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Lei Y, Shen Z, He K, Li L, Qin Y, Zeng Y, Li J, Xu H, Ma Y, Zhang T, Yang L, Zhang N, Cao J. The formation and evolution of parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during a severe winter haze-fog event over Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9165-9172. [PMID: 33128714 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 3- or 4-h high time-resolved PM2.5 was observed during a severe winter haze-fog event (1 to 6 January 2017) to investigate the formation and evolution of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in Xi'an, a typical city in northwestern China. Three episodes (episode I, episode II, and rainy day (EI, EII, and RD)) have been identified during this haze-fog event. Nine water-soluble ions, 8 carbonaceous fractions, 18 pPAHs, and 3 OPAHs in PM2.5 were measured. pPAHs showed two peaks at around 12:00 local standard time (LST) and 24:00 LST and two troughs at around 2:00 LST and 18:00 LST during EI. However, the OPAHs presented highest at around 18:00 LST and lowest at around 2:00 LST. During EII, pPAHs and OPAHs displayed similar diurnal variations with the highest values at noon but lowest values at around 2:00-5:00 LST. In addition, no obvious diurnal variations of pPAHs and OPAHs were observed during RD were absent during RD. Diurnal variations of pPAH ring distributions demonstrated coal combustion, and vehicle emissions contributed to pPAHs for three episodes, which is further confirmed by diagnostic ratio results. High oxygenation (Ro) rates were found during the sampling time, which favored OPAH formation. The study herein indicates that OPAH formation through complex atmospheric reactions provides us new insights into the severe haze-fog events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Kun He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yongjing Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Fent KW, Toennis C, Sammons D, Robertson S, Bertke S, Calafat AM, Pleil JD, Wallace MAG, Kerber S, Smith D, Horn GP. Firefighters' absorption of PAHs and VOCs during controlled residential fires by job assignment and fire attack tactic. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:338-349. [PMID: 31175324 PMCID: PMC7323473 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the absorption of combustion byproducts during firefighting, we performed biological monitoring (breath and urine) on firefighters who responded to controlled residential fires and examined the results by job assignment and fire attack tactic. Urine was analyzed for metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breath was analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including benzene. Median concentrations of PAH metabolites in urine increased from pre-firefighting to 3-h post firefighting for all job assignments. This change was greatest for firefighters assigned to attack and search with 2.3, 5.6, 3.9, and 1.4-fold median increases in pyrene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, and fluorene metabolites. Median exhaled breath concentrations of benzene increased 2-fold for attack and search firefighters (p < 0.01) and 1.4-fold for outside vent firefighters (p = 0.02). Compared to interior attack, transitional attack resulted in 50% less uptake of pyrene (p = 0.09), 36% less uptake phenanthrene (p = 0.052), and 20% less uptake of fluorene (p < 0.01). Dermal absorption likely contributed to firefighters' exposures in this study. Firefighters' exposures will vary by job assignment and can be reduced by employing a transitional fire attack when feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Fent
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Christine Toennis
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, NIOSH, CDC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Deborah Sammons
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, NIOSH, CDC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shirley Robertson
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, NIOSH, CDC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Services, National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M Ariel Geer Wallace
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Steve Kerber
- Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Denise Smith
- Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, NY, USA
- Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Gavin P Horn
- Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-, Champaign, IL, USA
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Nam YJ, Kim SH. Association of Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Diabetes in Korean Adults: Data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey Cycle 2 (2012-2014). Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3993-4003. [PMID: 33149638 PMCID: PMC7602886 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s276658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the associations between the urinary levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and diabetes mellitus in Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the data of 6478 participants aged ≥19 years from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 2 (2012-2014). The urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 2-naphthol (2-NAP), 1-hydroxyphenathrene (1-OHPhe), and 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFlu) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Diabetes mellitus was defined as a self-report of physician-diagnosed diabetes mellitus or the use of oral hypoglycemics or insulin. Analyses were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, household income, alcohol consumption, physical activity, urinary creatinine and cotinine, menopausal status, and quartiles of all other PAHs. RESULTS The prevalence of diabetes was 6.5% in the study population. In men, the geometric means of the 2-NAP and 2-OHFlu levels were higher in participants with diabetes mellitus than in those without diabetes mellitus [4.11 vs 3.26 μg/L (P <0.05) and 0.45 vs 0.40 μg/L (P <0.05), respectively]. In women, the geometric mean of 2-NAP levels was also higher in participants with diabetes mellitus than in those without diabetes mellitus (1.81 vs 0.56 μg/L, P <0.05), but there were no significant differences in geometric means for other PAHs. A higher odds ratio (OR) of diabetes was found in participants with the highest quartiles of urinary 2-NAP [OR 1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-2.60] and 2-OHFlu (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.10-2.98) than in those with the lowest quartiles. CONCLUSION The urinary 2-NAP and 2-OHFlu levels were associated with diabetes mellitus in Korean adults. Further studies are needed to determine a potential causal relationship between PAH exposure and diabetes mellitus and its underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon Ju Nam
- College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul02841, Korea
| | - Shin-Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul01757, Korea
- Correspondence: Shin-Hye KimDepartment of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 1342 Dongil-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul01757, KoreaTel +82-2-950-4812Fax +82-2-950-1246 Email
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Fent KW, Toennis C, Sammons D, Robertson S, Bertke S, Calafat AM, Pleil JD, Geer Wallace MA, Kerber S, Smith DL, Horn GP. Firefighters' and instructors’ absorption of PAHs and benzene during training exercises. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:991-1000. [PMID: 31272797 PMCID: PMC8848677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Training fires may constitute a major portion of some firefighters’ occupational exposures to smoke. However, the magnitude and composition of those exposures are not well understood and may vary by the type of training scenario and fuels. Objectives: To understand how structure fire training contributes to firefighters’ and instructors’ select chemical exposures, we conducted biological monitoring during exercises involving combustion of pallet and straw and oriented strand board (OSB) or the use of simulated smoke. Methods: Urine was analyzed for metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breath was analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including benzene. Results: Median concentrations of nearly all PAH metabolites in urine increased from pre-to 3-hr post-training for each scenario and were highest for OSB, followed by pallet and straw, and then simulated smoke. For instructors who supervised three trainings per day, median concentrations increased at each collection. A single day of OSB exercises led to a 30-fold increase in 1-hydroxypyrene for instructors, culminating in a median endof-shift concentration 3.5-fold greater than median levels measured from firefighters in a previous controlledresidential fire study. Breath concentrations of benzene increased 2 to 7-fold immediately after the training exercises (with the exception of simulated smoke training). Exposures were highest for the OSB scenario and instructors accumulated PAHs with repeated daily exercises. Conclusions: Dermal absorption likely contributed to the biological levels as the respiratory route was well protected. Training academies should consider exposure risks as well as instructional objectives when selecting training exercises.
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Villalta PW, Hochalter JB, Hecht SS. Ultrasensitive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Analysis of a DNA Adduct of the Carcinogen Benzo[a]pyrene in Human Lung. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12735-12742. [PMID: 29111668 PMCID: PMC6027747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), an archetypical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is classified as "carcinogenic to humans" and is ubiquitous in the environment, as evident by the measurable levels of BaP metabolites in virtually all human urine samples examined. BaP carcinogenicity is believed to occur mainly through its covalent modification of DNA, resulting in the formation of BPDE-N2-dG, an adduct formed between deoxyguanosine and a diol epoxide metabolite of BaP, with subsequent mutation of critical growth control genes. In spite of the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based detection of BPDE-N2-dG in BaP-treated rodents, and indirectly through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence detection of BaP-7,8,9,10-tetraols released from human DNA upon acid hydrolysis, BPDE-N2-dG adducts have rarely if ever been observed directly in human samples using LC-MS techniques, even though sophisticated methodologies have been employed which should have had sufficient sensitivity. With this in mind, we developed a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) methodology employing high-resolution/accurate mass analysis for detecting ultratrace levels of these adducts. These efforts are directly translatable to the development of sensitive detection of other small molecules using trap-based LC-ESI-MS/MS detection. The developed methodology had a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 amol of BPDE-N2-dG on-column, corresponding to 1 BPDE-N2-dG adduct per 1011 nucleotides (1 adduct per 10 human lung cells) using 40 μg of human lung DNA. To our knowledge, this is the most sensitive DNA adduct quantitation method yet reported, exceeding the sensitivity of the 32P-postlabeling assay (∼1 adduct per 1010 nucleotides). Twenty-nine human lung DNA samples resulted in 20 positive measurements above the LOD, with smoker and nonsmoker DNA containing 3.1 and 1.3 BPDE-N2-dG adducts per 1011 nucleotides, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - J. Bradley Hochalter
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine of people living in an oil producing region of the Andean Amazon (Ecuador and Peru). Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 91:105-115. [PMID: 28939924 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are contaminants with carcinogenic effects but little is known about their presence in environments surrounding oil drilling operations and spills or exposure levels in nearby communities. The objective of this study was to characterize PAH levels in people living near oil drilling operations in relation to fish consumption, occupation, source of water and other socio-demographic characteristics. METHODS This pilot study examined PAH exposure by measuring 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection from 75 women and men in the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon living near oil drilling operations and who answered a questionnaire collecting socio-demographic, occupational and dietary information. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS The mean value of 1-OHP was 0.40 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.32-0.46 μmol/mol creatinine. Women who used water from a surface source (for washing clothes or bathing) had almost twice the amount of 1-OHP in their urine (mean 1-OHP = 0.41 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.28-0.54 μmol/mol creatinine, n = 23) as women who used water from either a well, a spring or rain (mean 1-OHP = 0.22 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.11-0.34 μmol/mol creatinine, n = 6). Men who reported eating a bottom-dwelling species as their most commonly consumed fish (mean 1-OHP = 0.50 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.36-0.64 μmol/mol creatinine, n = 31) had twice as much 1-OHP in their urine as men who reported a pelagic fish (mean 1-OHP = 0.25 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.15-0.35 μmol/mol creatinine, n = 15), signaling either oral (fish consumption) or dermal (while standing in water fishing benthic species) exposure. CONCLUSIONS More contact with surface water and benthic fish may result in higher levels of 1-OHP in human urine among the study population. Reducing the amount of oil and wastes entering the waterways in Andean Amazonia would be one way to reduce exposure.
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Peters KO, Williams DAL, Abubaker S, Curtin-Brosnan J, McCormack MC, Peng R, Breysse PN, Matsui EC, Hansel NN, Diette GB, Strickland PT. Predictors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and internal dose in inner city Baltimore children. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:290-298. [PMID: 27966668 PMCID: PMC5516642 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the by-products of incomplete combustion of organic materials, are commonly found on particulate matter (PM) and have been associated with the development of asthma and asthma exacerbation in urban populations. We examined time spent in the home and outdoors as predictors of exposures to airborne PAHs and measured urinary 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide (1-OHPG) as internal dose of PAHs in 118 children aged 5-12 years from Baltimore, MD. During weeklong periods (Saturday-Saturday) in each of four seasons: daily activities were assessed using questionnaires, indoor air nicotine and PM concentrations were monitored, and urine specimens were collected on Tuesday (day 3) and Saturday (day 7) for measurement of 1-OHPG. Time spent in non-smoking homes was associated with significantly decreased 1-OHPG concentration in urine (β=-0.045, 95% CI (-0.076, -0.013)), and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures modified these associations, with higher urinary 1-OHPG concentrations in children spending time in smoking homes than non-smoking homes (P-value for interaction=0.012). Time spent outdoors was associated with increased urinary 1-OHPG concentrations (β=0.097, 95% CI (0.037, 0.157)) in boys only. Our results suggest that SHS and ambient (outdoor) air pollution contribute to internal dose of PAHs in inner city children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau O. Peters
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - D’ Ann L. Williams
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salahadin Abubaker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean Curtin-Brosnan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith C. McCormack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick N. Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Matsui
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadia N. Hansel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory B. Diette
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul T. Strickland
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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In vitro metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene-11,12 diol in rodent and human hepatic microsomes. Toxicol Lett 2017; 269:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yang L, Hou XY, Wei Y, Thai P, Chai F. Biomarkers of the health outcomes associated with ambient particulate matter exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1446-1459. [PMID: 27908628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports the positive association of cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality, and lung cancer risk with exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM). Oxidative stress and inflammation have been proposed to be the major causal factors involved in mediating PM effects on both cardiovascular and pulmonary health outcomes. However, the mechanism whereby PM causes the health effects is not fully elucidated. To evaluate and investigate human exposure to PM, it is essential to have a specific, sensitive and robust characterization of individual exposure to PM. Biomarkers may mark important intermediate steps leading to overt health effects after PM exposure. Thus biomarkers are promising indicators, which could serve as representative measures of the exposure to PM for assessing the health impacts and understanding the mechanism. Indeed, a number of biomarkers are already in use in the field of epidemiological studies and toxicological research. However, we are facing now the challenges to select robust, specific and sensitive biomarkers, which can be employed in large-scale of population to assess the health risk and to monitor the effectiveness of interventions. In this review, we describe a range of biomarkers that are associated with air pollution exposure, particularly markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and microRNAs, as well as markers of pollutants metabolites. Understanding the nature of the association of these biomarkers with PM exposure may shed some light on the process of selecting biomarkers for large-scale population studies, developing novel preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- Department of Environmental Pollution and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China.
| | - Xiang-Yu Hou
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Department of Environmental Pollution and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Fahe Chai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China.
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Serdar B, Brindley S, Dooley G, Volckens J, Juarez-colunga E, Gan R. Short-term markers of DNA damage among roofers who work with hot asphalt. Environ Health 2016; 15:99. [PMID: 27765036 PMCID: PMC5072307 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roofers are at increased risk for various malignancies and their occupational exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been considered as important risk factors. The overall goal of this project was to investigate the usefulness of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) as a short-term biomarker of DNA damage among roofers. METHODS Blood, urine, and dermal wipe samples were collected from 20 roofers who work with hot asphalt before and after 6 h of work on Monday and Thursday of the same week (4 sampling periods). Particle-bound and gas-phase PAHs were collected using personal monitors during work hours. γH2AX was quantified in peripheral lymphocytes using flow cytometry and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was assessed in urine using ELISA. General linear mixed models were used to evaluate associations between DNA damage and possible predictors (such as sampling period, exposure levels, work- and life-style factors). Differences in mean biomarker and DNA damage levels were tested via ANOVA contrasts. RESULTS Exposure measurements did not show an association with any of the urinary biomarkers or the measures of DNA damage. Naphthalene was the most abundant PAH in gas-phase, while benzo(e)pyrene was the most abundant particle-bound PAH. Post-shift levels of γH2AX and 8-OHdG were higher on both study days, when compared to pre-shift levels. Cigarette smoking was a predictor of γH2AX and urinary creatinine was a predictor of urinary 8-OHdG. Between-subject variance to total variance ratio was 35.3 % for γH2ax and 4.8 % for 8-OHdG. CONCLUSION γH2AX is a promising biomarker of DNA damage in occupational epidemiology studies. It has a lower within-subject variation than urinary 8-OHdG and can easily be detected in large scale groups. Future studies that explore the kinetics of H2AX phosphorylation in relation to chemical exposures may reveal the transient and persistent nature of this sensitive biomarker of early DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Serdar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop B119-V20, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Rm. V20-3126, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Stephen Brindley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA
| | - Greg Dooley
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Elizabeth Juarez-colunga
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA
| | - Ryan Gan
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA
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Maina G, Manzari M, Palmas A, Passini V, Filon FL. Risk assessment of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by means of urinary1-hydroxypyrene. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 23:55-9. [PMID: 17722740 DOI: 10.1177/0748233707077436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties and some of them are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens. Aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic risk in workers exposed to diesel exaust. Environmental and biological monitoring exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was carried out on fifty-two workers exposed to diesel exhaust. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene was employed as a biomarker of internal dose. Significant urinary 1-hydroxypyrene differences between smokers and non-smokers were found. Twenty per cent of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene values exceeded benchmark level for genotoxic effect, while the results of environmental monitoring excluded the existence of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the absence of greater knowledge about the relationship between urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and genotoxic effects under the conditions of very low exposure, extreme caution is recommended when this biomarker of internal dose is employed as an indicator of genotoxic risk. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2007; 23: 55—59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maina
- Department of Traumathology, Orthopaedic and Occupational Medicine, University of Torino, Via Zuretti 29, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Yu Y, Wang Q, Li L, Liu Z, Sun P, Zhang Y, Lin H, Xiang M, Li H, Lin B. Particle-Associated Ambient Benzo[a]pyrene and Levels of Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene in a Non-occupationally Exposed Population of Adults and Children in Lanzhou, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:303-308. [PMID: 26841792 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in ambient air from different areas in Lanzhou city in northwest of China, and its metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in the urine of resident children and adults were determined by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that the atmospheric environmental concentration of B[a]P varied significantly from one part of the city to another with levels of 150 ng/m(3) in the industrial area of Xigu and 73.8 ng/m(3) in the agricultural area of Yuzhong. The geometric mean urinary 1-OHP concentration was 0.42 µmol/mol-creatinine, with a range of means between 0.067 and 2.05 for the various population sub-groups. The non-occupationally exposed populations' age, gender and area of residence were the major factors that influenced urinary 1-OHP levels. The health risks of B[a]P for adults and children in Xigu and for children in Yuzhong exceeded the acceptable level (1 × 10(-4)) of the US Environmental Protection Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Yu
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, China CDC, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zien Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Chanzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haipeng Lin
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Hui Li
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Bigui Lin
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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Li J, Lu S, Liu G, Zhou Y, Lv Y, She J, Fan R. Co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene and toluene and their dose-effects on oxidative stress damage in kindergarten-aged children in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 524-525:74-80. [PMID: 25889546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene and toluene (BT) are ubiquitous toxic pollutants in the environment. Children are sensitive and susceptible to exposure to these contaminants. To investigate the potential oxidative DNA damage from the co-exposure of PAHs and BT in children, 87 children (aged 3-6) from a kindergarten in Guangzhou, China, were recruited. Ten urinary PAHs and four BT metabolites, as well as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage)in urine, were determined using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. The results demonstrated that the levels of PAHs and BT in children from Guangzhou were 2-30 times higher than those in children from the other countries based on a comparison with recent data from the literature. In particular, the difference is more substantial for pyrene and volatile BT. Co-exposure to PAHs and BT could lead to additive oxidative DNA damage. Significant dose-effects were observed between the sum concentration of urinary monohydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (∑OH-PAHs), the sum concentration of the metabolites of BT (∑BT) and 8-OHdG levels. Every one percent increase in urinary PAHs and BT generated 0.33% and 0.02% increases in urinary 8-OHdG, respectively. We also determined that the urinary levels of PAHs and BT were negatively associated with the age of the children. Moreover, significant differences in the levels of ∑OH-PAHs and ∑BT were determined between 3- and 6-year-old children (p<0.05), which may be caused by different metabolism capabilities or inhalation frequencies. In conclusion, exposure to PAHs or BT could lead to oxidative DNA damage, and 8-OHdG is a good biomarker for indicating the presence of DNA damage. There exists a significant dose-effect relationship between PAH exposure, BT exposure and the concentration of 8-OHdG in urine. Toddlers (3-4 years old) face a higher burden of PAH and BT exposure compared with older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuanxiu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanshan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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Wang Y, Fan R, Dong Y, Zhang W, Sheng G, Fu J. Urinary monohydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in city and rural residences in Southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:2973-2981. [PMID: 25189845 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.927532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene and 3-hydroxybenz[a]pyrene concentrations in 179 randomly selected voluntary students were determined in the Southern China, aged 14-16 and living in four areas with different levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, water and ambient air. The excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene is significantly higher in students of the urban than in students of the rural, while there are no significant differences of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene between urban and rural children. Mean concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (0.54-0.80 μmol/mol creatinine) in the study are much higher than those in the children of Denmark, Germany, Spain, USA, Korea, Japan and Taiwan, and a little higher than those in the children of Ukraine and Thailand. Urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene concentrations in the study are a little higher than those in the children of USA, and similar to that in non-occupational exposure residences in Korea. Urinary 9-hydroxyphenanthrene concentrations in China are much higher than those in the children of USA. Differences between children with smoking parents and non-smoking parents are not significant in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- a Electric Power Test Research Institute , Guangdong Power Grid Company , Guangzhou 510080 , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China
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Morgott DA. Factors and Trends Affecting the Identification of a Reliable Biomarker for Diesel Exhaust Exposure. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:1795-1864. [PMID: 25170242 PMCID: PMC4118891 DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2013.790748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of human exposures to diesel exhaust continues to be a vexing problem for specialists seeking information on the potential health effects of this ubiquitous combustion product. Exposure biomarkers have yielded a potential solution to this problem by providing a direct measure of an individual's contact with key components in the exhaust stream. Spurred by the advent of new, highly sensitive, analytical methods capable of detecting substances at very low levels, there have been numerous attempts at identifying a stable and specific biomarker. Despite these new techniques, there is currently no foolproof method for unambiguously separating diesel exhaust exposures from those arising from other combustion sources. Diesel exhaust is a highly complex mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous components whose exact composition can be affected by many variables, including engine technology, fuel composition, operating conditions, and photochemical aging. These factors together with those related to exposure methodology, epidemiological necessity, and regulatory reform can have a decided impact on the success or failure of future research aimed at identifying a suitable biomarker of exposure. The objective of this review is to examine existing information on exposure biomarkers for diesel exhaust and to identify those factors and trends that have had an impact on the successful identification of metrics for both occupational and community settings. The information will provide interested parties with a template for more thoroughly understanding those factors affecting diesel exhaust emissions and for identifying those substances and research approaches holding the greatest promise for future success.
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Fan R, Sheng G, Fu J. Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the area of recycling electronic garbage, in Southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:9161-9168. [PMID: 24798917 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to evaluate the environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the area of recycling electronic garbage in Southern China and research the influence of environment smoke tobacco (EST) to people through active and passive smoking. Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene were determined in 141 randomly selected voluntary residents aged 13 to 81 years in two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-exposed groups, two control groups, and an EST research group. The concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene in PAH-exposed groups are significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of control groups. Mean value of 1-hydroxypyrene in the residents living in the area of recycling electronic garbage (1.1 μmol/mol creatinine) is a little higher than those of iron foundry workers, automobile repair workers, and firefighters. Mean value of 2-hydroxynaphthalene (11.3 μmol/mol creatinine) is much higher than that of shipyard and aircraft maintenance and much lower than some occupational exposure, such as coking batteries, sorting department, and distillation department in coking plant. Some metabolites of PAHs (PAHm) are significantly elevated through active and passive smoking, while the influence of EST to other PAHm is not statistically significant. 2-Hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene in the urine of smokers are, respectively, 3.9, 1.9, 1.4, and 1.9 times to those of nonsmokers. In nonsmokers, passive smokers excreted 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, and 1.5 times of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene compared to nonpassive smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Electric Power Test Research Institute, Guangdong Power Grid Company, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China,
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Ji G, Yan L, Wu S, Liu J, Wang L, Zhang S, Shi L, Gu A. Bulky DNA adducts in human sperm associated with semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2013; 12:82. [PMID: 24073787 PMCID: PMC4015644 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA adducts are widely used marker of DNA damage induced by environmental pollutants. The present study was designed to explore whether sperm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts were associated with sperm DNA integrity and semen quality. METHODS A total of 433 Han Chinese men were recruited from an infertility clinic. Immunofluorescence was applied to analyze sperm PAH-DNA adducts. Sperm DNA fragmentation was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders using linear regression, sperm PAH-DNA adducts were negatively associated with sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm motility, and curvilinear velocity (VCL). In addition, a positive relationship between sperm PAH-DNA adducts and sperm DNA fragmentation was found. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested an inverse association between sperm PAH-DNA adducts and semen quality, and provided the first epidemiologic evidence of an adverse effect of PAH-DNA adducts on sperm DNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences/Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology/Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shengmin Wu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences/Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jining Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences/Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences/Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences/Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences/Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology/Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Serdar B, Lee D, Dou Z. Biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and DNA damage: a cross-sectional pilot study among roofers in South Florida. BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-001318. [PMID: 22815468 PMCID: PMC3401830 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main goal of this pilot study was to assess the technical and logistic feasibility of a future study. The research hypothesis is that occupational exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are associated with increased risk of DNA damage among roofers who work with hot asphalt. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional pilot study. SETTING The study included roofers from four different construction sites in Miami-Dade County, Florida. PARTICIPANTS 19 roofers were recruited (six Hispanics and 13 African-Americans, all male), all of whom were eligible (no history of cancer and no history of chronic diseases of kidneys or liver). All participants provided pre-shift samples and 18 provided post-shift samples. Samples of one participant were excluded from the final analyses as they were considered unreliable. RESULTS Levels of urinary PAH metabolites increased during 6 h of work. Linear regression models of post-shift metabolites included their pre-shift levels, post-shift urinary creatinine levels (for models of 1-OHPyr and 9-OHPhe), and skin burn due to contact with hot asphalt (for models of 1-OHPyr and 1-OHNap). Pre-shift levels of urinary 8-OHdG were not associated with any of the variables considered. For post-shift levels of 8-OHdG, however, post-shift 1-OHPyr (95% CI 0.091 to 0.788) and use of protective gloves (95% CI -1.57 to -0.61) during work explained 86.8% of its variation. Overall, highest levels of urinary PAH metabolites and of 8-OHdG were observed among workers who reported having skin burn and who did not use gloves during work. CONCLUSIONS Urinary 1-OHPyr is a promising predictor of oxidative DNA damage among roofers. Work-related skin burn and use of protective gloves appear to influence PAH exposure and DNA damage levels in this group, suggesting the importance of dermal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Serdar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Zihong Dou
- PharmaOn, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, USA
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Hu SW, Chan YJ, Hsu HT, Wu KY, ChangChien GP, Shie RH, Chan CC. Urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in children residing near a coal-fired power plant. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:1185-1191. [PMID: 21803351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of emissions from coal-fired power plants on children's exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not well understood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the sources and the urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker of exposure to PAHs, among children living in proximity to a coal-fired power plant. METHODS Study areas consisted of two high exposure and two low exposure communities, at different distances and directions from a large coal-fired power plant in central Taiwan. Study subjects included 369 children aged 1-13 years and randomly selected from each community. Each child's urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector method. Samples of ambient air were analyzed for PAHs using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Information on important factors was collected by an interview using a structured questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess factors significantly associated with urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels. RESULTS Levels of PAHs in ambient air in the high exposure communities were higher than those in the low exposure communities. Children living in high exposure communities had higher mean urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations than those in low exposure communities (0.186 and 0.194 vs. 0.113 and 0.122 μmol/mol-creatinine, respectively). The difference in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels between the high exposure communities and one low exposure community remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, environmental tobacco smoke, dietary exposure, and traffic. CONCLUSIONS Children living in communities downwind of and in proximity to the coal-fired power plant had significantly increased urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Woan Hu
- Institute of Oral Biology and Biomaterial Science, Chung Shan Medical University, and Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chien YC, Yeh CT. Amounts and proportion of administered pyrene dose excreted as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene after dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:767-76. [PMID: 20571775 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is the most relevant parameter for assessing exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the inability to further elucidate the intra- and inter-individual variability, specificity and kinetics makes it difficult to enhance its value as an exposure predictor. Therefore, this human control study examined the excretion kinetics of urinary 1-OHP after consuming barbecued meat. Two feeding experiments were conducted, with doses of 15 and 30 g of barbecued meat per kg of body weight for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. All voided urine was collected for 7 days and analyzed for 1-OHP. In both experiments, the amounts of urinary 1-OHP excreted was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 12 h post exposure but not at 12-24 h post exposure. Mean percentages of administered pyrene doses excreted as urinary 1-OHP at 0-12 h and 12-24 h post exposure were 3.80 and 0.61% in experiment 1 and 1.66 and 0.38% in experiment 2. Excretion ratio was inversely related to dose. A pattern of diurnal fluctuation (P < 0.05) in 1-OHP excretions was also identified. That is, 1-OHP excretions were smaller in the first half of the day (~0:00-12:00) than in the last half of the day (~12:00-24:00). This study demonstrated that, even at large dietary doses, most of the total urinary excretion of 1-OHP occurs within 12 h. Thus, subjects of occupational or environmental studies need only recall their diets for the current or previous day to diminish the influence from dietary pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Chung Chien
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Shalu 433, Taiwan.
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Ji G, Gu A, Zhu P, Xia Y, Zhou Y, Hu F, Song L, Wang S, Wang X. Joint effects of XRCC1 polymorphisms and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure on sperm DNA damage and male infertility. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:92-8. [PMID: 20395310 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) plays a role in repairing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-induced DNA damage. We examined the effects of exposure to PAHs and XRCC1 polymorphism, alone or combined, on sperm DNA integrity and male fertility. A total of 620 idiopathic infertile subjects and 273 fertile controls were recruited in this study. PAHs exposure was indicated by urinary 1-hydroxypyrene level. Genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP, and sperm DNA damage was detected by Tdt-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay using flow cytometry. A positive correlation was found between PAHs exposure and sperm DNA damage (beta coefficients = 0.183, p < 0.001), whereas there was no significant association between the XRCC1 polymorphisms and sperm DNA damage. However, when the patients were dichotomized for PAHs exposure, higher sperm DNA damage was found among 399Gln allele carriers compared with the wild-type homozygotes (p = 0.033). Further analysis based on a case-control study revealed the joint effect of XRCC1-399 polymorphism and PAHs exposure on the risk of male infertility (p interaction = 0.041). These findings provided the first evidence about potential joint effects of PAHs exposure and DNA repair gene polymorphisms on male reproductive system and may be helpful in improving our understanding of the etiology of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Borska L, Andrys C, Krejsek J, Hamakova K, Kremlacek J, Palicka V, Ranna D, Fiala Z. Genotoxic and apoptotic effects of Goeckerman therapy for psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 2010; 49:289-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Leroyer A, Jeandel F, Maitre A, Howsam M, Deplanque D, Mazzuca M, Nisse C. 1-Hydroxypyrene and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene as biomarkers of exposure to PAH in various environmental exposure situations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:1166-1173. [PMID: 19922977 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of urinary 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-B[a]P) as a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in various environmental exposure scenarios alongside the more usually studied 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr). METHODS Two groups of 15 and 10 non smoking, healthy men and women, were exposed for approximately 6h to ambient air at two outdoor locations close to metallurgical industries, and at one indoor location in an urban setting. Atmospheric measurements of 16 "priority" PAHs were carried out during each exposure. Urinary 1-OH-Pyr and 3-OH-B[a]P were also analysed, samples being taken the morning before exposure, at the end of exposure, then 4 and 15 h after the end of exposure. Urinary 1-OH-Pyr and 3-OH-B[a]P were analysed using high performance liquid chromatograph with fluorescence detection. Limits of detection (LOD) were 0.092 nmol/L and 0.28 pmol/L for 1-OH-Pyr and 3-OH-B[a]P respectively. RESULTS Average ambient air concentrations varied from 0.27 to 2.87 ng/m(3) for pyrene, 0.04 to 1.20 ng/m(3) for B[a]P, and from 70.0 to 910.6 ng/m(3) for the sum of the 16 PAH (SigmaPAHs). Concentrations of 1-OH-Pyr were not correlated with atmospheric concentrations of PAHs to which subjects were exposed, nor with the concentrations of 3-OH-B[a]P. Nearly 80% of measurements of 3-OH-B[a]P were lower than the LOD and no relationship between atmospheric concentrations and urinary metabolites was observable. However, the percentage of post-exposure values of 3-OH-B[a]P greater than the LOD increased significantly with the median of atmospheric concentrations of Pyr, B[a]P and SigmaPAH at the different sites (test of linear trend, p<0.02 in all cases). CONCLUSION Although we used very sensitive techniques for the measurements of urinary metabolites, especially for 3-OH-B[a]P, neither 1-OH-Pyr nor 3-OH-B[a]P were an unequivocal biomarker of exposure to atmospheric PAHs in environmental exposure scenarios relevant to the general population. It would be interesting to investigate other urinary monohydroxy PAH metabolites in this context.
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Han Y, Xia Y, Zhu P, Qiao S, Zhao R, Jin N, Wang S, Song L, Fu G, Wang X. Reproductive hormones in relation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites among non-occupational exposure of males. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:768-773. [PMID: 19942255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A limited number of studies have suggested that exposure to PAHs may affect reproductive hormones. Subjects (n=642) in this study were from the affiliated hospitals of Nanjing Medical University. Individual exposures to PAHs were measured as spot urinary concentrations of four PAH metabolites, including 1-naphthol (1-N), 2-naphthol (2-N), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OF) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OP), which were adjusted by urinary creatinine (CR). Blood samples were collected to measure serum levels of reproductive hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteotrophic hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and prolactin (PRL). All of the subjects had detectable levels of the four metabolites of PAHs in their urine samples. The median concentrations of 1-N, 2-N, 2-OF and 1-OP were 2.440, 4.176, 2.843 and 1.148 microg/g of CR. There were significant P-values between increased CR-adjusted 1-N tertiles and E2 concentration, 2-OF tertiles and LH, FSH level, 1-OP and E2 level. The multivariate linear regression results also showed significant correlation between the levels of serum LH and 1-OP (the adjusting P-value was 0.048), but no correlations were found between other hormones and the level of PAH metabolites. These observed correlations between levels of hydroxy-PAH and some altered hormones indicated slight endocrine effects on adult men with PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, PR China
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Zhu P, Bian Z, Xia Y, Han Y, Qiao S, Zhao R, Jin N, Wang S, Peng Y, Wang X. Relationship between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and thyroid hormone levels in Chinese non-occupational exposure adult males. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:883-8. [PMID: 19766290 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous global pollutants. Limited studies suggested that PAH may interfere with thyroid function in animals, but little is known about humans. A population of 480 Chinese males was recruited. Using LC-MS/MS, four urinary metabolites of PAH including 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-N), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-N), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-P) and 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-F) were measured in spot urinary samples, which were adjusted by urinary creatinine (CR). Blood samples were collected for measuring serum levels of thyroid hormones including total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The median CR-adjusted urine PAH concentrations of 1-N, 2-N, 1-P, 2-F were 2.306, 4.047, 1.155 and 2.899 microg g(-1) of CR, respectively. Significant p-values for trend were found for men with higher 2-F tertiles and were more likely to possess high-reference TSH levels. In addition, the multivariate linear regression models showed significant positive correlations for TSH levels with increased CR-adjusted 2-F concentration. No significant associations were found between other thyroid hormones levels and PAH metabolite concentrations. These results indicated that PAH exposure might be related to altered male thyroid hormone levels, but further study is needed to confirm these observed findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Hopf NB, Carreon T, Talaska G. Biological markers of carcinogenic exposure in the aluminum smelter industry--a systematic review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2009; 6:562-581. [PMID: 19629825 DOI: 10.1080/15459620903094810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure monitoring programs have been used in the aluminum smelter industry for decades to decrease the risk of cancer from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Biological monitoring of PAHs incorporates all routes of exposure. Measuring postshift urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHP), a metabolite of pyrene, determines worker's daily PAH exposures, while measuring DNA adducts reflect chronic exposures to PAHs. We reviewed the scientific literature to identify changes over time in (1) 1OHP levels, (2) DNA adduct levels, and (3) other contributing factors associated with 1OHP and DNA adduct levels in the aluminum smelter industry. No trends were observed in 1OHP and DNA adduct levels. This could be due to variable selection of study populations and poorly identified job tasks that prevent comparison of jobs across plants and times, unassessed worker exposure variability, and the impact of cumulative exposures. Thus, it cannot be demonstrated that the use of biological monitoring to estimate PAH exposures has brought about an exposure reduction in the industry. Future studies should be aimed at follow-up in workplaces where dermal and inhalation exposure interventions have been employed. Inconsistent findings were also observed in the analysis of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and their effect on biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Hopf
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
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Xia Y, Han Y, Zhu P, Wang S, Gu A, Wang L, Lu C, Fu G, Song L, Wang X. Relation between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and human semen quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:4567-4573. [PMID: 19603678 DOI: 10.1021/es9000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most of the general populations are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at different levels. A limited number of studies have suggested that PAHs exposure may be associated with semen quality. To examine the association of four PAH metabolites, 1-hydroxynapthalene (1-N), 2-hydroxynapthalene (2-N), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHF) with altered semen quality, 542 subjects were recruited through the clinic following strict eligibility screening. Using LC-MS/MS, individual exposures were measured as spot urinary concentrations of PAH metabolites adjusted by creatinine (CR). Semen quality was assessed by semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm number per ejaculum, and sperm motility. First, we confirmed the variability of PAH metabolites in human urine. Our results showed that the median CR-adjusted concentrations of 1-N, 2-N, 1-OHP, 2-OHF were 2.35, 4.05, 1.14, and 2.89 microg/g of CR, respectively. Significant P-values for trend were found that men with higher 1-OHP (assessed as quintiles) were more likely to have below-reference sperm concentration and sperm number per ejaculum. These results indicate that PAHs exposure might be related to altered human semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Xia Y, Zhu P, Han Y, Lu C, Wang S, Gu A, Fu G, Zhao R, Song L, Wang X. Urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to idiopathic male infertility. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:1067-74. [PMID: 19202139 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited studies have suggested that male reproductive function might be associated with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). METHODS Five hundred and thirteen idiopathic infertile male subjects and 273 fertile males as controls were recruited in this study, through eligibility screening procedures. Individual exposures to PAHs were measured as spot urinary concentrations of four PAH metabolites, including 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-N), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-N), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHF), which were adjusted by urinary creatinine (CR). Subjects with idiopathic infertility were further divided into 'normal' and 'abnormal' semen quality groups based on their semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm number per ejaculum and sperm motility. RESULTS The median CR-adjusted urinary concentrations of 1-N, 2-N, 1-OHP, 2-OHF and Sum PAH metabolites (sum of all four metabolites) of control group were lower than those found in case groups. Subjects with higher urinary concentrations of 1-OHP, 2-OHF and Sum PAH metabolites (assessed as tertiles) were more likely to have idiopathic male infertility (P-value for trend = 0.034, 0.022 and 0.022, respectively). Comparing the two groups of idiopathic infertile subjects with different semen quality, a higher idiopathic infertility risk was found in the group with abnormal semen quality. CONCLUSIONS Increased urinary concentrations of 1-OHP, 2-OHF and Sum PAH metabolites were associated with increased male idiopathic infertility risks, while the idiopathic infertile subjects with abnormal semen might be at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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Hansen ÅM, Mathiesen L, Pedersen M, Knudsen LE. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in environmental and occupational studies—A review. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 211:471-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Turczynowicz L, Fitzgerald DJ, Nitschke M, Mangas S, McLean A. Site contamination health risk assessment case study involving tenant relocation from a former gasworks site. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1638-53. [PMID: 17763082 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701434737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An Adelaide suburban public-housing residential site with 16 apartments was investigated after complaints of odor in some yard areas. A distinct 0.5-m layer of dark, odorous (tarry), contaminant material, which in some areas had been covered with plastic sheeting, was subsequently found beneath the topsoil across most of the site. This material appeared to extend beneath the apartments. Analysis indicated high levels of cyanide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), consistent with gasworks waste. Historical investigation revealed that the site was originally owned by a gas company and that a large gasometer (gas-storage tank) existed in one corner of the site. This finding of significant soil contamination precipitated a decision by the health and housing authorities to notify tenants immediately and to plan for their relocation. In addition to tending to the consequent personal disruption and logistical difficulties this posed, a detailed risk assessment process was developed. Urine samples were collected before and after relocation and analyzed for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure. In addition, samples of tap water, indoor and outdoor air, indoor and ceiling dust, carpets, and soil from tillage areas were analyzed for PAHs. Data indicated a low health risk associated with tenancy on the site. This report presents details of the health risk assessment process undertaken and discusses vindicative reasons for tenant relocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Len Turczynowicz
- Department of Health, Environmental Health Service, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Lee MS, Eum KD, Zoh KD, Kim TS, Pak YS, Paek D. 1-Hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure among subjects living in two separate regions from a steel mill. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2007; 80:671-8. [PMID: 17357799 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-007-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Steel mills are known to be a source of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and increased cancer risk has been reported among neighborhoods previously. In this study, we tried to assess the exposure to PAHs among residents nearby to a large steel mill in Korea by measuring urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). METHODS Two separate areas at different distances from a steel mill but on the same wind direction were chosen to evaluate the environmental exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Three-hundred and fifty children living in the vicinity of steel plant ("nearby" group) and 606 children residing much farther from the factory ("remote" group) participated. Urine was collected on three consecutive days, and questionnaires about exposure to passive smoking and food consumption as well as demographics were obtained. Routine monitoring data of ambient pollutants were obtained and particulate matter less than 10 microm (PM10) was analyzed with multiple regressions to assess the associations with urinary 1-OHP. RESULTS The geometric mean concentration of urinary 1-OHP among nearby group (0.048+/-1.878 micromol/mol creatinine, GM+/-GSD) was approximately 1.3 times higher than that among remote group (0.036+/-2.425 micromol/mol creatinine, GM+/-GSD), and using multiple regression techniques, the difference was significant (P<0.0001) after adjusting for confounding variables. When different periods before the sampling of urine were examined, PM10 averages over 2 days, 3 days, and 1 week prior to urine sampling showed significant associations with urinary 1-OHP levels. CONCLUSION Our findings are consistent with the interpretation that residents nearby to a steel mill are exposed to PAHs through ambient exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 28 Yeunkun-Dong, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-460, Republic of Korea
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Elovaara E, Mikkola J, Stockmann-Juvala H, Luukkanen L, Keski-Hynnilä H, Kostiainen R, Pasanen M, Pelkonen O, Vainio H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolizing enzyme activities in human lung, and their inducibility by exposure to naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(a)pyrene as shown in the rat lung and liver. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:169-82. [PMID: 16906435 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to survey changes and activities in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-metabolizing enzymes implicated in lung cancer susceptibility studies, we investigated enzyme induction by 2-5-ring-sized 'biomarker' PAHs in rat liver and lung, and the activities in five human lung specimens. Naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were administered to rats for 3 days (25-128 mg/kg/day) and the responses compared with those of model inducers. PAH treatment increased the CYP1A-catalyzed activity of pyrene 1-hydroxylation and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation in rat liver by up to 28- and 279-fold, and in rat lung by up to 22- and 51-fold, respectively. 1-Naphthol (hUGT1A6), 1-hydroxypyrene (hUGT1A6/1A9), and entacapone (hUGT1A9) are markers of PAH-glucuronidating human uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT). These activities increased up to 6.4-fold in rat liver and up to 1.9-fold in rat lung. NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase activities increased up to 5.3- and 1.6-fold (liver), and up to 4.4- and 1.4-fold (lung), respectively. CYP1A showed the best liver-to-lung relationship (R (2 )=( )0.90). The inducing efficiency by PAHs differed extensively: control <or= naphthalene < phenanthrene, pyrene << chrysene < BaP. In human lung (non-smokers), the marker activities of CYP1A1, UGT1A6/1A9, and NQO1 were lower than those in rat lung. Epoxide hydrolase activity was 1,000-fold higher than the pulmonary CYP1A1 activities. Human UGT and NQO1 displayed large variations (>60-fold), many times greater than the experimental (inducible/constitutive) variation in the rat. Kinetics of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronidation showed two low-K (m) forms both in rat and human lung. Since the 2-4-ring PAHs (major constituents) were poor enzyme inducers, it appears that the PAH-metabolizing pathways are mainly induced by BaP-type minor constituents. Gene-environmental interactions which magnify polymorphic variability in pulmonary bioactivation/detoxification capacity probably play a key role in individual susceptibility to (or protection against) chemically induced lung cancer. Hence, human exposure to PAH mixtures with high content of BaP-type hydrocarbons confers a potentially higher health risk than PAH mixtures with low content of procarcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivor Elovaara
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250, Helsinki, Finland.
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Fiala Z, Borska L, Pastorkova A, Kremlacek J, Cerna M, Smejkalova J, Hamakova K. Genotoxic effect of Goeckerman regimen of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 2006; 298:243-51. [PMID: 16902768 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Goeckerman regimen (GR) of psoriasis includes daily dermal application of crude coal tar (CCT) and dermal exposure to UV-A and UV-B radiation. Observed group consisted of 23 patients with psoriasis treated by GR. Therapeutic ointment contained 5% of CCT. The level of psoriasis area and severity index was significantly decreased after GR (P < 0.001) and confirms high efficiency of GR. High levels of selected metabolites of pyrene and phenanthrene indicated high level of dermal penetration. We found significantly increased urinary mutagenicity in samples collected in the middle and in the end of GR (TA98+S9, P < 0.01; YG1041-S9, P < 0.001; YG1041+S9, P < 0.001). Significant increasing of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes (CA) in blood samples collected in the end of GR (P < 0.001) and consecutive decreasing of CA in 78th day after the end of GR has been observed. Almost all results indicated that the patients could be endangered by a peak genotoxic exposure. Nevertheless, the genotoxic effect does not seem to be long lasting. Despite conflicting results from cancer epidemiological studies, it is evident that single GR can contribute to the total load of environmental mutagens in a group of treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Fiala
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, 500 38, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Fan R, Dong Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Yu Z, Sheng G, Fu J. Fast simultaneous determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 836:92-7. [PMID: 16617038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A fast analysis method using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous determination of the 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBaP) in urine. Mass transitions were monitored at m/z 219.3-200.0 for 1-OHP and m/z 269.2-252.2 for 3-OHBaP. Only 10 min was needed for the analysis. The recovery was 60% for 3-OHBaP and 91% for 1-OHP, respectively. And the method detection limits were 0.49 microg/L for 1-OHP and 1.03 microg/L for 3-OHBaP. The inter- and intra-day relative standard deviations were in the range of 2.8-8.9% for 1-OHP and 9.7-20.8% for 3-OHBaP, respectively. The developed method was successfully used to measure urinary PAH metabolites of student volunteers in a high school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Fan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection & Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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