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Song X, Kirtipal N, Lee S, Malý P, Bharadwaj S. Current therapeutic targets and multifaceted physiological impacts of caffeine. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5558-5598. [PMID: 37679309 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine, which shares consubstantial structural similarity with purine adenosine, has been demonstrated as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist for eliciting most of the biological functions at physiologically relevant dosages. Accumulating evidence supports caffeine's beneficial effects against different disorders, such as total cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Conversely, paradoxical effects are also linked to caffeine ingestion in humans including hypertension-hypotension and tachycardia-bradycardia. These observations suggest the association of caffeine action with its ingested concentration and/or concurrent interaction with preferential molecular targets to direct explicit events in the human body. Thus, a coherent analysis of the functional targets of caffeine, relevant to normal physiology, and disease pathophysiology, is required to understand the pharmacology of caffeine. This review provides a broad overview of the experimentally validated targets of caffeine, particularly those of therapeutic interest, and the impacts of caffeine on organ-specific physiology and pathophysiology. Overall, the available empirical and epidemiological evidence supports the dose-dependent functional activities of caffeine and advocates for further studies to get insights into the caffeine-induced changes under specific conditions, such as asthma, DNA repair, and cancer, in view of its therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nikhil Kirtipal
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjae Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i, BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i, BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic
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2
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Ingegnoli F, Cavalli S, Giudice L, Caporali R. Caffeine and rheumatoid arthritis: A complicated relationship. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2022; 21:103117. [PMID: 35595049 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The current ideal goal of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management is to resolve joint and systemic inflammation by using pharmacological interventions, assuming this will correspondingly lead to overall well-being. Nonetheless, it has emerged that a substantial number of RA patients do not reach optimal disease control. Thus suggesting the holistic management of subjective symptoms might be overlooked. This poses significant medical challenges; hence the proposal of incorporating lifestyle interventions as part of a multidimensional approach. Among these aspects, both patients and physicians perceive the important role of nutrition. This review shall examine how caffeine, one of the most studied bioactive components of the most widely consumed beverages, may potentially interfere with RA management. In particular, the mechanism by which caffeine affects RA pathogenesis, as a trigger for RA onset or flare, including its influence on rheumatic drug metabolism and the most common RA comorbidities and constitutional symptoms are outlined, highlighting important knowledge gaps and unmet research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ingegnoli
- Clinical Rheumatology Unit, ASST Pini-CTO, Dept. of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Silvia Cavalli
- Clinical Rheumatology Unit, ASST Pini-CTO, Dept. of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Giudice
- Clinical Rheumatology Unit, ASST Pini-CTO, Dept. of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Clinical Rheumatology Unit, ASST Pini-CTO, Dept. of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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3
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Romero-Martínez BS, Montaño LM, Solís-Chagoyán H, Sommer B, Ramírez-Salinas GL, Pérez-Figueroa GE, Flores-Soto E. Possible Beneficial Actions of Caffeine in SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5460. [PMID: 34067243 PMCID: PMC8196824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has established an unparalleled necessity to rapidly find effective treatments for the illness; unfortunately, no specific treatment has been found yet. As this is a new emerging chaotic situation, already existing drugs have been suggested to ameliorate the infection of SARS-CoV-2. The consumption of caffeine has been suggested primarily because it improves exercise performance, reduces fatigue, and increases wakefulness and awareness. Caffeine has been proven to be an effective anti-inflammatory and immunomodulator. In airway smooth muscle, it has bronchodilator effects mainly due to its activity as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and adenosine receptor antagonist. In addition, a recent published document has suggested the potential antiviral activity of this drug using in silico molecular dynamics and molecular docking; in this regard, caffeine might block the viral entrance into host cells by inhibiting the formation of a receptor-binding domain and the angiotensin-converting enzyme complex and, additionally, might reduce viral replication by the inhibition of the activity of 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases. Here, we discuss how caffeine through certain mechanisms of action could be beneficial in SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, further studies are required for validation through in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S. Romero-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX CP 04510, Mexico; (B.S.R.-M.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Luis M. Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX CP 04510, Mexico; (B.S.R.-M.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Héctor Solís-Chagoyán
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, CDMX CP 14370, Mexico;
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Laboratorio de Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, CDMX CP 14080, Mexico;
| | - Gemma Lizbeth Ramírez-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX CP 11340, Mexico;
| | - Gloria E. Pérez-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, CDMX CP 06720, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX CP 04510, Mexico; (B.S.R.-M.); (L.M.M.)
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Monji F, Al-Mahmood Siddiquee A, Hashemian F. Can pentoxifylline and similar xanthine derivatives find a niche in COVID-19 therapeutic strategies? A ray of hope in the midst of the pandemic. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173561. [PMID: 32946870 PMCID: PMC7490668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs for treatment. Despite multiple clinical trials using different agents, there is still a lack of specific treatment for COVID-19. Having the potential role in suppressing inflammation, immune modulation, antiviral and improving respiratory symptoms, this review discusses the potential role of methylxanthine drugs like pentoxifylline and caffeine in the management of COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 pathogenesis for clinical features like severe pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI) / acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ failures are excessive inflammation, oxidation, and cytokine storm by the exaggerated immune response. Drugs like pentoxifylline have already shown improvement of the symptoms of ARDS and caffeine has been in clinical use for decades to treat apnea of prematurity (AOP) in preterm infants and improve respiratory function. Pentoxifylline is well-known anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative molecules that have already shown to suppress Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) as well as other inflammatory cytokines in pulmonary diseases, and this may be beneficial for better clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Pentoxifylline enhances blood flow, improves microcirculation and tissue oxygenation, and caffeine also efficiently improves tissue oxygenation, asthma, decreases pulmonary hypertension and an effective analgesic. There are significant shreds of evidence that proved the properties of pentoxifylline and caffeine against virus-related diseases as well. Along with the aforementioned evidences and high safety profiles, both pentoxifylline and caffeine offer a glimpse of considerations for future use as a potential adjuvant to COVID-19 treatment. However, additional clinical studies are required to confirm this speculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Monji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Farshad Hashemian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Shirvani H, Arabzadeh E, Akbari J. The short-term effect of caffeine supplementation on immune-endocrine responses to acute intensive exercise. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cui WQ, Wang ST, Pan D, Chang B, Sang LX. Caffeine and its main targets of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:149-172. [PMID: 32104547 PMCID: PMC7031145 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a purine alkaloid and is widely consumed in coffee, soda, tea, chocolate and energy drinks. To date, a growing number of studies have indicated that caffeine is associated with many diseases including colorectal cancer. Caffeine exerts its biological activity through binding to adenosine receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterases, sensitizing calcium channels, antagonizing gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and stimulating adrenal hormones. Some studies have indicated that caffeine can interact with signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor β, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways through which caffeine can play an important role in colorectal cancer pathogenesis, metastasis and prognosis. Moreover, caffeine can act as a general antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress and also as a regulatory factor of the cell cycle that modulates the DNA repair system. Additionally, as for intestinal homeostasis, through the interaction with receptors and cytokines, caffeine can modulate the immune system mediating its effects on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages. Furthermore, caffeine can not only directly inhibit species in the gut microbiome, such as Escherichia coli and Candida albicans but also can indirectly exert inhibition by increasing the effects of other antimicrobial drugs. This review summarizes the association between colorectal cancer and caffeine that is being currently studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
- China Medical University 101K class 87, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shi-Tong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
- China Medical University 101K class 87, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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Vieira JM, Gutierres JM, Carvalho FB, Stefanello N, Oliveira L, Cardoso AM, Morsch VM, Pillat MM, Ulrich H, Duarte MMF, Schetinger MRC, Spanevello RM. Caffeine and high intensity exercise: Impact on purinergic and cholinergic signalling in lymphocytes and on cytokine levels. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1731-1738. [PMID: 30372876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of caffeine in combination with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on sensitivity to glucocorticoids and proliferation of lymphocytes, IL-6 and IL-10 levels and NTPDase, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rat lymphocytes. The animals were divided into groups: control, caffeine 4 mg/kg, caffeine 8 mg/kg, HIIT, HIIT plus caffeine 4 mg/kg and HIIT plus caffeine 8 mg/kg. The rats were trained three times a week for 6 weeks for a total workload 23% of body weight at the end of the experiment. Caffeine was administered orally 30 min before the training session. When lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin no changes were observed in proliferative response between trained and sedentary animals; however, when caffeine was associated with HIIT an increase in T lymphocyte proliferation and in the sensitivity of lymphocytes to glucocorticoids occurred. ATP and ADP hydrolysis was decreased in the lymphocytes of the animals only trained and caffeine treatment prevented alterations in ATP hydrolysis. HIIT caused an increase in the ADA and AChE activity in lymphocytes and this effect was more pronounced in rats trained and supplemented with caffeine. The level of IL-6 was increased while the level of IL-10 was decreased in trained animals (HIIT) and caffeine was capable of preventing this exercise effect. Our findings suggest that caffeine ingestion attenuates, as least in part, the immune and inflammatory alterations following a prolonged HIIT protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Marchi Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jessié Martins Gutierres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barbosa Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Naiara Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lizielle Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Micheli Mainardi Pillat
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Medeiros Frescura Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Labimed, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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8
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Mechanistic considerations in chemotherapeutic activity of caffeine. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:312-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Al Reef T, Ghanem E. Caffeine: Well-known as psychotropic substance, but little as immunomodulator. Immunobiology 2018; 223:818-825. [PMID: 30146130 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, numerable reviews are found in the literature prominent to the effect of caffeine on the immune system, with the latest review published in 2006. Database screening reveals around three thousand articles that have been published during the last decade. Interestingly, less than hundred articles involved humans and rodents as tested models, out of which 20% is of interest to this paper excluding studies done on the nervous and cardiac systems, and in pregnant and cancer cases. In this review, information pertaining to the experimental setup of various studies, namely, the tested model, the study type (in vivo or in vitro), and caffeine dose is covered to discern the behaviour of major cellular and molecular immune components in light of caffeine exposure. Although it is hard to extrapolate results done in rodents to humans and to relay conclusions from in vitro to in vivo studies, most of the collected data favor the suppressive effects of caffeine on the proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes. Macrophages and natural killer cells also exhibited a reduced activity in the presence of high caffeine doses compared to increased activity at low doses. Immunosuppression is also supported by reduced levels of major anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α. Moreover, certain innate and adaptive immune receptors, such as TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and MHC class I-related chain B (MICB) molecules, exhibited decreased expression levels. Thus, we support the use of caffeine to alleviate various inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Al Reef
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University, Louaize, Lebanon
| | - Esther Ghanem
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University, Louaize, Lebanon.
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Unger G, Benozzi S, Campion A, Pennacchiotti G. Preanalytical phase: Effects of water ingestion during fasting on routine hematological parameters in a small cohort of young women. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 483:126-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Caffeine Improves Triathlon Performance: A Field Study in Males and Females. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:228-237. [PMID: 29345161 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance exercise is commonly accepted. We aimed to elucidate realistically the effect of caffeine on triathlon event performance using a field study design, while allowing investigation into potential mechanisms at play. A double-blind, randomized, crossover field trial was conducted. Twenty-six triathletes (14 males and 12 females; mean ± SD: age = 37.8 ± 10.6 years, habitual caffeine intake = 413 ± 505 mg/day, percentage body fat = 14.5 ± 7.2%, and training/week = 12.8 ± 4.5 hr) participated in this study. Microencapsulated caffeine (6 mg/kg body weight) was supplemented 60 min pretrial. Performance data included time to completion, rating of perceived exertion, and profile of mood states. Blood samples taken before, during, and postrace were analyzed for cortisol, testosterone, and full blood count. Capillary blood lactate concentrations were assessed prerace, during transitions, and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min after triathlons. Caffeine supplementation resulted in a 3.7% reduction in swim time (33.5 ± 7.0 vs. 34.8 ± 8.1 min, p < .05) and a 1.3% reduction in time to completion (149.6 ± 19.8 vs. 151.5 ± 18.6 min, p < .05) for the whole group. Gender differences and individual responses are also presented. Caffeine did not alter the rating of perceived exertion significantly, but better performance after caffeine supplementation suggests a central effect resulting in greater overall exercise intensity at the same rating of perceived exertion. Caffeine supplementation was associated with higher postexercise cortisol levels (665 ± 200 vs. 543 ± 169 nmol/L, p < .0001) and facilitated greater peak blood lactate accumulation (analysis of variance main effect, p < .05). We recommend that triathlon athletes with relatively low habitual caffeine intake may ingest 6 mg/kg body weight caffeine, 45-60 min before the start of Olympic-distance triathlon to improve their performance.
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Evered J, Pfeifer E, Gracianette M. Caffeine to prevent respiratory failure and improve outcome in infant pertussis. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-223102. [PMID: 29592985 PMCID: PMC5878332 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis remains a dangerous disease for children around the world, especially for infants less than 6 months old. In this age group, high mortality and morbidity have been linked to the effects of the pertussis toxin, including lymphocytosis, pulmonary hyperviscosity and pulmonary hypertension. This paper reports on an infant with pertussis who received therapeutic caffeine. Caffeine might improve outcomes in pertussis by preventing apnoea, improving respiratory drive and decreasing pulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Evered
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric Pfeifer
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center, Vancouver, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew Gracianette
- Randall Children’s Hospital, Legacy Emanuel Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Valdiglesias V, Sánchez-Flores M, Maseda A, Lorenzo-López L, Marcos-Pérez D, López-Cortón A, Strasser B, Fuchs D, Laffon B, Millán-Calenti JC, Pásaro E. Immune biomarkers in older adults: Role of physical activity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:605-620. [PMID: 28524767 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1286898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in the normal functioning of the immune system. Several studies described the relationship between immunological alterations, including immunosenescence and inflammation, and aging or age-related outcomes, such as sarcopenia, depression, and neurodegenerative disorders. Physical activity is known to improve muscle function and to exert a number of benefits on older adult health, including reduced risk for heart and metabolic system chronic diseases. However, the positive influence of physical activity on the immune system has not been elucidated. In order to shed light on the role of physical activity in immune responses of older individuals, a number of immunological parameters comprising % lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD16+56+) and serum levels of neopterin and tryptophan metabolism products were evaluated in peripheral blood samples of older adults performing normal (N = 170) or reduced (N = 89) physical activity. In addition, the potential influence of other clinical and epidemiological factors was also considered. Results showed that subjects with reduced physical activity displayed significantly higher levels of CD4+/CD8+ ratio, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, and serum neopterin, along with lower %CD19+ cells and tryptophan concentrations. Further, some immunological biomarkers were associated with cognitive impairment and functional status. These data contribute to reinforce the postulation that physical activity supports healthy aging, particularly by helping to protect the immunological system from aging-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Flores
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
- b Universidade da Coruña , Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ana Maseda
- c Universidade da Coruña, Gerontology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-López
- c Universidade da Coruña, Gerontology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Diego Marcos-Pérez
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
- b Universidade da Coruña , Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ana López-Cortón
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
| | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- d Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Blanca Laffon
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
| | - José C Millán-Calenti
- c Universidade da Coruña, Gerontology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Eduardo Pásaro
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
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Ramamoorthy V, Campa A, Rubens M, Martinez SS, Fleetwood C, Stewart T, Liuzzi JP, George F, Khan H, Li Y, Baum MK. The Relationship Between Caffeine Intake and Immunological and Virological Markers of HIV Disease Progression in Miami Adult Studies on HIV Cohort. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:271-277. [PMID: 28409659 PMCID: PMC5421588 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are many studies on adverse health effects of substance use and HIV disease progression, similar studies about caffeine consumption are few. In this study, we investigated the effects of caffeine on immunological and virological markers of HIV disease progression. A convenience sample of 130 clinically stable people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy (65 consuming ≤250 mg/day and 65 consuming >250 mg/day of caffeine) were recruited from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. This study included a baseline and 3-month follow-up visit. Demographics, body composition measures, substance use, Modified Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire (MCCQ), and CD4 count and HIV viral load were obtained for all participants. Multivariable linear regression and Linear Mixed Models (LMMs) were used to understand the effect of caffeine consumption on CD4 count and HIV viral load. The mean age of the cohort was 47.9 ± 6.4 years, 60.8% were men and 75.4% were African Americans. All participants were on ART during both the visits. Mean caffeine intake at baseline was 337.6 ± 305.0 mg/day and did not change significantly at the 3-month follow-up visit. Multivariable linear regressions after adjustment for covariates showed significant association between caffeine consumption and higher CD4 count (β = 1.532, p = 0.049) and lower HIV viral load (β = -1.067, p = 0.048). LMM after adjustment for covariates showed that the relationship between caffeine and CD4 count (β = 1.720, p = 0.042) and HIV viral load (β = -1.389, p = 0.033) continued over time in a dose-response manner. Higher caffeine consumption was associated with higher CD4 cell counts and lower HIV viral loads indicating beneficial effects on HIV disease progression. Further studies examining biochemical effects of caffeine on CD4 cell counts and viral replication need to be done in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Campa
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Muni Rubens
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Sabrina S. Martinez
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Tiffanie Stewart
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Juan P. Liuzzi
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Florence George
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, School of Integrated Science and Humanity, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Hafiz Khan
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Marianna K. Baum
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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Navalta JW, Fedor EA, Schafer MA, Lyons TS, Tibana RA, Pereira GB, Prestes J. Caffeine affects CD8+ lymphocyte apoptosis and migration differently in naïve and familiar individuals following moderate intensity exercise. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 29:288-94. [PMID: 26684634 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015612795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the lymphocyte subset response to 30 min of moderate treadmill exercise during caffeine supplemented (6.0 mg.kg(-1)) and placebo conditions in caffeine-naïve and -familiar individuals. Seventeen individuals participated (caffeine-familiar = 8, caffeine-naïve = 9) completing two exercise bouts (caffeine supplemented and placebo control) 48 h apart in a counterbalanced and double-blinded fashion. Individuals were classified as follows: caffeine-naive <50 mg.d(-1) and caffeine-familiar >200 mg.d(-1) Whole blood samples were obtained at rest, 30 min after caffeine or placebo ingestion, immediately following exercise, and 1 h post exercise. Blood was used to analyze apoptosis (annexin V) and cellular migration (CX3CR1) responses in lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD19+). Absolute changes from rest values were calculated and differences between conditions were determined through Chi-squared analysis with significance accepted at P <0.05. With regard to CD4+ and CD19+ lymphocytes, the interaction of caffeine and exercise did not affect naïve individuals to a greater extent immediately post exercise when compared to familiar, as similar apoptotic and migratory responses were observed (P >0.05). However, CD8+ lymphocyte cell death and migration responses were observed to be significantly greater at each sampling point in caffeine-familiar individuals (P <0.05). It is possible that chronic caffeine supplementation may prime CD8+ cell receptors for responsiveness to apoptosis and migration and the consequence of this form of immunosuppression in the post-exercise period should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Navalta
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Fedor
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Mark A Schafer
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - T Scott Lyons
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Ramires A Tibana
- Graduate Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Pereira
- Graduate Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduate Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Dulson DK, Bishop NC. Effect of a high and low dose of caffeine on human lymphocyte activation in response to antigen stimulation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:224-7. [PMID: 26789095 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of caffeine on antigen-stimulated lymphocyte activation. Six males rested for 3.5 h after ingesting 0 (PLA), 2, or 6 (6CAF) mg·kg(-1) body mass of caffeine. The number of antigen-stimulated NK CD69(+) cells increased in 6CAF at 1 h compared with PLA (P = 0.021). Caffeine did not influence the number of antigen-stimulated CD69(+) T cells or the geometric mean fluorescence intensity expression of CD69 on antigen-stimulated lymphocytes, suggesting caffeine has little effect on antigen-stimulated lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Dulson
- a AUT University, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1020, New Zealand
| | - Nicolette C Bishop
- b School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
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Ormsbee MJ, Ward EG, Bach CW, Arciero PJ, McKune AJ, Panton LB. The impact of a pre-loaded multi-ingredient performance supplement on muscle soreness and performance following downhill running. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:2. [PMID: 25628519 PMCID: PMC4308018 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of multi-ingredient performance supplements (MIPS) on perceived soreness, strength, flexibility and vertical jump performance following eccentric exercise are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of MIPS (NO-Shotgun®) pre-loaded 4 weeks prior to a single bout of downhill running (DHR) on muscle soreness and performance. Trained male runners (n = 20) were stratified by VO2max, strength, and lean mass into two groups; MIPS (n = 10) ingested one serving daily of NO-Shotgun® for 28 days and 30 min prior to all post-testing visits, Control (CON; n = 10) consumed an isocaloric maltodextrin placebo in an identical manner as MIPS. Perceived soreness and performance measurements (strength, flexibility, and jump height) were tested on 6 occasions; 28 days prior to DHR, immediately before DHR (PRE), immediately post (POST) DHR, 24, 48, and 72 hr post-DHR. Perceived soreness significantly increased (p < 0.05) post DHR compared to PRE at all time-points, with no difference between groups. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased over time (p < 0.001) with no group x time interactions (p = 0.236 and p = 0.535, respectively). Significant time effects were measured for strength (p = 0.001), flexibility (p = 0.025) and vertical jump (p < 0.001). There were no group x time interactions for any performance measurements. Consumption of MIPS for 4 weeks prior to a single bout of DHR did not affect perceived soreness, muscle damage, strength, flexibility, or jump performance compared to an isocaloric placebo in trained male runners following a single bout of DHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA ; Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA ; Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Emery G Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
| | - Christopher W Bach
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA ; Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lynn B Panton
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
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Valdiglesias V, Sánchez-Flores M, Maseda A, Marcos-Pérez D, Millán-Calenti JC, Pásaro E, Lorenzo-López L, Laffon B. Lymphocyte Subsets in a Population of Nonfrail Elderly Individuals. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:790-804. [PMID: 26167746 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1051170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Age-related frailty is characterized by increased vulnerability to stress due to decline in homeostatic reserve, which results in increased risk of adverse health outcomes including disability, hospitalization, and death. The relationship between frailty and immunological system alterations is well established. Thus, analysis of immunological changes, such as alterations in lymphocyte subsets, during senescence may provide useful markers for frailty and associated pathologies. Since reference ranges currently used for lymphocyte subsets do not specifically differentiate the elderly group, the aim of this study was to (1) establish reference ranges in nonfrail elderly individuals and (2) assess the evolution of these parameters with age. Further, the influence of other physiological and lifestyle factors was also evaluated. The study was performed on 144 elderly individuals (aged 65-95) from Galicia (in northwestern Spain). Percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3(+) T lymphocytes, CD4(+) T-helper lymphocytes, CD8(+) T-cytotoxic lymphocytes, CD19(+) B lymphocytes, and CD56(+)16(+) natural killer cells) were analyzed in peripheral blood by flow cytometry, and reference ranges were calculated. The individual status as nonfrail or prefrail did not markedly affect the immunological parameters, but an apparent influence of age was obtained for %CD3(+), %CD4(+), and %CD19(+) cells, all of which fell with increasing age. Women showed higher levels of %CD19(+) lymphocytes. No significant influence of smoking habits, physical activity, or drinking alcohol or caffeine beverages was observed. The results obtained may serve as a basis to establish comparisons between frail and nonfrail elderly individuals, in order to determine the usefulness of lymphocyte subsets as immunological biomarkers of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- a DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , Universidade da Coruña , Coruña , Spain
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Tauler P, Martínez S, Moreno C, Monjo M, Martínez P, Aguiló A. Effects of caffeine on the inflammatory response induced by a 15-km run competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1269-76. [PMID: 23299767 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182857c8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is as follows: 1) to determine the effects of caffeine supplementation on the inflammatory response (IL-6 and IL-10 levels and leukocyte numbers) induced by a 15-km run competition and 2) to examine the effect of caffeine supplementation on the energetic metabolites as well as on the exercise-induced oxidative stress. METHODS A double-blinded study of supplementation with caffeine was performed. Athletes participating in the study (n = 33) completed a 15-km run competition. Before competition, athletes took 6 mg · kg(-1) body weight of caffeine (caffeine group, n = 17) or a placebo (placebo group, n = 16). Blood samples were taken before and after competition (immediately and after 2-h recovery). Leukocyte numbers were determined in blood. Concentrations of oxidative stress markers, antioxidants, interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10), caffeine, adrenaline, and energetic metabolites were measured in plasma or serum. RESULTS Caffeine supplementation induced higher increases in circulating total leukocytes and neutrophils, with significant differences between groups after recovery. Adrenaline, glucose, and lactate levels increased after exercise, with higher increases in the caffeine group. Exercise induced significant increases in IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels, with higher increases in the caffeine group. Caffeine supplementation induced higher increases in oxidative stress markers after the competition. CONCLUSION Caffeine supplementation induced higher levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in response to exercise, enhancing the anti-inflammatory response. The caffeine-induced increase in adrenaline could be responsible for the higher increase in IL-6 levels, as well as for the increased lactate levels. Furthermore, caffeine seems to enhance oxidative stress induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Tauler
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Research Institute on Health Sciences, IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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20
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Turner JE, Bennett SJ, Campbell JP, Bosch JA, Aldred S, Griffiths HR. The antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin-2 is depleted in lymphocytes seven days after ultra-endurance exercise. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:821-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.828836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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An inflammatory pathway to apnea and autonomic dysregulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:449-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Effect of a single and repeated dose of caffeine on antigen-stimulated human natural killer cell CD69 expression after high-intensity intermittent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:1329-39. [PMID: 21152932 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several studies investigating the effect of caffeine on immune function following exercise have used one large bolus dose of caffeine. However, this does not model typical caffeine consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether small repeated doses of caffeine ingested throughout the day would elicit a similar response as one large bolus dose ingested 1 h prior to exercise on antigen-stimulated NK cell CD69 expression following strenuous intermittent exercise. In a randomized cross-over design, 15 healthy males completed six 15 min blocks of intermittent running consisting of maximal sprinting interspersed with less intense running and walking. Participants had ingested either 0 (PLA), 2 mg kg(-1) body mass (BM) caffeine on three separate occasions during the day (3 × CAF) or one dose of 6 (1 × CAF) mg kg(-1) BM caffeine, 1 h before exercise. At 1-h post-exercise, the number of antigen-stimulated CD3(-)CD56(+) cells expressing CD69 was lower on 1 × CAF compared with PLA [P < 0.05; PLA: 42.0 (34.0) × 10(6) cells L(-1), 1 × CAF: 26.2 (25.0) × 10(6) cells L(-1)], with values on 1 × CAF at this time point remaining close to pre-supplement. 1 × CAF tended to attenuate the exercise-induced increase in geometric mean fluorescence intensity of CD69 expression on antigen-stimulated CD3(-)CD56(+) cells 1-h post-exercise [P = 0.055; PLA: 141 (28)%, 1 × CAF: 119 (20)%]. These findings suggest that although one large bolus dose of caffeine attenuated the exercise-induced increase in antigen-stimulated NK cell CD69 expression 1 h following strenuous intermittent exercise, this attenuation at no point fell below pre-supplement values and caffeine does not appear to depress NK cell CD69 expression.
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Lockwood CM, Moon JR, Smith AE, Tobkin SE, Kendall KL, Graef JL, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Low-calorie energy drink improves physiological response to exercise in previously sedentary men: a placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:2227-38. [PMID: 19816213 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181aeb0cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Energy drink use has grown despite limited research to support efficacy or safety and amid concerns when combined with exercise. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 10 weeks of once-daily energy drink consumption or energy drink consumption with exercise on measures of body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, mood, and safety in previously sedentary males. Thirty-eight males were randomly assigned to energy drink + exercise (EX-A), energy drink (NEX-A), placebo + exercise (EX-B), or placebo (NEX-B). All participants consumed 1 drink per day for 10 weeks; EX-A and EX-B participated in 10 weeks of resistance and endurance exercise. Testing was performed before (PRE) and after (POST) the 10-week intervention. No significant (p > 0.05) changes were observed for body composition, fitness, or strength in NEX-A; however, significantly greater decreases in fat mass and percentage body fat and increases in VO2peak were observed in EX-A versus EX-B. Ventilatory threshold (VT), minute ventilation, VO2 at VT, and power output at VT improved significantly PRE to POST in EX-A but not in EX-B or nonexercising groups. Clinical markers for hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and immune function, as determined by PRE and POST blood work revealed no adverse effects in response to the energy drink. Mood was not affected by energy drink use. Absent energy restriction or other dietary controls, chronic ingestion of a once-daily low-calorie energy drink appears ineffective at improving body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, or strength in sedentary males. However, when combined with exercise, preworkout energy drink consumption may significantly improve some physiological adaptations to combined aerobic and resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Lockwood
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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Fletcher DK, Bishop NC. Caffeine ingestion and antigen-stimulated human lymphocyte activation after prolonged cycling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 22:249-58. [PMID: 22404431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion on antigen-stimulated T- (CD4(+) and CD8(+) ) and natural killer (NK)- (CD3(-) CD56(+) ) cell activation after prolonged, strenuous cycling. In a randomized cross-over design, nine male endurance cyclists (age: 22 ± 3 years, VO(2peak) : 62 ± 4 mL/kg/min, mean ± SD) cycled for 90 min at 70% VO(2peak) 60 min after ingesting 6 mg/kg body mass of caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA). Venous blood samples were obtained before supplementation, pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise and 1 h post-exercise. Whole blood was stimulated with Pediacel (five in one) vaccine. At 1 h post-exercise the number of antigen-stimulated CD4(+) cells expressing CD69 decreased on CAF compared with PLA [15 (17) × 10(6) vs 23 (22) × 10(6) cells/L, P<0.05]. In addition, the geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GMFI) of CD69 expression on antigen-stimulated CD8(+) cells decreased on CAF compared with PLA 1 h post-exercise [78 (10)% vs 102 (24)%, P<0.05]. At the same time-point GMFI of CD69 expression on antigen-stimulated CD3(-) CD56(+) cells was increased on CAF compared with PLA [103 (9)% vs 87 (8)%, P<0.05]. These findings suggest that caffeine reduces antigen-stimulated CD69 expression on T cells while at the same time increases NK-cell activation 1 h after intensive cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Fletcher
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Caffeine Does Not Augment Markers of Muscle Damage or Leukocytosis Following Resistance Exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2010; 5:18-26. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.5.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine ingestion before a resistance exercise session on markers of muscle damage (CK, LDH, ALT, AST) and leukocyte levels.Methods:Fifteen soccer athletes completed two resistance exercise sessions that differed only in the ingestion of caffeine or a placebo preworkout.Results:CK concentration increased significantly following the caffeine session (415.8 ± 62.8 to 542.0 ± 73.5) and the placebo session (411.5 ± 43.3 to 545.8 ± 59.9), with no significant differences between sessions. Similarly, LDH concentration increased significantly following the caffeine session (377.5 ± 18.0 to 580.5 ± 36.1) and the placebo session (384.8 ± 13.9 to 570.4 ± 36.1), with no significant differences between sessions. Both sessions resulted in significant increases in the total leukocyte count (caffeine = 6.24 ± 2.08 to 8.84 ± 3.41; placebo = 6.36 ± 2.34 to 8.77 ± 3.20), neutrophils (caffeine = 3.37 ± 0.13 to 5.15 ± 0.28; placebo = 3.46 ± 0.17 to 5.12 ± 0.24), lymphocytes (caffeine = 2.19 ± 0.091 to 2.78 ± 0.10; placebo = 2.17 ± 0.100 to 2.75 ± 0.11), and monocytes (caffeine = 0.53 ± 0.02 to 0.72 ± 0.06; placebo = 0.56 ± 0.03 to 0.69 ± 0.04), with no significant differences between sessions.Conclusion:Ingestion of caffeine at 4.5 mg⋅kg-1 did not augment markers of muscle damage or leukocyte levels above that which occurs through resistance exercise alone.
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Campbell JP, Guy K, Cosgrove C, Florida-James GD, Simpson RJ. Total lymphocyte CD8 expression is not a reliable marker of cytotoxic T-cell populations in human peripheral blood following an acute bout of high-intensity exercise. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:375-80. [PMID: 17949944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes co-express the T-cell receptor, CD3 and the MHC I restricted antigen CD8. Although total CD8 expression is often used to identify CD8(+) T-cells in blood, errors are associated with this method as some CD3 negative natural killer (NK)-cells are known to express CD8. As greater relative proportions of NK-cells are found in the blood compartment after exercise, these errors are likely to be amplified in post exercise blood samples. To test this, isolated blood lymphocytes obtained from aerobically trained male subjects before, immediately after and 1h after an exhaustive treadmill-running protocol were surface stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, and CD56 and analysed by multi-colour flow cytometry. It was found that 25.4+/-16.9% of all CD8(+) cells at rest were CD3 negative, CD8(dim+) and expressed the NK-cell markers CD16 and CD56. The magnitude of this error increased to 40.8+/-20.7% immediately after exercise due to an influx of CD8(dim+) NK-cells. Although all CD8(bright+) cells expressed CD3, gating around the CD8(bright+) cells only identified 79.2+/-8.7% of the total CD3(+)/CD8(+) T-cell population; however, the magnitude of this error did not change after exercise despite the altered proportions of CD8(bright+) and CD8(dim+) cells. In conclusion, total lymphocyte expression of CD8 should not be used as a single antigenic marker to identify CD8(+) T-cells after an acute bout of exercise. Although there are errors associated with using CD8(bright+) as a single antigenic marker to identify CD3(+) T-cells, these are not amplified in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Campbell
- Biomedicine and Sports Science Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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Timmons BW, Tarnopolsky MA, Snider DP, Bar-Or O. Puberty effects on NK cell responses to exercise and carbohydrate intake in boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38:864-74. [PMID: 16672839 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000218124.87917.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous research has demonstrated that younger versus older animals and humans experience smaller perturbations in natural killer (NK) cells in response to physiological stress. PURPOSE To determine whether the smaller perturbations in NK cells induced by strenuous exercise and carbohydrate (CHO) intake, previously reported in children, are influenced by puberty. METHODS Twenty 12-yr-old boys, distinguished as prepubertal (Tanner (T) 1, N = 7), early pubertal (T2, N = 7), or pubertal (T3-5, N = 6), cycled for 60 min at 70% VO(2max) while drinking 6% CHO (CT) or flavored water (WT). Blood was collected at rest and during (30 and 60 min) and following (30 and 60 min) exercise to identify NK cells as CD3(-)CD56(dim) or CD3(-)CD56(dim). CD69 expression on CD3(-)CD56(+) cells was also determined. RESULTS A puberty x CHO x exercise interaction was found for the proportion, but not number, of CD56(dim) cells (P = 0.06). CD56(dim) cell counts were lower in CT versus WT (P < 0.001). Responses of CD56(bright) proportions (P = 0.007) and counts (P = 0.03) depended on pubertal status, but not CHO. The CD56(bright):CD56(dim) ratio remained stable during exercise, but during recovery was higher in T1 and T3-5 versus T2 (P = 0.08) and in CT versus WT (P = 0.04). During recovery, CD3(-)CD56(+) cells expressed higher levels of CD69 (P = 0.01), with no change in the proportion of CD69(+) cells. CONCLUSION These results confirm the influence of puberty on the distribution of NK cell subsets in response to exercise and CHO intake. Increased CD69 expression suggests that NK cells increase activation status during recovery from physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Timmons
- Children's Exercise and Nutrition Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Prolonged exercise and heavy training are associated with depressed immune cell function. To maintain immune function, athletes should eat a well-balanced diet sufficient to meet their energy, carbohydrate, protein, and micronutrient requirements. Consuming carbohydrate during prolonged strenuous exercise attenuates rises in stress hormones and appears to limit the degree of exercise-induced immune depression. Recent evidence suggests that antioxidant vitamin supplementation may also reduce exercise stress and impairment of leukocyte functions. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of other antioxidants and dietary immunostimulants such as probiotics and echinacea on exercise-induced immune impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gleeson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
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