deshpande D, Feldengut S, Braak H, Del Tredici K, Roselli F, Deisseroth K, Michaelis J, Boeckers TM, Schön M. CLARITY increases sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence immunostaining in long-term archived human brain tissue. BMC Biol 2023; 21:113. [PMID: 37221592 PMCID: PMC10207789 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post mortem human brain tissue is an essential resource to study cell types, connectivity as well as subcellular structures down to the molecular setup of the central nervous system especially with respect to the plethora of brain diseases. A key method is immunostaining with fluorescent dyes, which allows high-resolution imaging in three dimensions of multiple structures simultaneously. Although there are large collections of formalin-fixed brains, research is often limited because several conditions arise that complicate the use of human brain tissue for high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS In this study, we developed a clearing approach for immunofluorescence-based analysis of perfusion- and immersion-fixed post mortem human brain tissue, termed human Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging / Immunostaining / In situ hybridization-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (hCLARITY). hCLARITY is optimized for specificity by reducing off-target labeling and yields very sensitive stainings in human brain sections allowing for super-resolution microscopy with unprecedented imaging of pre- and postsynaptic compartments. Moreover, hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease were preserved with hCLARITY, and importantly classical 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) or Nissl stainings are compatible with this protocol. hCLARITY is very versatile as demonstrated by the use of more than 30 well performing antibodies and allows for de- and subsequent re-staining of the same tissue section, which is important for multi-labeling approaches, e.g., in super-resolution microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, hCLARITY enables research of the human brain with high sensitivity and down to sub-diffraction resolution. It therefore has enormous potential for the investigation of local morphological changes, e.g., in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Woelfle
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dhruva Deshpande
- Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Chemical and Systems Biology Department, Stanford School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Simone Feldengut
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heiko Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, DZNE, Ulm Site, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jens Michaelis
- Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, DZNE, Ulm Site, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Parente P, Grillo F, Vanoli A, Macciomei MC, Ambrosio MR, Scibetta N, Filippi E, Cataldo I, Baron L, Ingravallo G, Cazzato G, Melocchi L, Liserre B, Giordano C, Arborea G, Pilozzi E, Scapinello A, Aquilano MC, Gafà R, Battista S, Dal Santo L, Campora M, Carbone FG, Sartori C, Lazzi S, Hanspeter E, Angerilli V, Mastracci L, Fassan M. The Day-To-Day Practice of MMR and MSI Assessment in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: What We Know and What We Still Need to Explore. Dig Dis 2023; 41:746-756. [PMID: 37231848 DOI: 10.1159/000531003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is a highly preserved protein complex recognizing short insertions, short deletions, and single base mismatches during DNA replication and recombination. MMR protein status is identified using immunohistochemistry. Deficit in one or more MMR proteins, configuring deficient MMR status (dMMR), leads to frameshift mutations particularly clustered in microsatellite repeats. Thus, microsatellite instability (MSI) is the epiphenomenon of dMMR. In colorectal cancer (CRC), MMR/MSI status is a biomarker with prognostic and predictive value of resistance to 5-fluorouracil and response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. SUMMARY In this Review, we describe the challenges the practicing pathologist may face in relation to the assessment of MMR/MSI status and any open issues which still need to be addressed, focusing on pre-analytic issues, pitfalls in the interpretation, and technical aspects of the different assays. KEY MESSAGES The current methods of detecting dMMR/MSI status have been optimized for CRCs, and whether these techniques can be applied to all tumor and specimen types is still not fully understood. Following the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), tissue/site agnostic drug approval of pembrolizumab for advanced/metastatic MSI tumors, MMR/MSI status in gastrointestinal tract is a common request from the oncologist. In this setting, several issues still need to be addressed, including criteria for sample adequacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Parente
- Unit of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanoli
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Nunzia Scibetta
- UOC Anatomia Patologica ARNAS Ospedali Civico e G. Di Gristina, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Ivana Cataldo
- Surgical Pathology Section University and Hospital Trust of Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Luigi Baron
- Surgical Pathology Unit ASL Napoli 3 Sud, Ospedale S. Leonardo, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Hospital Institute, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Liserre
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Hospital Institute, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Pathology Unit, Università La Sapienza; Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Graziana Arborea
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pilozzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Costanza Aquilano
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano/Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Serena Battista
- Pathology Department, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Dal Santo
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Venice, Italy
| | - Michela Campora
- U.O.M. Anatomia e Istologia Patologica e Citodiagnostica Ospedale S. Chiara, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Sartori
- U.O.M. Anatomia e Istologia Patologica e Citodiagnostica Ospedale S. Chiara, Trento, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ester Hanspeter
- Department of Pathology, Provincial Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), Bolzano-Bozen, Italy
| | - Valentina Angerilli
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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19
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Moretto R, Germani MM, Giordano M, Conca V, Proietti A, Niccoli C, Pietrantonio F, Lonardi S, Tamburini E, Zaniboni A, Passardi A, Latiano TP, Fanotto V, Di Donato S, Prisciandaro M, Bergamo F, Masi G, Fontanini G, Ugolini C, Cremolini C. Trop-2 and Nectin-4 immunohistochemical expression in metastatic colorectal cancer: searching for the right population for drugs' development. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1391-1399. [PMID: 36759721 PMCID: PMC10049995 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trop-2 and Nectin-4 are transmembrane proteins overexpressed in many tumours and targets of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). In metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), the role of Trop-2 and Nectin-4 has been poorly investigated. METHODS Tumour samples of patients randomised in the phase III TRIBE2 were assessed for Trop-2 and Nectin-4 expression. RESULTS Three hundred eighty-six tumours were assessed for Trop-2 expression. 90 (23%), 115 (30%) and 181 (47%) were Trop-2 high, medium and low, respectively. Patients with low Trop-2 tumours achieved longer PFS (12 versus 9.9 months, p = 0.047) and OS (27.3 versus 21.3 months, p = 0.015) than those with high/medium Trop-2 tumours. These findings were confirmed in multivariate analysis (p = 0.022 and p = 0.023, respectively). A greater OS benefit from treatment intensification with FOLFOXIRI/bevacizumab was observed in patients with high/medium Trop-2 tumours (p-for-interaction = 0.041). Two hundred fifty-one tumours were assessed for Nectin-4 expression. Fourteen (5%), 67 (27%) and 170 (68%) were high, medium and low, respectively. No prognostic impact was observed based on Nectin-4 expression and no interaction effect was reported between Nectin-4 expression groups and treatment arm. CONCLUSIONS In mCRC, expression levels of Trop-2 and Nectin-4 are heterogeneous, suggesting a target-driven development of anti-Trop2 and anti-Nectin-4 ADCs. Medium/high Trop-2 expression is associated with worse prognosis and higher benefit from chemotherapy intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Moretto
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Maria Germani
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mirella Giordano
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Conca
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Agnese Proietti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Niccoli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Lonardi
- Medical Oncology Unit 3, Veneto Institute of Oncology-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Emiliano Tamburini
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale degli Infermi, Rimini, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Care, Cardinale Panico Tricase City Hospital, Tricase, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Passardi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pia Latiano
- Oncology Unit, Foundation IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Valentina Fanotto
- Department of Oncology, ASUFC University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Samantha Di Donato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santo Stefano General Hospital, Prato, Italy
| | - Michele Prisciandaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bergamo
- Medical Oncology Unit 3, Veneto Institute of Oncology-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianluca Masi
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fontanini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Ugolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cremolini
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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20
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Thorsen ASF, Riber LPS, Rasmussen LM, Overgaard M. A targeted multiplex mass spectrometry method for quantitation of abundant matrix and cellular proteins in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded arterial tissue. J Proteomics 2023; 272:104775. [PMID: 36414230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of proteins in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue traditionally hinges on immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. These methods are far from optimal for quantitative studies and not suitable for large-scale testing of multiple protein panels. In this study, we developed and optimised a novel targeted isotope dilution mass spectrometry (MS)-based method for FFPE samples, designed to quantitate 17 matrix and cytosolic proteins abundantly present in arterial tissue. Our new method was developed on FFPE human tissue samples of the internal thoracic artery obtained from coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations. The workflow has a limit of 60 samples per day. Assay precision improved by normalisation to both beta-actin and smooth muscle actin with inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 5.3% to 31.9%. To demonstrate clinical utility of the assay we analysed 40 FFPE artery specimens from two groups of patients with or without type 2 diabetes. We observed increased levels of collagen type IV α1 and α2 in patients with diabetes. The assay is scalable for larger cohorts and advantageous for pathophysiological studies in diabetes and the method is easily convertible to analysis of other proteins in FFPE artery samples. SIGNIFICANCE: This article presents a novel robust and precise targeted mass spectrometry assay for relative quantitation of a panel of abundant matrix and cellular arterial proteins in archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded arterial samples. We demonstrate its utility in pathophysiological studies of cardiovascular disease in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sofie Faarvang Thorsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Center for Individualised Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Odense (SDCO), Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Schødt Riber
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Center for Individualised Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Overgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Center for Individualised Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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21
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Ramsower C, Wisner L, Zellner K, Glinsmann-Gibson B, Larsen B, McGrath M, Maguire A, Rimsza L. Assessment of 2-Year Storage Conditions on Protein, RNA, and DNA in Unstained Human Tissue Sections, Including a Novel Multiplex Digital Gene Expression Profiling Method with Implications for Biobanking. Biopreserv Biobank 2022; 20:473-484. [PMID: 34591685 PMCID: PMC9810356 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2021.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are a valuable resource for clinical and basic science research. Paraffin blocks and the resulting unstained sections (USS) are often stored for years before being used. Previous studies have evaluated the effects of time, temperature, humidity, and inert gases on preservation of USS; however, no study has examined all four variables together. Methods: In the current work, we prospectively and blindly assessed time points from 0 to 24 months, room versus refrigerated temperature, and presence of a desiccant and/or nitrogen atmosphere on a variety of benign and malignant tissues from North America and Africa. End points included immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), extracted RNA and DNA quantity and quality, and messenger RNA performance in a novel, multiplexed digital gene expression profiling assay of both housekeeping and tumor-specific genes. Results: We found that using current methods of antigen retrieval, staining, and extraction, the end points of IHC, ISH, RNA, and DNA were well preserved under the various conditions tested, with implications that pre-embedding factors contribute to variability in subsequent tissue integrity. We also document that spectrophotometric estimations of nucleic acid concentrations were in general estimated to be higher than with fluorimetric methods, which may be pertinent to end assay development. We further describe a new multiplex assay, the PlexSet digital gene expression assay, suitable for evaluating RNA quality in FFPE tissues. Conclusion: Altogether, these results may provide helpful guidance with regard to approaches for long-term storage conditions for USS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Ramsower
- Department of Research, and Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Lee Wisner
- Department of Research, and Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Katie Zellner
- Department of Research, and Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Brandon Larsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael McGrath
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alanna Maguire
- Department of Research, and Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Lisa Rimsza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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22
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Chiriboga L, Callis GM, Wang Y, Chlipala E. Guide for collecting and reporting metadata on protocol variables and parameters from slide-based histotechnology assays to enhance reproducibility. J Histotechnol 2022; 45:132-147. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2022.2134022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYULH Center for Biospecimen Research and Development, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Yongfu Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas, MO, USA
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23
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Yu IS, Aubin F, Goodwin R, Loree JM, Mather C, Sheffield BS, Snow S, Gill S. Tumor Biomarker Testing for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: a Canadian Consensus Practice Guideline. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221111705. [PMID: 35898967 PMCID: PMC9310231 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic therapy management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has evolved from primarily cytotoxic chemotherapies to now include targeted agents given alone or in combination with chemotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. A better understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular drivers of colorectal cancer not only aided the development of novel targeted therapies but led to the discovery of tumor mutations which act as predictive biomarkers for therapeutic response. Mutational status of the KRAS gene became the first genomic biomarker to be established as part of standard of care molecular testing, where KRAS mutations within exons 2, 3, and 4 predict a lack of response to anti- epidermal growth factor receptor therapies. Since then, several other biomarkers have become relevant to inform mCRC treatment; however, there are no published Canadian guidelines which reflect the current standards for biomarker testing. This guideline was developed by a pan-Canadian advisory group to provide contemporary, evidence-based recommendations on the minimum acceptable standards for biomarker testing in mCRC, and to describe additional biomarkers for consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene S. Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer
Surrey, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Francine Aubin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department
of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC,
Canada
| | - Rachel Goodwin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Loree
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer
Agency - Vancouver Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl Mather
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and
Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brandon S. Sheffield
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, William Osler
Health System, Brampton, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Snow
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II
Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sharlene Gill
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer
Agency – Vancouver Centre, 600 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6,
Canada
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24
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Grushko TA, Filiaci VL, Montag AG, Apushkin M, Gomez MJ, Monovich L, Ramirez NC, Schwab C, Kesterson JP, Seward SM, Method MW, Olopade OI, Fleming GF, Birrer MJ. Effects of Slide Storage on Detection of Molecular Markers by IHC and FISH in Endometrial Cancer Tissues From a Clinical Trial: An NRG Oncology/GOG Pilot Study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:27-35. [PMID: 34224438 PMCID: PMC8664981 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We performed a pilot study in anticipation of using long-aged precut formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections stored in real-world conditions for translational biomarker studies of topoisomerase 2A (TOP2A), Ki67, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in endometrial cancer. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks or unstained slides or both from GOG-0177 were collected centrally (1999-2000) and stored at room temperature. During 2004 to 2011 specimens were stored at 4°C. Matched pairs of stored slides and freshly cut slides from stored blocks were analyzed for TOP2A (KiS1), Ki67 (MIB1), and HER2 (HercepTest) proteins. To assess DNA stability (HER2 PathVision), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was repeated on stored slides from 21 cases previously shown to be HER2 amplified. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining intensity and extent, mean FISH copies/cell, and copy number ratios were compared using the κ statistic for concordance or signed rank test for differences in old cut versus new cut slides. IHC results reflected some protein degradation in stored slides. The proportion of cells with TOP2A staining was lower on average by 12% in older sections (P=0.03). The proportion of Ki67-positive cells was lower in stored slides by an average of 10% (P<0.01). Too few cases in the IHC cohort were FISH positive for any conclusions. HER2 amplification by FISH was unaffected by slide storage. We conclude that use of aged stored slides for proliferation markers TOP2A and Ki67 is feasible but may modestly underestimate true values in endometrial cancer. Pilot studies for particular storage conditions/durations/antigens to be used in translational studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A. Grushko
- The University of Chicago Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Virginia L. Filiaci
- NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Anthony G. Montag
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Marsha Apushkin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Maria J. Gomez
- The University of Chicago Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Laura Monovich
- Gynecologic Oncology Group Tissue Bank/NRG Oncology Biospecimen Bank, Biopathology Center, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Nilsa C. Ramirez
- Gynecologic Oncology Group Tissue Bank/NRG Oncology Biospecimen Bank, Biopathology Center, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Carlton Schwab
- Clinical Research; Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute, Spartanburg, SC USA
| | - Joshua P. Kesterson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | | | - Michael W. Method
- Division of Gynecological Oncology; Indiana University Hospital/Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
- The University of Chicago Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Gini F. Fleming
- The University of Chicago Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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25
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Mascadri F, Bolognesi MM, Pilla D, Cattoretti G. Rejuvenated Vintage Tissue Sections Highlight Individual Antigen Fate During Processing and Long-term Storage. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:659-667. [PMID: 34541944 PMCID: PMC8504260 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211047287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-bearing proteins become progressively unavailable to immunodetection after prolonged storage of routine sections, exposed to a variety of agents, such as moisture, oxygen, and temperature. By proteomic analysis, the antigens are retained in the sections and definitely in the tissue block, pointing to fixation-independent, storage time–dependent protein modifications. Based on previous experience, we hypothesized that a combined exposure to a reducing agent and to chemicals favoring protein conformation changes would reverse the masking in aged sections. Disaccharides, lactose and sucrose, and a surfactant, added to a standard antigen retrieval buffer, reverse the negative changes in aged sections. Furthermore, they provide enhanced access to antigens in freshly cut sections, but not universally, revealing additional factors, besides heat and calcium chelation, required for antigen retrieval of individual proteins:
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mascadri
- Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maddalena M Bolognesi
- Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Daniela Pilla
- Department of Pathology, ASST Monza, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cattoretti
- Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Pathology, ASST Monza, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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26
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Fabrication of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Block Using a Hydrogel Core-Mediated Method. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091128. [PMID: 34577771 PMCID: PMC8466852 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are extremely low-frequency cells in the bloodstream. As those cells have detached from the primary tumor tissues and it circulates throughout the whole body, they are considered as promising diagnostic biomarkers for clinical application. However, the analysis of CTC is often restricted due to their rarity and heterogeneity, as well as their short-term presence. Here we proposed formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) CTC block method, in combination manner with the hydrogel core-mediated CTC accumulation and conventional paraffin tissue block preparation. The hydrogel core specifically captures and releases cancer cells with high efficiency with an immunoaffinity manner. An additional shell structure protects the isolated cancer cells during the FFPE CTC block preparation process. The fabricated FFPE CTC block was sectioned and cytopathologically investigated just the same way as the conventional tissue block. Our results demonstrate that rare cells such as CTCs can also be prepared for FFPE cell blocks and shows great promise for cytopathological CTC studies.
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27
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Sato H, Norimatsu Y, Irino S, Nishikawa T. Efficacy of the Antigenicity-Retaining Ability of Fixative Solutions for Liquid-Based Cytology: Immunocytochemistry of Long-Term Storage. Acta Cytol 2021; 65:510-521. [PMID: 34535585 DOI: 10.1159/000518452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is advantageous as multiple stained specimens can be prepared and used for additional assays such as immunocytochemical and molecular-pathological investigations. Two types of preservative-fixative solutions (fixatives) are used for nongynecologic specimens used in the BD SurePath-LBC (SP-LBC) method, and their components vary. However, few studies have evaluated the differences in antigen-retaining ability between these fixatives. Therefore, we investigated and compared the antigen-retaining ability of the fixatives in immunocytochemical staining (ICC) under long-term storage conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sediments of cultured RAJI cells (derived from Burkitt's lymphoma) were added to each fixative (red and blue) and stored at room temperature for a specified period (1 h; 1 week; and 1, 3, and 6 months). The specimens were then prepared using the SP-LBC method and subjected to ICC. Positivity rate was calculated using the specimens fixed at room temperature for 1 h as a control. Antibodies against Ki67 expressed in the nucleus and against CD20 and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) expressed on the cell membrane were used. RESULTS For CD20 and LCA, the positivity rate increased with time in the red fixative compared with that in the control. In the blue fixative, the positivity rate was highest at 1 h and was maintained at a high level throughout the storage period. In contrast, the Ki67 positivity rate was highest at 1 h in both red and blue fixatives and markedly decreased with time. Therefore, although refrigerated (8°C) storage was used, no improvement was noted. CONCLUSIONS Long-term storage is possible for cell membrane antigens at room temperature; however, it is unsuitable for intranuclear antigens. Therefore, we conclude that suitable fixative type and storage temperature differ based on antigen location. Further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiaki Sato
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Norimatsu
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe, Japan
| | - Satoshi Irino
- Department of Nursing, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University Hospital, Nara, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jürgen Roth
- University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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Srebotnik Kirbis I, Prosen L, Strojan Flezar M. Time-related changes in cell morphology and biomarker immunoreactivity for cells stored in a buffer-based cell medium. Cytopathology 2021; 32:513-518. [PMID: 33861498 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Buffer-based cell media (BBCM) are a valuable tool in the post-collection processing of cytology samples, though with poorly defined effects on cell properties. In this study, time-related changes in cell morphology and biomarker immunoreactivity were evaluated for cells stored at room temperature in a BBCM prepared with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). METHODS Cytospins were prepared at five consecutive 24-hour intervals (0, 24, 48, 72, 96) from three human cell lines (MCF7, SK-MEL-28, FaDu) suspended and stored in BBCM. Preservation of cell morphology was evaluated on Papanicolaou-stained cytospins from the percentages of apoptotic cells. Preservation of immunoreactivity was evaluated for cytokeratins, oestrogen receptors, Ki67, and melanoma markers from the percentages of cells positive for the corresponding immunocytochemical reactions. RESULTS Cell morphology was well preserved for the majority of cells of the three lines stored for 24 and 48 hours (93%, 97%, 98% and 62%, 81%, 88%, respectively), while the majority of cells were apoptotic after 72 and 96 hours (70%, 47%, 39% and 77%, 70%, 59%, respectively). The immunoreactivity of cytokeratins remained unchanged during the entire 96 hours, while that of melanoma markers (S100, HMB45, Melan-A) decreased by 27%, 2%, and 3%, respectively. The immunoreactivity of oestrogen receptors and Ki67 decreased by 29% and 17% after the first 24 hours, and was completely lost after 96 hours. CONCLUSIONS A BBCM with the addition of BSA and EDTA facilitates good preservation of cell morphology and immunoreactivity of biomarkers for up to 48 hours at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Srebotnik Kirbis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lara Prosen
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
Pathology archives are a treasure trove of paraffin embedded tissue spanning many years and covering a wide variety of tissues and diseases. The possibility of using old archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues for diagnostic updates and research projects is a widespread need and it requires archives of stable, well-preserved samples. Immunohistochemistry performed on old archival paraffin blocks may give unreliable results, in particular for some antigens, such as Ki67. In consideration of this phenomenon, our aim is to comprehensively test and identify methods which may be used to obtain Ki67 immunohistochemical reactions of good quality from old archival FFPE blocks. Various methods were tested in order to evaluate their possible efficacy in increasing Ki67 immunointensity in a collection of 40-year-old, archival blocks including re-embedding, with deeper sectioning of tissue from the block and increasing heat-based pretreatment times (20 cases) and re-processing (20 cases). All reactions were performed using an automated immunostainer and Ki67 stained immunosections compared using a visual colour-based scale (the first immunostained section was considered as baseline). The combination of deep sectioning (1000 µM) and prolonged heat-based pretreatment (64 min) markedly increased immunoreactivity for Ki67. Re-embedding and reprocessing did not have a significant effect. Large tissue samples showed heterogeneity of Ki67 immunoexpression between the periphery of the sample and the central area. In conclusion, the study defines a useful protocol to increase antigen retrieval applicable to dated archival tissues.
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Karuppusamy S, Mutharia L, Kelton D, Plattner B, Mallikarjunappa S, Karrow N, Kirby G. Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) Microorganisms Using Antigenic MAP Cell Envelope Proteins. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:615029. [PMID: 33614761 PMCID: PMC7887298 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.615029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell envelope proteins from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) that are antigenically distinct from closely related mycobacterial species are potentially useful for Johne's Disease (JD) diagnosis. We evaluated the potential of ELISAs, based on six antigenically distinct recombinant MAP cell envelope proteins (SdhA, FadE25_2, FadE3_2, Mkl, DesA2, and hypothetical protein MAP1233) as well as an extract of MAP total cell envelope proteins, to detect antibodies against MAP in the sera of infected cattle. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of an ELISA based on MAP total cell envelope proteins, when analyzing 153 bovine serum samples, was 75 and 96%, respectively. Analysis of the same samples, using a commercial serum ELISA resulted in a Se of 56% and Sp of 99%. Results of ELISA analysis using plates coated with recombinant cell envelope proteins ranged from a highest Se of 94% and a lowest Sp of 79% for Sdh A to a lowest Se of 67% and a highest Sp of 95% for hypothetical protein MAP1233. Using polyclonal antibodies to MAP total cell envelope proteins, immunohistochemical analysis of intestinal and lymph node tissues from JD-positive cattle detected MAP organisms whereas antibodies to recombinant proteins did not. Finally, polyclonal antibodies to MAP total cell envelope protein and to recombinant SdhA, FadE25_2, and DesA2 proteins immunomagnetically separated MAP microorganisms spiked in PBS. These results suggest that antigenically distinct MAP cell envelope proteins and antibodies to these proteins may have potential to detect MAP infection in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Mutharia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brandon Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sanjay Mallikarjunappa
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Niel Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Russo D, Di Crescenzo RM, Broggi G, Merolla F, Martino F, Varricchio S, Ilardi G, Borzillo A, Carandente R, Pignatiello S, Mascolo M, Caltabiano R, Staibano S. Expression of P16INK4a in Uveal Melanoma: New Perspectives. Front Oncol 2020; 10:562074. [PMID: 33154942 PMCID: PMC7590828 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.562074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular tumor in adults. Despite sharing the name and similar morphological features with cutaneous melanoma (CM), it is an entirely different neoplasia with a particular genetic background and clinical behavior. CDKN2A is a gene located at chromosome 9p21, encoding for P16INK4a and P14(ARF) proteins, whose role as a tumor suppressor has been clearly defined in many malignant tumors. CDKN2A frequently presents germline mutations in familial CM and epigenetic downregulation in a considerable percentage of sporadic CM. It has been hypothesized that CDKN2A alterations are early events in CM development, playing a central role in the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Alterations of the CDKN2A gene reduce the expression of P16INK4a in most CM subtypes. Immunohistochemical evaluation of P16INK4a is currently used, in association with Ki67 and HMB45, in pathology practice to discriminate between dysplastic nevi and melanoma. On the other hand, CKDN2A is rarely mutated in UM, and the immunohistochemical expression of P16INK4a has only been reported in small case series. We tested P16INK4a expression on paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 9 tissue microarrays (TMAs), built with 2 mm cores derived from 133 uveal melanoma FFPE blocks, collected from 1990 to 2018, and from selected paraffin-blocks of 3 UM liver metastases. The immunohistochemical expression of P16INK4a was assessed with a visual evaluation by light microscopy and then with a digital approach. Both approaches, with an acceptable concordance rate, revealed P16INK4a expression in a large proportion of UM cases and all liver metastases, opening new possibilities of using it in the differential diagnosis between cutaneous and uveal melanoma metastases in cases of unknown primary tumor or patients with two different primary melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Russo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Di Crescenzo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Martino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Varricchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ilardi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borzillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Carandente
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Pignatiello
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Mascolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Srebotnik Kirbis I, Praça MJ, Roque RR, Košuta T, Saudade A, Strojan Flezar M. Preservation of biomarkers immunoreactivity on cytospins protected with polyethylene glycol. Cytopathology 2020; 32:84-91. [PMID: 32910835 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the preservation of biomarkers immunoreactivity on cytospins protected with polyethylene glycol (PEG). METHODS In two independent cytopathology laboratories, immunocytochemical reactions were retrospectively evaluated on methanol-fixed and PEG-protected cytospins stored at room temperature (RT) for different time periods and compared with immunocytochemical reactions on corresponding baseline methanol-fixed cytospins. Semi-quantitatively assessed immunoreactivity, using scores from 0 to 3, was considered reduced if two sequential scores were lowered by at least one point. RESULTS Immunocytochemical reactions for 40 biomarkers with membrane (10), cytoplasmic (22) and nuclear (8) localisation were performed on 921 slides prepared from 183 cytological samples. For the majority of biomarkers (29/37, 78%), immunoreactivity on PEG-protected cytospins stored at RT remained unchanged in the first 12 months. Immunoreactivity for GFAP, p40 and hepatocyte antigen was monitored and remained unchanged for 1, 8 and 7 months, respectively. Partial or complete loss of immunoreactivity on PEG-protected cytospins stored for less than 12 months was found on a single sample out of the total evaluated for CD3 (1/7), CD30 (1/4), CD45 (1/10), CK5/6 (1/7), MelanA (1/7) and vimentin (1/7), while more frequent changes of immunoreactivity were found for Ki67 (4/7) and p63 (2/7). CONCLUSION Immunoreactivity on cytospins protected with PEG and stored at RT is well-preserved for at least 12 months for the majority of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Srebotnik Kirbis
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria José Praça
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Lisbon EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ruben Rodrigues Roque
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Lisbon EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tina Košuta
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - André Saudade
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Lisbon EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
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Shakya R, Nguyen TH, Waterhouse N, Khanna R. Immune contexture analysis in immuno-oncology: applications and challenges of multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1183. [PMID: 33072322 PMCID: PMC7541822 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is an integral player in cancer initiation, tumor progression, response and resistance to anti-cancer therapy. Understanding the complex interactions of tumor immune architecture (referred to as 'immune contexture') has therefore become increasingly desirable to guide our approach to patient selection, clinical trial design, combination therapies, and patient management. Quantitative image analysis based on multiplexed fluorescence immunohistochemistry and deep learning technologies are rapidly developing to enable researchers to interrogate complex information from the tumor microenvironment and find predictive insights into treatment response. Herein, we discuss current developments in multiplexed fluorescence immunohistochemistry for immune contexture analysis, and their application in immuno-oncology, and discuss challenges to effectively use this technology in clinical settings. We also present a multiplexed image analysis workflow to analyse fluorescence multiplexed stained tumor sections using the Vectra Automated Digital Pathology System together with FCS express flow cytometry software. The benefit of this strategy is that the spectral unmixing accurately generates and analyses complex arrays of multiple biomarkers, which can be helpful for diagnosis, risk stratification, and guiding clinical management of oncology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Shakya
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Tam Hong Nguyen
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging FacilityQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Nigel Waterhouse
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging FacilityQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
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Ščupáková K, Balluff B, Tressler C, Adelaja T, Heeren RM, Glunde K, Ertaylan G. Cellular resolution in clinical MALDI mass spectrometry imaging: the latest advancements and current challenges. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58:914-929. [PMID: 31665113 PMCID: PMC9867918 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is the workhorse of metabolomics, proteomics and lipidomics. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), its extension to spatially resolved analysis of tissues, is a powerful tool for visualizing molecular information within the histological context of tissue. This review summarizes recent developments in MSI and highlights current challenges that remain to achieve molecular imaging at the cellular level of clinical specimens. We focus on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI. We discuss the current status of each of the analysis steps and remaining challenges to reach the desired level of cellular imaging. Currently, analyte delocalization and degradation, matrix crystal size, laser focus restrictions and detector sensitivity are factors that are limiting spatial resolution. New sample preparation devices and laser optic systems are being developed to push the boundaries of these limitations. Furthermore, we review the processing of cellular MSI data and images, and the systematic integration of these data in the light of available algorithms and databases. We discuss roadblocks in the data analysis pipeline and show how technology from other fields can be used to overcome these. Finally, we conclude with curative and community efforts that are needed to enable contextualization of the information obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Ščupáková
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Caitlin Tressler
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tobi Adelaja
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ron M.A. Heeren
- Corresponding author: Ron M.A. Heeren, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gökhan Ertaylan
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotyping in Austrian pigs in the years 2002 to 2017. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:198. [PMID: 32539835 PMCID: PMC7294622 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eight different PCV2 genotypes with varying prevalence and clinical impact have been described so far. PCV2 infection is still widespread among the vaccinated population and several experimental studies have clearly demonstrated that there is no induction of a 100% cross-protective immunity between the PCV2 genotypes. Hence, PCV2a-based vaccines may be ineffective. In this longitudinal study, the PCV2 genotype and haplotype evolution in Austria in the years 2002 to 2017 was investigated by phylogenetic analysis of 462 bp-long sequences of the capsid protein gene (ORF2). The obtained findings may be of practical relevance for the future development of vaccination strategies. Results One hundred thirty four of a total of 161 formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded samples could be sequenced successfully. There was no significant influence of storage time on sequencing success or quality. PCV2a (8.2%), PCV2b (77.6%), PCV2d (13.4%), and PCV2g (0.8%) were found. PCV2d was first detected as early as in 2004. PCV2g was described once in 2009. Both global PCV2 genotype shifts were observed. PCV2a occurred with a low prevalence during the first study years only in samples from non-vaccinated swine herds and was gradually replaced by PCV2b until 2011. PCV2b was the most prevalent genotype over the whole study period and was detected in samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated herds. During the last two study years, the prevalence of PCV2d increased, although at this point almost all herds were vaccinated. The haplotype diversity was high, but the nucleotide diversity was low. Especially for genotype PCV2b, an increase in haplotype diversity could be described during the first study years. Conclusion Extensive PCV2a-derived vaccination resulted in a reduction of prevalence and in a stabilization of genotype PCV2a, whereas genotypes PCV2b and PCV2d evolved as a consequence of natural and vaccination-induced selection. An ongoing virus circulation may be the result of reduced vaccine-induced protection.
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Haragan A, Liebler DC, Das DM, Soper MD, Morrison RD, Slebos RJC, Ackermann BL, Fill JA, Schade AE, Gosney JR, Gruver AM. Accelerated instability testing reveals quantitative mass spectrometry overcomes specimen storage limitations associated with PD-L1 immunohistochemistry. J Transl Med 2020; 100:874-886. [PMID: 31896815 PMCID: PMC7280177 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue is limited by epitope masking, posttranslational modification and immunoreactivity loss that occurs in stored tissue by poorly characterized mechanisms. Conformational epitopes recognized by many programmed-death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) IHC assays are particularly susceptible to degradation and provide an ideal model for understanding signal loss in stored FFPE tissue. Here we assessed 1206 tissue sections to evaluate environmental factors impacting immunoreactivity loss. PD-L1 IHC using four antibodies (22C3, 28-8, E1L3N, and SP142), raised against intracellular and extracellular epitopes, was assessed in stored FFPE tissue alongside quantitative mass spectrometry (MS). Global proteome analyses were used to assess proteome-wide oxidation across an inventory of 3041 protein groups (24,737 distinct peptides). PD-L1 quantitation correlated well with IHC expression on unaged sections (R2 = 0.744; P < 0.001), with MS demonstrating no loss of PD-L1 protein, even in sections with significant signal loss by IHC impacting diagnostic category. Clones 22C3 and 28-8 were most susceptible to signal loss, with E1L3N demonstrating the most robust signal (56%, 58%, and 33% reduction respectively; p < 0.05). Increased humidity and temperature resulted in significant acceleration of immunoreactivity loss, which was mitigated by storage with desiccant. MS demonstrated only modest oxidation of 274 methionine-containing peptides and aligned with IHC results suggesting peptide oxidation is not a major factor. These data imply immunoreactivity loss driven by humidity and temperature results in structural distortion of epitopes rendering them unsuitable for antibody binding following epitope retrieval. Limitations of IHC biomarker analysis from stored tissue sections may be mitigated by cost-effective use of desiccant when appropriate. In some scenarios, complementary MS is a preferred approach for retrospective analyses of archival FFPE tissue collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haragan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Dimple M Das
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael D Soper
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeff A Fill
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew E Schade
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John R Gosney
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aaron M Gruver
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Pistillo MP, Carosio R, Grillo F, Fontana V, Mastracci L, Morabito A, Banelli B, Tanda E, Cecchi F, Dozin B, Gualco M, Salvi S, Spagnolo F, Poggi A, Queirolo P. Phenotypic characterization of tumor CTLA-4 expression in melanoma tissues and its possible role in clinical response to Ipilimumab. Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108428. [PMID: 32344017 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the immune checkpoint molecule CTLA-4 has been almost exclusively studied in the T cell lineage, but increasing evidence has shown its expression on tumors with implications for immunotherapy. To date, the degree of expression of CTLA-4 on tumor cells as a predictive biomarker of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors has not been studied. In this report, we analyzed this issue in melanoma patients treated with CTLA-4 inhibitor Ipilimumab (IPI). We show that the level of CTLA-4 expression on melanoma cells is higher than that on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and it is associated with clinical response to IPI therapy supporting the idea of its possible role as a predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Pistillo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Carosio
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- University of Genova, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fontana
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- University of Genova, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Morabito
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Banelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Enrica Tanda
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Skin Cancer Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Cecchi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Skin Cancer Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dozin
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Gualco
- Ospedale Villa Scassi, ASL3, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Sandra Salvi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Poggi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- IEO, Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma, Sarcoma, and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Mastracci L, Fontana V, Queirolo P, Carosio R, Grillo F, Morabito A, Banelli B, Tanda E, Boutros A, Dozin B, Gualco M, Salvi S, Romani M, Spagnolo F, Poggi A, Pistillo MP. Response to ipilimumab therapy in metastatic melanoma patients: potential relevance of CTLA-4 + tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and their in situ localization. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:653-662. [PMID: 32025849 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including ipilimumab (IPI), achieve a clinical benefit in a small proportion of melanoma patients highlighting the need to investigate predictive biomarkers. In this study, we characterized tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), focusing on the CTLA-4+ subset, and evaluated their possible predictive significance. We characterized TIL density, cell type, and localization in 40 melanoma lesions from 17 patients treated with IPI. Associations of TILs with IPI timing, tissue localization, and response to IPI were estimated using a linear mixed-effects modelling approach. We found that most of TIL subsets increased in situ upon IPI therapy, with particular reference to FoxP3+ cells. TILs and TIL subsets, such as CD3+, CD45RO+, CTLA-4+, CD4+, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, and NKp46+ NK cells, showed significantly different spatial distributions in the tumor microenvironment being higher at the invasive margin (IM) as compared to the tumor center (TC) (P value < 0.001 for TIL score and P value < 0.05 for all subsets). Remarkably, high TIL score and density of CD3+, CD8+ T cells, and CTLA-4+ immune cells were significantly associated with a better response to IPI (P values = 0.002, 0.023, 0.007, and 0.001, respectively, for responders vs non-responders). In conclusion, we provide a detailed analysis of CTLA-4+ TIL distribution in melanoma tissues taking into account localization, relationship with CD3+/CD8+ TILs, and changes in response to IPI treatment. We identified that CTLA-4+ TILs may represent a marker of IPI response, alone or with CD3+/CD8+ subsets, although this requires confirmation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mastracci
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fontana
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma, Sarcoma, and Rare Tumors, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Carosio
- Tumor Epigenetics Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Morabito
- Tumor Epigenetics Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Banelli
- Tumor Epigenetics Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrica Tanda
- Skin Cancer Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Boutros
- Skin Cancer Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dozin
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Gualco
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Ospedale Villa Scassi, ASL3, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sandra Salvi
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Romani
- Tumor Epigenetics Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Pistillo
- Tumor Epigenetics Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Pre-analytics and tumor heterogeneity. N Biotechnol 2020; 55:30-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Leal de Araujo J, Hameed SS, Tizard I, Escandon P, Giaretta PR, Heatley JJ, Hoppes S, Rech RR. Cardiac Lesions of Natural and Experimental Infection by Parrot Bornaviruses. J Comp Pathol 2019; 174:104-112. [PMID: 31955795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation associated with bornavirus N protein occurs in the epicardial ganglia, myocardium and endocardium of birds diagnosed with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). These pathological findings suggest that sudden death in psittacine birds might stem from cardiac compromise due to parrot bornavirus (PaBV) infection. Therefore, we investigated cardiac lesions in cases of PDD, searching databases from 1988 to 2019, and reviewed three experimental studies of PaBV infection. Fifty cases of PDD in birds infected naturally with PaBV and 27 cases of PDD in birds infected experimentally with PaBV (all having descriptions of inflammatory cardiac lesions) were reviewed. For each case, five regions of the heart were evaluated by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry (IHC). These regions were the epicardial ganglia/nerves, the endocardium, the myocardium, the Purkinje fibres and the great vessels. Sudden death was documented in 17/50 naturally infected cases, while 23/50 had digestive signs, and only 12/50 had neurological signs. Grossly, only five naturally-infected and five experimentally-infected cases had cardiomegaly or hydropericardium. Epicardial ganglioneuritis was the most consistent microscopical finding in natural (46/50) and experimental cases (26/27), followed by myocarditis (34/50) for naturally-infected and endocarditis for experimentally-infected birds (6/27). PaBV-2 antigen was detected most frequently by IHC in the epicardial ganglia (54/77) compared with the other tissues. This retrospective study demonstrates the presence of PaBV protein and inflammation in the heart of birds infected with PaBV and suggests a link between PaBV and cardiac disease and sudden death in psittacine birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leal de Araujo
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - S S Hameed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - I Tizard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - P Escandon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - P R Giaretta
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - J J Heatley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - S Hoppes
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - R R Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, USA.
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Gagné A, Wang E, Bastien N, Orain M, Desmeules P, Pagé S, Trahan S, Couture C, Joubert D, Joubert P. Impact of Specimen Characteristics on PD-L1 Testing in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Validation of the IASLC PD-L1 Testing Recommendations. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:2062-2070. [PMID: 31494258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Molecules targeting programmed cell death 1 or its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) revolutionized the treatment of patients with NSCLC. The only approved biomarker for predicting treatment response is the PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) determined by immunohistochemistry. According to International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer recommendations, specimens that include fewer than 100 tumor cells or are older than 3 years should not be used for PD-L1 testing and the reliability of cell blocks has yet to be validated. METHODS This retrospective study included 1249 consecutive patients with NSCLC who were tested for PD-L1 (using the clone 22C3) between September 2016 and April 2017. The associations between the presence of suboptimal characteristics (specimens with <100 tumor cells, specimens older than 3 years, or cell blocks) and PD-L1 TPS were examined by using a multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Specimens from 35.5% of the patients had at least one suboptimal characteristic. For patients with a PD-L1 TPS of higher than 50%, there was a significantly higher probability that they had a specimen with more than 100 tumor cells (OR = 1.97, p = 0.008) and a more recent block (within 30 days versus after >3 years) (OR = 2.46, p = 0.023). There was no statistical difference in PD-L1 TPS between cell blocks and tissue specimens (biopsy OR = 0.99 [p = 0.996] and surgery OR = 0.73 [p = 0.302]). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that specimens containing fewer than 100 tumor cells or older than 3 years may lead to an underestimation of PD-L1 status. Our findings also provide support for the use of cell blocks for PD-L1 testing, although further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Gagné
- Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Emily Wang
- Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- Department of Pathology, Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Michèle Orain
- Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Patrice Desmeules
- Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Pathology, Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sylvain Pagé
- Department of Pathology, Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sylvain Trahan
- Department of Pathology, Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Pathology, Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - David Joubert
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Philippe Joubert
- Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Pathology, Quebec City Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.
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Omilian AR, Zirpoli GR, Cheng TYD, Yao S, Stein L, Davis W, Head KL, Nair P, Khoury T, Ambrosone CB, Bshara W. Storage Conditions and Immunoreactivity of Breast Cancer Subtyping Markers in Tissue Microarray Sections. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 28:267-273. [PMID: 31205070 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Loss of immunoreactivity in tissue sections has been shown to occur when slide sections are stored at room temperature for prolonged periods of time. We conducted a systematic investigation to determine the extent of staining loss in various storage conditions to determine an optimal storage method. We investigated 6 antibodies that are commonly used for breast cancer subtyping in research studies with immunohistochemistry (ER, PR, HER2, CK5/6, EGFR, and Ki67) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast tissue microarrays consisting of 148 patients. Tissue microarrays were sectioned at various time points: fresh, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months before staining. Slides sectioned at each time point were stored in 5 storage conditions: desiccator, paraffin dipped, 4°C, -20°C, and -80°C. Immunohistochemistry scores were assessed over time with McNemar Test and Bowker Test of Symmetry. Desiccator storage was the only storage condition that did not show any loss in immunoreactivity for any antibody or time point in our study. Paraffin coated slides were the most difficult storage method operationally and also showed the most loss in immunoreactivity. Storing sections in a desiccator was the most effective method for minimizing immunoreactivity loss. Cold storage at 4°C is an intermediate option that is not as protective as a desiccator, but offers the advantage of being accessible to virtually all research labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Omilian
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Control.,Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Gary R Zirpoli
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA
| | - Ting-Yuan David Cheng
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Control.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Song Yao
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Control
| | - Leighton Stein
- Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Karen L Head
- Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Priya Nair
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Control
| | - Thaer Khoury
- Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Wiam Bshara
- Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
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The impact of crosslinking and non-crosslinking fixatives on antigen retrieval and immunohistochemistry. N Biotechnol 2019; 52:69-83. [PMID: 31082574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pre-analytical factors can greatly influence the outcome of molecular analyses in medical diagnostics and research. This also applies to in situ staining techniques such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), where different types of tissue fixation methods lead to different modifications of proteins and thus can affect differently the detection by antibodies. For formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, antigen retrieval is applied in order to reverse the negative effects of formalin and re-establish immunoreactivity. Most antibodies and protocols used in IHC are optimized for FFPE tissue, but not for paraffin-embedded tissue treated with other fixatives such as non-crosslinking fixatives. We report results from systematic studies on distinct pre-analytical conditions in IHC, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Parameters investigated are the impact of crosslinking and non-crosslinking fixatives (comparing formalin and PAXgene Tissue fixation) on whole tissue, subcellular structures and organelles, as well as on ultrastructure. The results generated show that minor changes in antigen retrieval conditions may have a major impact on IHC results and that protocols optimized for crosslinking fixatives may not be used for other fixatives without re-validation. Key antigen retrieval parameters such as buffers with different pH and duration of microwave treatment must be tested systematically for each antibody and fixation protocol.
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45
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Jain D, Nambirajan A, Borczuk A, Chen G, Minami Y, Moreira AL, Motoi N, Papotti M, Rekhtman N, Russell PA, Savic Prince S, Yatabe Y, Bubendorf L. Immunocytochemistry for predictive biomarker testing in lung cancer cytology. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127:325-339. [PMID: 31050216 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With an escalating number of predictive biomarkers emerging in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), immunohistochemistry (IHC) is being used as a rapid and cost-effective tool for the screening and detection of many of these markers. In particular, robust IHC assays performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue are widely used as surrogate markers for ALK and ROS1 rearrangements and for detecting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in patients with advanced NSCLC; in addition, they have become essential for treatment decisions. Cytology samples represent the only source of tumor in a significant proportion of patients with inoperable NSCLC, and there is increasing demand for predictive biomarker testing on them. However, the wide variation in the types of cytology samples and their preparatory methods, the use of alcohol-based fixatives that interfere with immunochemistry results, the difficulty in procurement of cytology-specific controls, and the uncertainty regarding test validity have resulted in underutilization of cytology material for predictive immunocytochemistry (ICC), and most cytopathologists limit such testing to FFPE cell blocks (CBs). The purpose of this review is to: 1) analyze various preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical factors influencing ICC results; 2) discuss measures for validation of ICC protocols; and 3) summarize published data on predictive ICC for ALK, ROS1, EGFR gene alterations and PD-L1 expression on lung cancer cytology. Based on our experience and from a review of the literature, we conclude that cytology specimens are in principal suitable for predictive ICC, but proper optimization and rigorous quality control for high-quality staining are essential, particularly for non-CB preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aruna Nambirajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuko Minami
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Ibaraki Higashi National Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Noriko Motoi
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Anatomical Pathology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mastracci L, Gambella A, Bragoni A, Pigozzi S, Pastorino L, Vanni I, Tosi I, Campora M, Fiocca R, Grillo F. Coping with formalin banning in pathology: under vacuum long-term tissue storage with no added formalin. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 151:501-511. [PMID: 30604285 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formalin is toxic and has recently been classified as carcinogenic leading to a proposed European formalin ban. But, the pathology use of formalin has however been completely overlooked, and this is proving to be a relevant issue, as no alternative, reliable, tissue fixative is available. Various systems have been proposed to reduce formalin use and exposure; long-term storage and disposal of formalin is also a problem. With this in mind, under vacuum sealing (UVS) systems have been proposed for transportation/storage, however, for how long tissue retains its characteristics (morphological and molecular) is unknown. This study aims to compare histology specimens stored by formalin immersion (FI) and specimens stored after fixation with UVS technique with no additional formalin, at different time periods. Twenty tissue samples (10FI; 10UVS) were stored for different time periods (15 days, 1-2-3-6-12 months) for a total of 120 samples, compared with regard to their morphology, histochemistry, immunoreactivity (24 specific antibodies) and DNA status. All samples showed well-preserved morphology and overlapping staining quality. A significant reduction in immunoreactivity was however identified in the various time periods, particularly for heat pre-treated nuclear antigens, and this commenced earlier (1 month) for FI. UVS storage showed higher DNA content than FI but slightly poorer DNA integrity. These results add important knowledge to the use of UVS in daily practice, as long-term storage of pre-fixed tissue in UVS is not detrimental to the quality of tissue while having the boon of using very little formalin with less operator exposure and lower disposal costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mastracci
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy. .,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Gambella
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Bragoni
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Pigozzi
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pastorino
- Genetics of Rare Tumors Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Vanni
- Genetics of Rare Tumors Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tosi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Campora
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Fiocca
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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47
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Characteristics of the tissue section that influence the staining outcome in immunohistochemistry. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:91-96. [PMID: 30357509 PMCID: PMC6328518 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is influenced by several factors such as cold ischemia time, fixative, fixation time, paraffin, storage time, antibody, antigen retrieval technique and detection systems. In the setting of post-mortem tissue, not only post-mortem delay, but also agonal state is of interest. Here, we assessed an additional variable, i.e., the thickness of the section, and noted that this variable also influenced the IHC outcome. This is of significance when the extent of labelling is a parameter to be assessed, for example when assigning a stage or grade of a disease. Furthermore, when assessing brain tissue with neurons, soma measuring from 4 to 100 µm, various cellular compartments composed of different proteins are localised in sections measuring 4 or 7 µm. Thus, what is seen in a 7-µm-thick section might be lacking in a 4-µm-thick section. Lack of information regarding the molecular size of commercial antibodies is also disturbing as this parameter might influence the distribution of the molecule in the three-dimensional section. The choice of antibody to be used and the staining methodology have been acknowledged being of significance for IHC outcome; however, neither sections thickness or the molecular weight has been discussed sufficiently. IHC has been shown to be an unpredictable technique used for assessment of tissue. This emphasises the need for detailed methodological descriptions in publications, the need to acknowledge and to harmonize all eventual pitfalls related to this methodology.
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48
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Gaffney EF, Riegman PH, Grizzle WE, Watson PH. Factors that drive the increasing use of FFPE tissue in basic and translational cancer research. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:373-386. [PMID: 30113239 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1446101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision to use 10% neutral buffered formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) archival pathology material may be dictated by the cancer research question or analytical technique, or may be governed by national ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI), biobank, and sample availability and access policy. Biobanked samples of common tumors are likely to be available, but not all samples will be annotated with treatment and outcomes data and this may limit their application. Tumors that are rare or very small exist mostly in FFPE pathology archives. Pathology departments worldwide contain millions of FFPE archival samples, but there are challenges to availability. Pathology departments lack resources for retrieving materials for research or for having pathologists select precise areas in paraffin blocks, a critical quality control step. When samples must be sourced from several pathology departments, different fixation and tissue processing approaches create variability in quality. Researchers must decide what sample quality and quality tolerance fit their specific purpose and whether sample enrichment is required. Recent publications report variable success with techniques modified to examine all common species of molecular targets in FFPE samples. Rigorous quality management may be particularly important in sample preparation for next generation sequencing and for optimizing the quality of extracted proteins for proteomics studies. Unpredictable failures, including unpublished ones, likely are related to pre-analytical factors, unstable molecular targets, biological and clinical sampling factors associated with specific tissue types or suboptimal quality management of pathology archives. Reproducible results depend on adherence to pre-analytical phase standards for molecular in vitro diagnostic analyses for DNA, RNA and in particular, extracted proteins. With continuing adaptations of techniques for application to FFPE, the potential to acquire much larger numbers of FFPE samples and the greater convenience of using FFPE in assays for precision medicine, the choice of material in the future will become increasingly biased toward FFPE samples from pathology archives. Recognition that FFPE samples may harbor greater variation in quality than frozen samples for several reasons, including variations in fixation and tissue processing, requires that FFPE results be validated provided a cohort of frozen tissue samples is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Gaffney
- a Biobank Ireland Trust , Malahide , Co Dublin , Ireland
| | - P H Riegman
- b Erasmus Medical Centre , Department of Pathology , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - W E Grizzle
- c Department of Pathology , University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
| | - P H Watson
- d BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver Island Center , Victoria , BC , Canada
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Youssef P, Chami B, Lim J, Middleton T, Sutherland GT, Witting PK. Evidence supporting oxidative stress in a moderately affected area of the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11553. [PMID: 30068908 PMCID: PMC6070512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains to be elucidated. Oxidative damage and excessive beta-amyloid oligomers are components of disease progression but it is unclear how these factors are temporally related. At post mortem, the superior temporal gyrus (STG) of AD cases contains plaques, but displays few tangles and only moderate neuronal loss. The STG at post mortem may represent a brain region that is in the early stages of AD or alternately a region resistant to AD pathogenesis. We evaluated expression profiles and activity of endogenous anti-oxidants, oxidative damage and caspase activity in the STG of apolipoprotein ε4-matched human AD cases and controls. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased, whereas total glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and peroxiredoxin (Prx) activities, were decreased in the AD-STG, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide accumulates in this brain region. Transcripts of the transcription factor NFE2L2 and inducible HMOX1, were also increased in the AD-STG, and this corresponded to increased Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF-2) and total heme-oxygenase (HO) activity. The protein oxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), remained unchanged in the AD-STG. Similarly, caspase activity was unaltered, suggesting that subtle redox imbalances in early to moderate stages of AD do not impact STG viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Youssef
- Redox Biology Group, Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Belal Chami
- Redox Biology Group, Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Julia Lim
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Terry Middleton
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Paul K Witting
- Redox Biology Group, Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Mukherjee N, Svatek R. Cancer Immune Therapy: Prognostic Significance and Implications for Therapy of PD-1 in BCG-Relapsing Bladder Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:2498-2499. [PMID: 29971674 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Mukherjee
- Department of Urology, Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Svatek
- Department of Urology, Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA.
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