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Madeleine P, Szeto GPY, Heredia-Rizo AM. Effects of biofeedback and strength training interventions on neck-shoulder sensory-motor responses among visual display unit users. A narrative review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2024; 79:102936. [PMID: 39321540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2024.102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Workplace biofeedback and strength training interventions have been conducted to treat neck-shoulder pain among visual display unit users. Biofeedback has been given using surface electromyography, mechanomyography, oculometrics, and spinal posture to promote either muscle relaxation, muscle activation or change in posture. Strength training has been performed mostly using basic exercise equipment according to various progression principles. These two types of interventions would thus result in increased ability to cope with physical workload or improved individual resources. In this narrative review, we analyzed the design, methods, and results of the retrieved studies on neck-shoulder sensory-motor responses among visual display unit users. A few studies have reported both an immediate decrease in neck-shoulder pain and an improvement after the end of the intervention following biofeedback, often based on surface electromyography, and strength training interventions targeting the shoulder girdle. Biofeedback and strength training interventions can respectively modify ability to cope with physical workload and individual resources resulting in increased physical capacity among visual display unit users. The long-term effects and the applicability of these approaches remain to be demonstrated at workplace settings. Future studies could combine both modalities to increase versatility of the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Madeleine
- ExerciseTech, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9260 Klarup, Denmark.
| | - Grace P Y Szeto
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Alberto Marcos Heredia-Rizo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; CTS 1110: Understanding Movement and Self in Health from Science (UMSS) Research Group, Andalusia, Spain.
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2
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Garcia MG. Perceived Physical Discomfort and Its Associations With Home Office Characteristics During the COVID-19 Pandemic. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:916-932. [PMID: 35758896 PMCID: PMC9243971 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and change in perception of physical discomfort, including musculoskeletal discomfort, during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine associations of demographic factors, telework activity, and home office characteristics with the highest prevalence of discomfort. BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic forced a substantial increase in telework in many countries. The sudden change from a regular workplace to an improvised "home office" may have an impact on working conditions and physical symptoms of office workers. However, investigations in this area remain limited. METHOD A cross-sectional study design was used to compare self-reported complaints of physical discomfort perceived from before with those during the pandemic. Associations between complaints and home office characteristics were investigated from 150 faculty and 51 administrative staff of an academic institution with an age range of 41.16 ± 10.20 (59% female). RESULTS A significant increase of physical discomfort was found during the pandemic period for head, eyes, hand, and upper back for both staff and faculty and neck, shoulders, elbows, and lower back for faculty only. Logistic regression analyses point to associations with the lack of a laptop stand, uncomfortable desk, poor lighting, and sitting time, among others. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of physical discomfort was reported by teleworkers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some home office characteristics were associated with these discomforts. APPLICATION Some telework characteristics seem to be risk factors for physical discomfort. Consideration should be given to teaching best practices for workstation setup and/or conducting other preventive interventions in the work environment.
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3
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Garcia MG, Estrella M, Peñafiel A, Arauz PG, Martin BJ. Impact of 10-Min Daily Yoga Exercises on Physical and Mental Discomfort of Home-Office Workers During COVID-19. HUMAN FACTORS 2023; 65:1525-1541. [PMID: 34595984 PMCID: PMC11107138 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211045766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effects of 10 min/day of yoga for 1 month on musculoskeletal discomfort and mood disturbance of home-office workers. BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic forced many people to switch to teleworking. The abrupt change from an office setting to an improvised home-office may negatively affect the musculoskeletal and emotional health of workers. By providing mental and physical exercises, yoga may be effective in reducing adverse effects. METHOD Fifty-four participants (42 women, 12 men) followed a 1-month yoga program, while 40 participants (26 women, 14 men) continued with their common work routine. The Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire was used to evaluate severity, interference with work and frequency of pain, and to obtain a total discomfort score for 25 body areas. Mood disturbance was evaluated with the Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Both groups completed both questionnaires, before and after the experimentation period. RESULTS After 1 month, for the yoga group only, significant reductions were observed in the discomfort of eyes, head, neck, upper and lower back, right wrist, and hips/buttocks, as well as reductions in discomfort severity, frequency and interference for the neck, upper and lower back. Total mood disturbance was also significantly reduced for the yoga group only. No favorable changes occurred for the control group. CONCLUSION The yoga intervention program appears to reduce musculoskeletal discomfort and mood disturbance of home-office workers. APPLICATION Sedentary workers may benefit from 10 min/day of yoga during the workday to attenuate potential physical and emotional discomfort during the current pandemic and beyond.
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García-Remeseiro T, Gutiérrez-Sánchez Á, Taboada-Iglesias Y, Alonso-Fernández D. Physical activity, sitting time, neck disability and posture in workers using visual display terminals (VDT). Work 2022; 74:733-742. [PMID: 36245348 DOI: 10.3233/wor-205194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal pain represents a major public health problem. Workers who use visual display terminals (VDT) have suffered an increase in neck pain in recent decades. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between physical activity (PA), sitting time, posture, and neck disability in a population of employed adults who use a computer at work. METHODS In this descriptive-correlational study, 88 workers with a mean age of 48.31 years participated. All of the participants filled out the Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and Neck Disability Index (NDI). The postural situation was also assessed with Posture Assessment Software (PAS/SAPO). RESULTS A significant and inverse relationship was observed between the habit of PA practice and the Body Mass Index (BMI). A total of 59.1% of the participants have a moderate PA index. There was a statistically significant relationship between the NDI and the time that workers spend sitting in a workday. A significance level of p≤0.05 was established for all the statistical analyses. CONCLUSION The increase in sitting time produces an increase in neck disability among workers and there are no significant differences between the level of PA and the cervical angles analyzed. The promotion of leisure-time PA and the reduction of prolonged uninterrupted sitting time at work could be one of the means to reduce musculoskeletal morbidity in the working population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Águeda Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS), University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Yaiza Taboada-Iglesias
- Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS), University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Diego Alonso-Fernández
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS), University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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5
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Chokprasit P, Yimthiang S, Veerasakul S. Predictors of Low Back Pain Risk among Rubber Harvesters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10492. [PMID: 36078208 PMCID: PMC9518478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a significant work-related musculoskeletal disorder among rubber farmers. This major occupational health problem was highly reported in the agricultural sector. While rubber farming is a profession with high risk of LBP, predictors for LBP remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the risk predictors of LBP among rubber farmers during the harvesting process. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2021, in which an interviewer administered a pretested structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed. A total of 317 rubber farmers were recruited with a 100% response rate. The prevalence of LBP was 71.2% with 95% confidence interval (CI) of (0.716-1.900). Significant risk predictors were working experience (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.743, 95% CI (1.034-2.937)), agricultural registration (AOR: 2.022, 95% CI (1.078-3.792)), work without training (AOR: 2.037, 95% CI (1.083-3.832)), heavy workload (AOR: 2.120, 95% CI (1.242-3.621)), and prolonged standing (AOR: 2.944, 95% CI (1.586-5.465)). Intriguingly, those with sufficient income had a reduced risk of LBP than those with insufficient income. This study confirmed that LBP is a major work-related musculoskeletal disorder among rubber farmers. The result here suggests that the five predictors reported above should be prioritized for further disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnchon Chokprasit
- Department of Environment Technology Safety and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Supabhorn Yimthiang
- Department of Environment Technology Safety and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
- Research Center of Workers Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Siriluk Veerasakul
- Department of Environment Technology Safety and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
- Research Center of Workers Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Data Science for Health Study, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
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Darvishi E, Ghasemi F, Sadeghi F, Abedi K, Rahmati S, Sadeghzade G. Risk assessment of the work-related musculoskeletal disorders based on individual characteristics using path analysis models. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:616. [PMID: 35761242 PMCID: PMC9235182 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) using the path analysis models. Methods This study was carried out on 350 office employees with good general health. All variables were collected using a questionnaire. Personality traits and mental workload of employees were evaluated using the NEO Personality Inventory and the NASA-task load index software, respectively. The individual and personality traits were used as predictor variables, and mental workload (MWL) and body posture scores as mediating variables of the musculoskeletal discomforts. The role of predictor and mediating variables on discomforts was explained based on the path analysis models. Results The impact coefficient of MWL and posture on WMSDs was significant. The coefficient of the direct effect of body mass index (BMI) and gender on musculoskeletal disorders was significant and positive and the women have reported a higher rate of discomforts. The strongest positive impact of personality traits on MWL and posture was conscientiousness, followed by neuroticism and agreeableness. In return, the strongest negative impact was extroversion, followed by openness. The strongest positive impact of individual factors on MWL and posture was BMI, followed by work experience. Conclusion Gender, BMI, neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness can be strong predictors for musculoskeletal discomforts which can mediate the impact of body posture and mental workload (mediating factors) on musculoskeletal discomfort. Therefore, personality and individual traits can be strong alarming and indicators for risk identification and preventing musculoskeletal disorders when choosing people for a job or task.
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Kadri Filho FE, de Lucca SR. Ergonomic and psychosocial risks related to musculoskeletal problems among Brazilian labor judges in telework during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022; 29:837-846. [PMID: 35658816 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2085382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ergonomic and psychosocial risks in telework and their relationship with musculoskeletal problems in Brazilian labor judges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 119 participants. The data were collected through a sociodemographic and occupational questionnaire, from the Brazilian versions of the Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ-Br revised), the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA-Br) and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), added to a numerical pain scale. Results. According to ROSA-Br, 47.06% of the participants showed an outcome where it is considered that there is a need for immediate intervention in the workplace. The results of ROSA-Br and MUEQ-Br revised presented a significant correlation with the intensity of complaints in the neck and shoulders in the last 12 months and in the last seven days. The total score of MUEQ-Br revised presented more important correlations with problems in these body regions and with the intensity of complaints in the upper back, wrists/hands and lower back in both periods. Conclusions. Companies should propose ways to assess the ergonomic and psychosocial risks among their employees in telework as a way to prevent the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzi El Kadri Filho
- PhD student at the School of Medical Sciences of the University of Campinas (Unicamp), Brazil
| | - Sérgio Roberto de Lucca
- PhD, professor at the School of Medical Sciences of the University of Campinas (Unicamp), Brazil.
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Musculoskeletal symptoms and associated factors among manual porcelain workers at different workstations: a cross-sectional study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2022; 95:1845-1857. [PMID: 35616711 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) symptoms and to identify the associated factors (individual, and work-related) among manual porcelain workers at different workstations. The risk level of each workstation was also assessed based on the working postures for the purpose of improving occupational health. METHODS In total, 349 workers were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to collect data on WMSDs symptoms in nine body regions. The relationship between individual/occupational factors and WMSDs symptoms was determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method was applied to classify the risk level of working postures at the five workstations (shaping, trimming, glazing, painting, and burning). RESULTS The prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort in at least one body region within the past 12 months was 69.1% among the participants: the neck (49.3%), lower back (43.8%), and shoulders (27.5%). Sex, work experience, daily working hours, perceived work fatigue, and workstation, were significantly associated with WMSDs symptoms in different body regions. The REBA indicated that 57.8% and 32.5% of the working postures were in the medium- and above high-risk levels, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings of this study showed a high occurrence of WMSDs symptoms among manual porcelain workers and suggested that both individual and work-related characteristics should be considered to improve occupational health. Furthermore, urgent ergonomic intervention is needed to avoid awkward working postures that cause WMSDs symptoms in porcelain workers, particularly at the shaping and burning workstations.
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Kaya Aytutuldu G, Birinci T, Tarakcı E. Musculoskeletal pain and its relation to individual and work-related factors: a cross-sectional study among Turkish office workers who work using computers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2020; 28:790-797. [PMID: 32965164 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1827528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Office workers are commonly exposed to work-related musculoskeletal pain. This study investigated the individual and work-related risk factors linked to musculoskeletal pain and pain-related disability among Turkish office workers who work using computers. Methods. One-hundred and fifty office workers were included. Data were collected using an online survey with a combination of the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, Oswestry disability index (ODI), neck disability index (NDI) and disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire short-form (Q-DASH). The participants were divided into four subgroups: no pain (n = 26), lower back pain (n = 37), neck pain (n = 49) and upper-extremity pain (n = 38). Results. There were differences between subgroups in terms of the condition that feet touch the floor and the condition that the keyboard, mouse and wrist are in a straight line (p = 0.013 and p = 0.025, respectively). Working years was correlated with the ODI score (ρ = 0.802, p = 0.041). There was also a significant correlation between the NDI score and working hours (ρ = 0.415, p = 0.003), while Q-DASH was correlated with body mass index and working years (ρ = 0.406, p = 0.014, and ρ = 0.327, p = 0.043, respectively). Conclusions. Pain-related disability was associated with various risk factors such as physical inactivity, body mass index, working hours, working years and workplace ergonomics in the office workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzin Kaya Aytutuldu
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Graduate Studies, Turkey.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Yeditepe University, Turkey
| | - Tansu Birinci
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Graduate Studies, Turkey.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey
| | - Ela Tarakcı
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Turkey
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Effects of a workplace exercise program on physical capacity and lower back symptoms in hospital nursing assistants: a randomized controlled trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2020; 94:275-284. [PMID: 32936370 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Considering the relevance of muscle strength for sustaining good musculoskeletal health among workers who perform physically demanding work, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a therapeutic exercise program on muscle strength and low back symptoms among hospital nursing assistants. METHODS One hundred and twenty-nine nursing assistants filled out a questionnaire on personal, occupational information and health status, which allowed the identification of workers able to exercise. Ninety participants were randomly allocated to an intervention and a reference group. The therapeutic exercise program (TEP) lasted 12 weeks and included warm-up, strengthening and stretching exercises. Muscle strength of trunk flexors and trunk extensors, hamstring flexibility, and low back symptoms were evaluated before and after the intervention period by two blinded assessors. The comparison between groups was carried out using Mann-Whitney and χ2 tests at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS The average participation in the exercise program was 17.5 sessions. Results showed increased trunk flexors muscle strength (p = 0.002; effect size: 0.77), improved pressure pain threshold for dorsal longissimus (p = 0.001; effect size > 0.8), and reduced low back symptoms (p = 0.002; OR = 6.25). No differences between groups were identified for back extensor muscle strength or flexibility. CONCLUSION The exercise program applied is a feasible intervention which resulted clinically relevant results for nursing assistants' musculoskeletal health expressed through trunk flexors muscle strength improvement and low back symptoms control among nursing assistants. This RCT brings contribution to the Occupational Health field as the exercise program applied resulted in clinically relevant results for nursing assistants' musculoskeletal health. This study brings contribution especially for low-income and middle-income countries where low back pain and disability can be considered more severe as adequate resources to address the problem are scarce. Thus, we must highlight the importance of low-cost preventive strategies, like exercise programs carried out in hospital settings to avoid the progress of disability among active nursing personnel.
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dos JR, Protázio JB, Muribeca-de-Castro AM, Pinheiro JS, Takahasi HY, Pires FDO, de Souza SAR, Fidelis-de-Paula-Gomes CA, Rêgo AS, Bassi-Dibai D, Dibai-Filho AV. Brazilian version of the Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain questionnaire for musculoskeletal injuries relating to dance and sport: translation and cross-cultural adaptation. SAO PAULO MED J 2020; 138:11-18. [PMID: 32321100 PMCID: PMC9673844 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2019.0375.r1.08102019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain (SEFIP) is a questionnaire specifically designed to measure musculoskeletal pain or discomfort. OBJECTIVE To perform translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SEFIP for dancers (SEFIP-dance), for use in Brazilian Portuguese. In addition, as a secondary objective, we adapted the translated version of SEFIP-dance for use among athletes or exercise practitioners (SEFIP-sport). DESIGN AND SETTING Questionnaire translation and cross-cultural adaptation study conducted at a public university. METHODS The Brazilian version of the SEFIP-dance questionnaire was developed following the processes of translation (involving two translators with Brazilian Portuguese as their mother tongue and fluency in English), backtranslation (involving two translators with English as their mother tongue and fluency in Brazilian Portuguese), committee review and pre-testing. SEFIP-sport was developed following the processes of content and face validation. RESULTS SEFIP-dance was applied to 30 dancers, of mean age 22.38 years (standard deviation [SD] = 3.41), among whom 14 were men (46.66%). The participants understood 100% of the SEFIP-dance items and alternatives. SEFIP-sport was applied to 30 athletes or physical exercise practitioners, of mean age 25.09 years (SD = 8.93), among whom 25 were men (86.33%). The participants understood 100% of the -SEFIP-sport items and alternatives. CONCLUSION The Brazilian Portuguese versions of SEFIP-dance, translated and cross-culturally adapted for dancers, and SEFIP-sport, adapted for athletes or physical exercise practitioners, were shown to have adequate levels of understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodimar Ribeiro dos
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís (MA), Brazil.
| | - Jhonata Botelho Protázio
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís (MA), Brazil.
| | - Aila Maria Muribeca-de-Castro
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís (MA), Brazil.
| | - Jocassia Silva Pinheiro
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís (MA), Brazil.
| | - Henrique Yuji Takahasi
- PT. Master’s Student, Postgraduate Program on Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís (MA), Brazil.
| | - Flavio de Oliveira Pires
- PT. Professor, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís (MA), Brazil.
| | - Sergio Augusto Rosa de Souza
- PhD. Professor, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís (MA), Brazil.
| | | | - Adriana Sousa Rêgo
- PhD. Professor, Postgraduate Program on Program Management and Healthcare Services, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís (MA), Brazil.
| | - Daniela Bassi-Dibai
- PhD. Professor, Postgraduate Program on Program Management and Healthcare Services, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís (MA), Brazil.
| | - Almir Vieira Dibai-Filho
- PhD. Professor, Postgraduate Program on Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís (MA), Brazil.
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