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Bastuji H, Daoud M, Magnin M, Garcia-Larrea L. REM sleep remains paradoxical: sub-states determined by thalamo-cortical and cortico-cortical functional connectivity. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39315951 DOI: 10.1113/jp286074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During paradoxical sleep (PS, aka REM sleep) the cerebral cortex displays rapid electroencephalographic activity similar to that of wakefulness, whereas in the posterior associative thalamus, rapid activity is interrupted by frequent periods of slow-wave (delta) oscillations at 2-3 Hz, thereby dissociating the intrinsic frequency in thalamus and cortex. Here we studied the functional consequences of such a dissociation using intrathalamic and intracortical recordings in 21 epileptic patients, applying coherence analysis to examine changes in functional connectivity between the posterior thalamus (mainly medial pulvinar) and six cortical functional networks, and also between each cortical network with respect to the others. Periods of slow-wave thalamic activity ('delta PS') were more prevalent than phases of 'rapid PS,' and the delta/rapid thalamic alternance did not overlap with the classical tonic/phasic dichotomy based on rapid eye movements. Thalamo-cortical and cortico-cortical functional connectivity significantly decreased during delta PS, relative to both rapid PS periods and to wakefulness. The fact that delta thalamic activity and low thalamo-cortical binding coincided with a suppression of cortico-cortical connectivity supports a crucial role for the posterior associative thalamus, and particularly the medial pulvinar, in ensuring trans-thalamic communication between distant cortical areas. Disruption of such a trans-thalamic communication during delta PS compromises the functional binding between cortical areas, and consequently might contribute to the alteration of perceptual experiences commonly reported during dreams. KEY POINTS: During paradoxical, or REM, sleep (PS), rapid thalamic activity is interrupted by frequent periods of slow delta waves at 2-3 Hz. During these periods of thalamic delta activity there was a drastic drop of functional connectivity between associative thalamus and cortex, and also among different cortical networks. The delta/rapid alternance did not overlap with the classically defined 'tonic/phasic' periods and therefore suggests a distinct dichotomy of functional states in PS. Recurrent decrease in thalamo-cortical and cortico-cortical functional connectivity during PS may compromise the spatio-temporal binding between cortical areas, which in turn could hinder the formation of coherent mental content during dreams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bastuji
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain) Lab - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS, UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard, Bron, France
- Centre du Sommeil, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maëva Daoud
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain) Lab - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS, UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard, Bron, France
| | - Michel Magnin
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain) Lab - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS, UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard, Bron, France
| | - Luis Garcia-Larrea
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain) Lab - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS, UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard, Bron, France
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2
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Biscarini F, Barateau L, Pizza F, Plazzi G, Dauvilliers Y. Narcolepsy and rapid eye movement sleep. J Sleep Res 2024:e14277. [PMID: 38955433 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Since the first description of narcolepsy at the end of the 19th Century, great progress has been made. The disease is nowadays distinguished as narcolepsy type 1 and type 2. In the 1960s, the discovery of rapid eye movement sleep at sleep onset led to improved understanding of core sleep-related disease symptoms of the disease (excessive daytime sleepiness with early occurrence of rapid eye movement sleep, sleep-related hallucinations, sleep paralysis, rapid eye movement parasomnia), as possible dysregulation of rapid eye movement sleep, and cataplexy resembling an intrusion of rapid eye movement atonia during wake. The relevance of non-sleep-related symptoms, such as obesity, precocious puberty, psychiatric and cardiovascular morbidities, has subsequently been recognized. The diagnostic tools have been improved, but sleep-onset rapid eye movement periods on polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Test remain key criteria. The pathogenic mechanisms of narcolepsy type 1 have been partly elucidated after the discovery of strong HLA class II association and orexin/hypocretin deficiency, a neurotransmitter that is involved in altered rapid eye movement sleep regulation. Conversely, the causes of narcolepsy type 2, where cataplexy and orexin deficiency are absent, remain unknown. Symptomatic medications to treat patients with narcolepsy have been developed, and management has been codified with guidelines, until the recent promising orexin-receptor agonists. The present review retraces the steps of the research on narcolepsy that linked the features of the disease with rapid eye movement sleep abnormality, and those that do not appear associated with rapid eye movement sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Biscarini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucie Barateau
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabio Pizza
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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3
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Zhang H, Zhu Z, Ma WX, Kong LX, Yuan PC, Bu LF, Han J, Huang ZL, Wang YQ. The contribution of periaqueductal gray in the regulation of physiological and pathological behaviors. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1380171. [PMID: 38650618 PMCID: PMC11034386 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1380171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Periaqueductal gray (PAG), an integration center for neuronal signals, is located in the midbrain and regulates multiple physiological and pathological behaviors, including pain, defensive and aggressive behaviors, anxiety and depression, cardiovascular response, respiration, and sleep-wake behaviors. Due to the different neuroanatomical connections and functional characteristics of the four functional columns of PAG, different subregions of PAG synergistically regulate various instinctual behaviors. In the current review, we summarized the role and possible neurobiological mechanism of different subregions of PAG in the regulation of pain, defensive and aggressive behaviors, anxiety, and depression from the perspective of the up-down neuronal circuits of PAG. Furthermore, we proposed the potential clinical applications of PAG. Knowledge of these aspects will give us a better understanding of the key role of PAG in physiological and pathological behaviors and provide directions for future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Xi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Chuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Li-Fang Bu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Han
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Bódizs R, Schneider B, Ujma PP, Horváth CG, Dresler M, Rosenblum Y. Fundamentals of sleep regulation: Model and benchmark values for fractal and oscillatory neurodynamics. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 234:102589. [PMID: 38458483 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Homeostatic, circadian and ultradian mechanisms play crucial roles in the regulation of sleep. Evidence suggests that ratios of low-to-high frequency power in the electroencephalogram (EEG) spectrum indicate the instantaneous level of sleep pressure, influenced by factors such as individual sleep-wake history, current sleep stage, age-related differences and brain topography characteristics. These effects are well captured and reflected in the spectral exponent, a composite measure of the constant low-to-high frequency ratio in the periodogram, which is scale-free and exhibits lower interindividual variability compared to slow wave activity, potentially serving as a suitable standardization and reference measure. Here we propose an index of sleep homeostasis based on the spectral exponent, reflecting the level of membrane hyperpolarization and/or network bistability in the central nervous system in humans. In addition, we advance the idea that the U-shaped overnight deceleration of oscillatory slow and fast sleep spindle frequencies marks the biological night, providing somnologists with an EEG-index of circadian sleep regulation. Evidence supporting this assertion comes from studies based on sleep replacement, forced desynchrony protocols and high-resolution analyses of sleep spindles. Finally, ultradian sleep regulatory mechanisms are indicated by the recurrent, abrupt shifts in dominant oscillatory frequencies, with spindle ranges signifying non-rapid eye movement and non-spindle oscillations - rapid eye movement phases of the sleep cycles. Reconsidering the indicators of fundamental sleep regulatory processes in the framework of the new Fractal and Oscillatory Adjustment Model (FOAM) offers an appealing opportunity to bridge the gap between the two-process model of sleep regulation and clinical somnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Bence Schneider
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge G Horváth
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yevgenia Rosenblum
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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5
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Vetrivelan R, Bandaru SS. Neural Control of REM Sleep and Motor Atonia: Current Perspectives. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:907-923. [PMID: 38060134 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the formal discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in 1953, we have gained a vast amount of knowledge regarding the specific populations of neurons, their connections, and synaptic mechanisms regulating this stage of sleep and its accompanying features. This article discusses REM sleep circuits and their dysfunction, specifically emphasizing recent studies using conditional genetic tools. RECENT FINDINGS Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) in the dorsolateral pons, especially the glutamatergic subpopulation in this region (SLDGlut), are shown to be indispensable for REM sleep. These neurons appear to be single REM generators in the rodent brain and may initiate and orchestrate all REM sleep events, including cortical and hippocampal activation and muscle atonia through distinct pathways. However, several cell groups in the brainstem and hypothalamus may influence SLDGlut neuron activity, thereby modulating REM sleep timing, amounts, and architecture. Damage to SLDGlut neurons or their projections involved in muscle atonia leads to REM behavior disorder, whereas the abnormal activation of this pathway during wakefulness may underlie cataplexy in narcolepsy. Despite some opposing views, it has become evident that SLDGlut neurons are the sole generators of REM sleep and its associated characteristics. Further research should prioritize a deeper understanding of their cellular, synaptic, and molecular properties, as well as the mechanisms that trigger their activation during cataplexy and make them susceptible in RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Sathyajit Sai Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Schott AL, Baik J, Chung S, Weber F. A medullary hub for controlling REM sleep and pontine waves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3922. [PMID: 37400467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is a distinct behavioral state associated with vivid dreaming and memory processing. Phasic bursts of electrical activity, measurable as spike-like pontine (P)-waves, are a hallmark of REM sleep implicated in memory consolidation. However, the brainstem circuits regulating P-waves, and their interactions with circuits generating REM sleep, remain largely unknown. Here, we show that an excitatory population of dorsomedial medulla (dmM) neurons expressing corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) regulates both REM sleep and P-waves in mice. Calcium imaging showed that dmM CRH neurons are selectively activated during REM sleep and recruited during P-waves, and opto- and chemogenetic experiments revealed that this population promotes REM sleep. Chemogenetic manipulation also induced prolonged changes in P-wave frequency, while brief optogenetic activation reliably triggered P-waves along with transiently accelerated theta oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Together, these findings anatomically and functionally delineate a common medullary hub for the regulation of both REM sleep and P-waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Schott
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Justin Baik
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shinjae Chung
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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7
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Peter-Derex L, von Ellenrieder N, van Rosmalen F, Hall J, Dubeau F, Gotman J, Frauscher B. Regional variability in intracerebral properties of NREM to REM sleep transitions in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300387120. [PMID: 37339200 PMCID: PMC10293806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300387120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitions between wake and sleep states show a progressive pattern underpinned by local sleep regulation. In contrast, little evidence is available on non-rapid eye movement (NREM) to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep boundaries, considered as mainly reflecting subcortical regulation. Using polysomnography (PSG) combined with stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) in humans undergoing epilepsy presurgical evaluation, we explored the dynamics of NREM-to-REM transitions. PSG was used to visually score transitions and identify REM sleep features. SEEG-based local transitions were determined automatically with a machine learning algorithm using features validated for automatic intra-cranial sleep scoring (10.5281/zenodo.7410501). We analyzed 2988 channel-transitions from 29 patients. The average transition time from all intracerebral channels to the first visually marked REM sleep epoch was 8 s ± 1 min 58 s, with a great heterogeneity between brain areas. Transitions were observed first in the lateral occipital cortex, preceding scalp transition by 1 min 57 s ± 2 min 14 s (d = -0.83), and close to the first sawtooth wave marker. Regions with late transitions were the inferior frontal and orbital gyri (1 min 1 s ± 2 min 1 s, d = 0.43, and 1 min 1 s ± 2 min 5 s, d = 0.43, after scalp transition). Intracranial transitions were earlier than scalp transitions as the night advanced (last sleep cycle, d = -0.81). We show a reproducible gradual pattern of REM sleep initiation, suggesting the involvement of cortical mechanisms of regulation. This provides clues for understanding oneiric experiences occurring at the NREM/REM boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Peter-Derex
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Croix-Rousse Hospital, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon 1 University, 69004Lyon, France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292/INSERM U1028, Lyon69000, France
| | - Nicolás von Ellenrieder
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Frank van Rosmalen
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jeffery Hall
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 2B4, Canada
| | - François Dubeau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jean Gotman
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Birgit Frauscher
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 2B4, Canada
- Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 2B4, Canada
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8
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Rial RV, Akaârir M, Canellas F, Barceló P, Rubiño JA, Martín-Reina A, Gamundí A, Nicolau MC. Mammalian NREM and REM sleep: Why, when and how. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105041. [PMID: 36646258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This report proposes that fish use the spinal-rhombencephalic regions of their brain to support their activities while awake. Instead, the brainstem-diencephalic regions support the wakefulness in amphibians and reptiles. Lastly, mammals developed the telencephalic cortex to attain the highest degree of wakefulness, the cortical wakefulness. However, a paralyzed form of spinal-rhombencephalic wakefulness remains in mammals in the form of REMS, whose phasic signs are highly efficient in promoting maternal care to mammalian litter. Therefore, the phasic REMS is highly adaptive. However, their importance is low for singletons, in which it is a neutral trait, devoid of adaptive value for adults, and is mal-adaptive for marine mammals. Therefore, they lost it. The spinal-rhombencephalic and cortical wakeful states disregard the homeostasis: animals only attend their most immediate needs: foraging defense and reproduction. However, these activities generate allostatic loads that must be recovered during NREMS, that is a paralyzed form of the amphibian-reptilian subcortical wakefulness. Regarding the regulation of tonic REMS, it depends on a hypothalamic switch. Instead, the phasic REMS depends on an independent proportional pontine control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén V Rial
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - Mourad Akaârir
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - Francesca Canellas
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut; Hospital Son Espases, 07120, Palma de Mallorca (España).
| | - Pere Barceló
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - José A Rubiño
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut; Hospital Son Espases, 07120, Palma de Mallorca (España).
| | - Aida Martín-Reina
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - Antoni Gamundí
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - M Cristina Nicolau
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
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9
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Peng W, Liu X, Ma G, Wu Z, Wang Z, Fei X, Qin M, Wang L, Li Y, Zhang S, Xu M. Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep-wake cycle by astrocyte activity. Cell Discov 2023; 9:16. [PMID: 36746933 PMCID: PMC9902472 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating sleep-wake behavior, and adenosine signaling is generally thought to be involved. Here we show multiple lines of evidence supporting that modulation of the sleep-wake behavior by astrocyte Ca2+ activity could occur without adenosine signaling. In the basal forebrain and the brainstem, two brain regions that are known to be essential for sleep-wake regulation, chemogenetically-induced astrocyte Ca2+ elevation significantly modulated the sleep-wake cycle. Although astrocyte Ca2+ level positively correlated with the amount of extracellular adenosine, as revealed by a genetically encoded adenosine sensor, we found no detectable change in adenosine level after suppressing astrocyte Ca2+ elevation, and transgenic mice lacking one of the major extracellular ATP-adenosine conversion enzymes showed similar extracellular adenosine level and astrocyte Ca2+-induced sleep modulation. Furthermore, astrocyte Ca2+ is dependent primarily on local neuronal activity, causing brain region-specific regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Thus, neural activity-dependent astrocyte activity could regulate the sleep-wake behavior independent of adenosine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guofen Ma
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Qin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhao Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shangha, China.
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10
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α-Synuclein Induced the Occurrence of RBD via Interaction with OX1R and Modulated Its Degradation. Neuromolecular Med 2023:10.1007/s12017-023-08735-4. [PMID: 36689149 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a powerful early sign of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the pathogenetic mechanism involved in RBD remains largely unexplored. α-Synuclein has been verified to form Lewy bodies in the orexin neurons, whose activity and function rely on the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R). Dysfunction of the OX1R may induce the occurrence of RBD. Here, we determined the role of the interaction between α-Synuclein and OX1R in the pathogenesis of RBD, in vitro and in vivo. We found that injection of α-Synuclein into the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) damaged orexin neurons and induced the RBD-like sleep pattern, to further damage dopaminergic neurons and result in locomotor dysfunction in mice. α-Synuclein interacted with OX1R, promoting the degradation of OX1R through proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. In addition, overexpression of α-Synuclein downregulated OX1R-mediated signaling, subsequently leading to orexin neuron damage. We conclude that α-Synuclein induced the occurrence of RBD via interaction with OX1R and modulated its degradation. These findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which the association of α-Synuclein with OX1R was attributed to α-Synuclein-induced orexin neuron damage, which may be a new molecular target for an effective therapeutic strategy for RBD pathology.
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11
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Functional roles of REM sleep. Neurosci Res 2022; 189:44-53. [PMID: 36572254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is an enigmatic and intriguing sleep state. REM sleep differs from non-REM sleep by its characteristic brain activity and from wakefulness by a reduced anti-gravity muscle tone. In addition to these key traits, diverse physiological phenomena appear across the whole body during REM sleep. However, it remains unclear whether these phenomena are the causes or the consequences of REM sleep. Experimental approaches using humans and animal models have gradually revealed the functional roles of REM sleep. Extensive efforts have been made to interpret the characteristic brain activity in the context of memory functions. Numerous physical and psychological functions of REM sleep have also been proposed. Moreover, REM sleep has been implicated in aspects of brain development. Here, we review the variety of functional roles of REM sleep, mainly as revealed by animal models. In addition, we discuss controversies regarding the functional roles of REM sleep.
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12
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Wang Z, Fei X, Liu X, Wang Y, Hu Y, Peng W, Wang YW, Zhang S, Xu M. REM sleep is associated with distinct global cortical dynamics and controlled by occipital cortex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6896. [PMID: 36371399 PMCID: PMC9653484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is spontaneously active during sleep, yet it is unclear how this global cortical activity is spatiotemporally organized, and whether such activity not only reflects sleep states but also contributes to sleep state switching. Here we report that cortex-wide calcium imaging in mice revealed distinct sleep stage-dependent spatiotemporal patterns of global cortical activity, and modulation of such patterns could regulate sleep state switching. In particular, elevated activation in the occipital cortical regions (including the retrosplenial cortex and visual areas) became dominant during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Furthermore, such pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) wave-like activity was associated with transitions to REM sleep, and optogenetic inhibition of occipital activity strongly promoted deep sleep by suppressing the NREM-to-REM transition. Thus, whereas subcortical networks are critical for initiating and maintaining sleep and wakefulness states, distinct global cortical activity also plays an active role in controlling sleep states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Hu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Wanling Peng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-wei Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.511008.dShanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, 201210 Shanghai, China
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13
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Tsimpanouli ME, Ghimire A, Barget AJ, Weston R, Paulson HL, Costa MDC, Watson BO. Sleep Alterations in a Mouse Model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193132. [PMID: 36231095 PMCID: PMC9563426 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a neurodegenerative disorder showing progressive neuronal loss in several brain areas and a broad spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms, including ataxia and altered sleep. While sleep disturbances are known to play pathophysiologic roles in other neurodegenerative disorders, their impact on SCA3 is unknown. Using spectrographic measurements, we sought to quantitatively characterize sleep electroencephalography (EEG) in SCA3 transgenic mice with confirmed disease phenotype. We first measured motor phenotypes in 18-31-week-old homozygous SCA3 YACMJD84.2 mice and non-transgenic wild-type littermate mice during lights-on and lights-off periods. We next implanted electrodes to obtain 12-h (zeitgeber time 0-12) EEG recordings for three consecutive days when the mice were 26-36 weeks old. EEG-based spectroscopy showed that compared to wild-type littermates, SCA3 homozygous mice display: (i) increased duration of rapid-eye movement sleep (REM) and fragmentation in all sleep and wake states; (ii) higher beta power oscillations during REM and non-REM (NREM); and (iii) additional spectral power band alterations during REM and wake. Our data show that sleep architecture and EEG spectral power are dysregulated in homozygous SCA3 mice, indicating that common sleep-related etiologic factors may underlie mouse and human SCA3 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Efstratia Tsimpanouli
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (M.-E.T.); (M.d.C.C.); (B.O.W.)
| | - Anjesh Ghimire
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anna J. Barget
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ridge Weston
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henry L. Paulson
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria do Carmo Costa
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (M.-E.T.); (M.d.C.C.); (B.O.W.)
| | - Brendon O. Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (M.-E.T.); (M.d.C.C.); (B.O.W.)
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14
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Stucynski JA, Schott AL, Baik J, Chung S, Weber F. Regulation of REM sleep by inhibitory neurons in the dorsomedial medulla. Curr Biol 2022; 32:37-50.e6. [PMID: 34735794 PMCID: PMC8752505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The two major stages of mammalian sleep-rapid eye movement sleep (REMs) and non-REM sleep (NREMs)-are characterized by distinct brain rhythms ranging from millisecond to minute-long (infraslow) oscillations. The mechanisms controlling transitions between sleep stages and how they are synchronized with infraslow rhythms remain poorly understood. Using opto- and chemogenetic manipulation in mice, we show that GABAergic neurons in the dorsomedial medulla (dmM) promote the initiation and maintenance of REMs, in part through their projections to the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Fiber photometry revealed that their activity is strongly increased during REMs and fluctuates during NREMs in close synchrony with infraslow oscillations in the sleep spindle band of the electroencephalogram. The phase of this rhythm influenced the latency and probability with which dmM activation induced REMs. Thus, dmM inhibitory neurons strongly promote REMs, and their slow activity fluctuations may coordinate the timing of REMs episodes with infraslow brain rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Stucynski
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda L Schott
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin Baik
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shinjae Chung
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Hammer M, Schwale C, Brankačk J, Draguhn A, Tort ABL. Theta-gamma coupling during REM sleep depends on breathing rate. Sleep 2021; 44:6326772. [PMID: 34297128 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal coupling between theta and gamma oscillations is a hallmark activity pattern of several cortical networks and becomes especially prominent during REM sleep. In a parallel approach, nasal breathing has been recently shown to generate phase-entrained network oscillations which also modulate gamma. Both slow rhythms (theta and respiration-entrained oscillations) have been suggested to aid large-scale integration but they differ in frequency, display low coherence, and modulate different gamma sub-bands. Respiration and theta are therefore believed to be largely independent. In the present work, however, we report an unexpected but robust relation between theta-gamma coupling and respiration in mice. Interestingly, this relation takes place not through the phase of individual respiration cycles, but through respiration rate: the strength of theta-gamma coupling exhibits an inverted V-shaped dependence on breathing rate, leading to maximal coupling at breathing frequencies of 4-6 Hz. Noteworthy, when subdividing sleep epochs into phasic and tonic REM patterns, we find that breathing differentially relates to theta-gamma coupling in each state, providing new evidence for their physiological distinctiveness. Altogether, our results reveal that breathing correlates with brain activity not only through phase-entrainment but also through rate-dependent relations with theta-gamma coupling. Thus, the link between respiration and other patterns of cortical network activity is more complex than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Hammer
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chrysovalandis Schwale
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jurij Brankačk
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adriano B L Tort
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59056-450, Brazil
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16
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Liang Y, Shi W, Xiang A, Hu D, Wang L, Zhang L. The NAergic locus coeruleus-ventrolateral preoptic area neural circuit mediates rapid arousal from sleep. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3729-3742.e5. [PMID: 34270948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC), which is located in the brain stem, plays an important role in promoting arousal. However, the neural circuitry underlying this function remains unclear. Using cortical electroencephalography combined with optrode recording, we found that LC noradrenergic (LCNA) neurons exhibit high activity during wakefulness, while suppressing the activity of these neurons causes a reduction in wakefulness. Viral tracing showed that LCNA neurons directly project to the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) and that optogenetic activation of the noradrenergic (NAergic) LC-VLPO (NAergicLC-VLPO) neural circuit promotes arousal. Optrode recordings in the VLPO revealed two functionally distinct neuronal populations that were stimulated in response to the optogenetic activation of LCNA neurons. Consistently, we identified two types of VLPO neurons that exhibited different responses to NAergic projections from the LC mediated by discrete adrenergic receptors. Together, our results demonstrate that the NAergicLC-VLPO neural circuit is a critical pathway for controlling wakefulness and that a synergistic effect is produced by inhibition of sleep-active neurons in the VLPO through α2 receptors and activation of wake-active neurons in the VLPO through α1 and β receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China; The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wu Shi
- The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Anfeng Xiang
- The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, 200065 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Hu
- The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, 200065 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liecheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, 200065 Shanghai, P. R. China.
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17
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Tort AB, Hammer M, Zhang J, Brankačk J, Draguhn A. Temporal Relations between Cortical Network Oscillations and Breathing Frequency during REM Sleep. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5229-5242. [PMID: 33963051 PMCID: PMC8211551 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3067-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal breathing generates a rhythmic signal which entrains cortical network oscillations in widespread brain regions on a cycle-to-cycle time scale. It is unknown, however, how respiration and neuronal network activity interact on a larger time scale: are breathing frequency and typical neuronal oscillation patterns correlated? Is there any directionality or temporal relationship? To address these questions, we recorded field potentials from the posterior parietal cortex of mice together with respiration during REM sleep. In this state, the parietal cortex exhibits prominent θ and γ oscillations while behavioral activity is minimal, reducing confounding signals. We found that the instantaneous breathing frequency strongly correlates with the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of both θ and γ oscillations. Cross-correlograms and Granger causality revealed specific directionalities for different rhythms: changes in θ activity precede and Granger-cause changes in breathing frequency, suggesting control by the functional state of the brain. On the other hand, the instantaneous breathing frequency Granger causes changes in γ frequency, suggesting that γ is influenced by a peripheral reafference signal. These findings show that changes in breathing frequency temporally relate to changes in different patterns of rhythmic brain activity. We hypothesize that such temporal relations are mediated by a common central drive likely to be located in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano B.L. Tort
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59056-450, Brazil
| | - Maximilian Hammer
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Jurij Brankačk
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
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18
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Cerri M, Amici R. Thermoregulation and Sleep: Functional Interaction and Central Nervous Control. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1591-1604. [PMID: 33792906 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Each of the wake-sleep states is characterized by specific changes in autonomic activity and bodily functions. The goal of such changes is not always clear. During non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the autonomic outflow and the activity of the endocrine system, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, and the thermoregulatory system seem to be directed at increasing energy saving. During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the goal of the specific autonomic and regulatory changes is unclear, since a large instability of autonomic activity and cardiorespiratory function is observed in concomitance with thermoregulatory changes, which are apparently non-functional to thermal homeostasis. Reciprocally, the activation of thermoregulatory responses under thermal challenges interferes with sleep occurrence. Such a double-edged and reciprocal interaction between sleep and thermoregulation may be favored by the fact that the central network controlling sleep overlaps in several parts with the central network controlling thermoregulation. The understanding of the central mechanism behind the interaction between sleep and thermoregulation may help to understand the functionality of thermoregulatory sleep-related changes and, ultimately, the function(s) of sleep. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1591-1604, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cerri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - Physiology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Amici
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - Physiology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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19
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Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Moradi K, Aarabi M, Abdolalizadeh A, Kazemi SZ, Kasaeian A, Vahabi Z. The Association Between REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:747-755. [PMID: 33579870 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND REM behavior disorder (RBD) can occur in the context of neurodegenerative alpha-synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD patients with RBD (PD-pRBD) represent more severe symptoms and signs compared with those without RBD (PD-nRBD). On another note, autonomic dysfunction in PD patients is categorized as one of the most prominent non-motor symptoms and has been lately the field of interest in research. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we longitudinally studied autonomic dysfunction in PD-pRBD and PD-nRBD groups. METHOD This study was conducted on 420 drug-naïve PD patients selected from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database. The RBD Screening Questionnaire was used to define the presence of probable RBD. SCOPA-AUT was used to assess autonomic dysfunction. Additionally, dopamine transporter deficits on [123I] FP-CIT SPECT imaging was performed for all of the patients. RESULTS Out of 420 PD patients, 158 individuals (37.6%) were considered to have probable RBD (PD-pRBD) and others without RBD (PD-nRBD). Except for pupillomotor function, all the autonomic symptoms were significantly more severe in PD-pRBD group. In PD-nRBD group, caudate striatal binding ratio was negatively correlated with SCOPA-AUT scores, while no significant correlation was observed in PD-pRBD group. Finally, there was a significant difference considering the longitudinal changes of SCOPA-AUT total between PD-pRBD and PD-nRBD groups, suggesting a more severe autonomic decline in PD-pRBD patients. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that PD-pRBD patients have more severe autonomic dysfunction. These results support the theory that PD patients can be categorized based on the clinical presentation, possibly representing differences in the disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
- Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Moradi
- Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadhadi Aarabi
- Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyedeh Zahra Kazemi
- Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Vahabi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Sleep Disorders in dogs: A Pathophysiological and Clinical Review. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 43:100516. [PMID: 33556640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental process in mammals, including domestic dogs. Disturbances in sleep affect physiological functions like cognitive and physical performance, immune response, pain sensation and increase the risk of diseases. In dogs, sleep can be affected by several conditions, with narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder and sleep breathing disorders being the most frequent causes. Furthermore, sleep disturbances can be a symptom of other primary diseases where they can contribute to the worsening of clinical signs. This review describes reciprocally interacting sleep and wakefulness promoting systems and how their dysfunction can explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of sleep disorders. Additionally, this work discusses the clinical characteristics, diagnostic tools and available treatments for these disorders while highlighting areas in where further studies are needed so as to improve their treatment and prevention.
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21
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Matar E, McCarter SJ, St Louis EK, Lewis SJG. Current Concepts and Controversies in the Management of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:107-123. [PMID: 33410105 PMCID: PMC8116413 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00983-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by dream enactment and the loss of muscle atonia during REM sleep, known as REM sleep without atonia (RSWA). RBD can result in significant injuries, prompting patients to seek medical attention. However, in others, it may present only as non-violent behaviors noted as an incidental finding during polysomnography (PSG). RBD typically occurs in the context of synuclein-based neurodegenerative disorders but can also be seen accompanying brain lesions and be exacerbated by medications, particularly antidepressants. There is also an increasing appreciation regarding isolated or idiopathic RBD (iRBD). Symptomatic treatment of RBD is a priority to prevent injurious complications, with usual choices being melatonin or clonazepam. The discovery that iRBD represents a prodromal stage of incurable synucleinopathies has galvanized the research community into delineating the pathophysiology of RBD and defining biomarkers of neurodegeneration that will facilitate future disease-modifying trials in iRBD. Despite many advances, there has been no progress in available symptomatic or neuroprotective therapies for RBD, with recent negative trials highlighting several challenges that need to be addressed to prepare for definitive therapeutic trials for patients with this disorder. These challenges relate to i) the diagnostic and screening strategies applied to RBD, ii) the limited evidence base for symptomatic therapies, (iii) the existence of possible subtypes of RBD, (iv) the relevance of triggering medications, (v) the absence of objective markers of severity, (vi) the optimal design of disease-modifying trials, and vii) the implications around disclosing the risk of future neurodegeneration in otherwise healthy individuals. Here, we review the current concepts in the therapeutics of RBD as it relates to the above challenges and identify pertinent research questions to be addressed by future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matar
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Forefront Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S J McCarter
- Mayo Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - E K St Louis
- Mayo Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Health System Southwest Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - S J G Lewis
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Forefront Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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22
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Bandaru SS, Khanday MA, Ibrahim N, Naganuma F, Vetrivelan R. Sleep-Wake Control by Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) Neurons: a Review of Recent Findings. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 20:55. [PMID: 33006677 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-01075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-expressing neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus are considered as an integral component of sleep-wake circuitry. However, the precise role of MCH neurons in sleep-wake regulation has remained unclear, despite several years of research employing a wide range of techniques. We review recent data on this aspect, which are mostly inconsistent, and propose a novel role for MCH neurons in sleep regulation. RECENT FINDINGS While almost all studies using "gain-of-function" approaches show an increase in rapid eye movement sleep (or paradoxical sleep; PS), loss-of-function approaches have not shown reductions in PS. Similarly, the reported changes in wakefulness or non-rapid eye movement sleep (slow-wave sleep; SWS) with manipulation of the MCH system using conditional genetic methods are inconsistent. Currently available data do not support a role for MCH neurons in spontaneous sleep-wake but imply a crucial role for them in orchestrating sleep-wake responses to changes in external and internal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyajit S Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Science # 711, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mudasir A Khanday
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Science # 711, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nazifa Ibrahim
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Science # 711, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Fumito Naganuma
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Science # 711, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Science # 711, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Park SH, Weber F. Neural and Homeostatic Regulation of REM Sleep. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1662. [PMID: 32793050 PMCID: PMC7385183 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct, homeostatically controlled brain state characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) in combination with paralysis of skeletal muscles and is associated with vivid dreaming. Understanding how REM sleep is controlled requires identification of the neural circuits underlying its initiation and maintenance, and delineation of the homeostatic processes regulating its expression on multiple timescales. Soon after its discovery in humans in 1953, the pons was demonstrated to be necessary and sufficient for the generation of REM sleep. But, especially within the last decade, researchers have identified further neural populations in the hypothalamus, midbrain, and medulla that regulate REM sleep by either promoting or suppressing this brain state. The discovery of these populations was greatly facilitated by the availability of novel technologies for the dissection of neural circuits. Recent quantitative models integrate findings about the activity and connectivity of key neurons and knowledge about homeostatic mechanisms to explain the dynamics underlying the recurrence of REM sleep. For the future, combining quantitative with experimental approaches to directly test model predictions and to refine existing models will greatly advance our understanding of the neural and homeostatic processes governing the regulation of REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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24
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Zhang J, Jin X, Li R, Gao Y, Li J, Wang G. Influence of rapid eye movement sleep on all-cause mortality: a community-based cohort study. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:1580-1588. [PMID: 30867337 PMCID: PMC6428105 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Although the proportion and duration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are correlated with neurological and cardiovascular diseases, whether REM sleep is associated with all-cause mortality in community-based populations remains unknown. Methods: A prospective study was performed within the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS, Registration NO. NCT00005275). Total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and REM sleep were measured using polysomnography. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of the REM sleep with all-cause mortality. Results: Over a mean follow-up period of 11.0 ± 3.1 y, 1234 individuals (21.9%) died. In the entire population, reduced REM sleep was significantly associated with increasing all-cause mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking status, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, history of diabetes and hypertension, and the apnea–hypopnea index, the duration and proportion of REM sleep were found to be significantly associated with all-cause mortality when the lowest and the highest REM quartile groups were compared (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.727, 1.434-2.079; 1.545, 1.298-1.839; respectively). Conclusion: The proportion and duration of REM sleep are negatively associated with all-cause mortality. This finding emphasizes the importance of personalized sleep management in community-based populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xuting Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Ruohan Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Jiamei Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
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25
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Lu HC, Pollack H, Lefante JJ, Mills AA, Tian D. Altered sleep architecture, rapid eye movement sleep, and neural oscillation in a mouse model of human chromosome 16p11.2 microdeletion. Sleep 2020; 42:5239591. [PMID: 30541142 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep abnormalities are common among children with neurodevelopmental disorders. The human chr16p11.2 microdeletion is associated with a range of neurological and neurobehavioral abnormalities. Previous studies of a mouse model of human chr16p11.2 microdeletion (chr16p11.2df/+) have demonstrated pathophysiological changes at the synapses in the hippocampus and striatum; however, the impact of this genetic abnormality on system level brain functions, such as sleep and neural oscillation, has not been adequately investigated. Here, we show that chr16p11.2df/+ mice have altered sleep architecture, with increased wake time and reduced time in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Importantly, several measurements of REM sleep are significantly changed in deletion mice. The REM bout number and the bout number ratio of REM to NREM are decreased in mutant mice, suggesting a deficit in REM-NREM transition. The average REM bout duration is shorter in mutant mice, indicating a defect in REM maintenance. In addition, whole-cell patch clamp recording of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG)-projecting gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus of ventral medulla of mutant mice reveal that these neurons, which are important for NREM-REM transition and REM maintenance, have hyperpolarized resting membrane potential and increased membrane resistance. These changes in intrinsic membrane properties suggest that these projection-specific neurons of mutant mice are less excitable, and thereby may play a role in deficient NREM-REM transition and REM maintenance. Furthermore, mutant mice exhibit changes in neural oscillation involving multiple frequency classes in several vigilance states. The most significant alterations occur in the theta frequency during wake and REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Harvey Pollack
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John J Lefante
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Di Tian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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26
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Tsunematsu T, Patel AA, Onken A, Sakata S. State-dependent brainstem ensemble dynamics and their interactions with hippocampus across sleep states. eLife 2020; 9:52244. [PMID: 31934862 PMCID: PMC6996931 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brainstem plays a crucial role in sleep-wake regulation. However, the ensemble dynamics underlying sleep regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we show slow, state-predictive brainstem ensemble dynamics and state-dependent interactions between the brainstem and the hippocampus in mice. On a timescale of seconds to minutes, brainstem populations can predict pupil dilation and vigilance states and exhibit longer prediction power than hippocampal CA1 neurons. On a timescale of sub-seconds, pontine waves (P-waves) are accompanied by synchronous firing of brainstem neurons during both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Crucially, P-waves functionally interact with CA1 activity in a state-dependent manner: during NREM sleep, hippocampal sharp wave-ripples (SWRs) precede P-waves. On the other hand, P-waves during REM sleep are phase-locked with ongoing theta oscillations and are followed by burst firing of CA1 neurons. This state-dependent global coordination between the brainstem and hippocampus implicates distinct functional roles of sleep. Though almost all animals sleep, its exact purpose remains an enigma. This is particularly true for the period of sleep where people dream most vividly, which is known as rapid eye movement sleep or REM sleep for short. In addition to the eye movements that give it its name, during this phase of sleep, the pupils of the eyes become smaller, muscles relax and neurons in part of the brain activate in a regular, repeating way known as pontine waves or P-waves. The brainstem is a key brain region that helps the body determine when it is time to sleep and when it is time to be awake. It is found at the back of the brain, and connects the brain to the spinal cord, serving as a conduit for nerve signals to and from the rest of the body. However, it was not clear how the brainstem’s activity during sleep interacts with other brain regions that are important in the sleep process, such as the hippocampus. REM sleep is not unique to humans; in fact, it occurs in all mammals. Tsunematsu et al. studied mice to better understand the role of the brainstem during sleep. In the experiments, the brain waves, muscle tone and pupil sizes of the mice were monitored, while a probe inserted into the brainstem of the mice measured the activity of the neurons. Analysis of the probe data could predict changes in pupil size ten seconds beforehand and transitions between wakefulness, REM sleep and non-REM sleep up to sixty seconds in advance. This long timescale suggests that there are a number of complex interactions following brainstem activity that lead to the changes in sleep state. Tsunematsu et al. were also able to detect P-waves for the first time in mice and found that they are timed with activity from the hippocampus depending on the sleep state. During REM sleep, the P-waves precede the hippocampal activity, while during non-REM sleep, they follow it. These results further imply that the two sleep states serve different purposes. The detection of P-waves in mice shows that they are similar to other mammals that have previously been studied. Further studies in mice could help to provide more insight into the mechanisms of sleep and the purpose of the different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tsunematsu
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Super-Network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Amisha A Patel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arno Onken
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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27
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Zitser J, During EH, Chiaro G, Miglis MG. Autonomic impairment as a potential biomarker in idiopathic REM-sleep-behavior disorder. Auton Neurosci 2019; 220:102553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Sakai K. What single‐unit recording studies tell us about the basic mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 52:3507-3530. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sakai
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System Lyon Neuroscience Research Center INSERM U1028 University Lyon 1 Lyon France
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29
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Abstract
Narcolepsy is the most common neurological cause of chronic sleepiness. The discovery about 20 years ago that narcolepsy is caused by selective loss of the neurons producing orexins (also known as hypocretins) sparked great advances in the field. Here, we review the current understanding of how orexin neurons regulate sleep-wake behaviour and the consequences of the loss of orexin neurons. We also summarize the developing evidence that narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder that may be caused by a T cell-mediated attack on the orexin neurons and explain how these new perspectives can inform better therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Mahoney
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Cogswell
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Naganuma F, Bandaru SS, Absi G, Mahoney CE, Scammell TE, Vetrivelan R. Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons contribute to dysregulation of rapid eye movement sleep in narcolepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:12-20. [PMID: 30149182 PMCID: PMC6195361 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus contains neurons producing orexins that promote wakefulness and suppress REM sleep as well as neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) that likely promote REM sleep. Narcolepsy with cataplexy is caused by selective loss of the orexin neurons, and the MCH neurons appear unaffected. As the orexin and MCH systems exert opposing effects on REM sleep, we hypothesized that imbalance in this REM sleep-regulating system due to activity in the MCH neurons may contribute to the striking REM sleep dysfunction characteristic of narcolepsy. To test this hypothesis, we chemogenetically activated the MCH neurons and pharmacologically blocked MCH signaling in a murine model of narcolepsy and studied the effects on sleep-wake behavior and cataplexy. To chemoactivate MCH neurons, we injected an adeno-associated viral vector containing the hM3Dq stimulatory DREADD into the lateral hypothalamus of orexin null mice that also express Cre recombinase in the MCH neurons (MCH-Cre::OX-KO mice) and into control MCH-Cre mice with normal orexin expression. In both lines of mice, activation of MCH neurons by clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without altering other states. In mice lacking orexins, activation of the MCH neurons also increased abnormal intrusions of REM sleep manifest as cataplexy and short latency transitions into REM sleep (SLREM). Conversely, a MCH receptor 1 antagonist, SNAP 94847, almost completely eliminated SLREM and cataplexy in OX-KO mice. These findings affirm that MCH neurons promote REM sleep under normal circumstances, and their activity in mice lacking orexins likely triggers abnormal intrusions of REM sleep into non-REM sleep and wake, resulting in the SLREM and cataplexy characteristic of narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumito Naganuma
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA-02215, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1, Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
| | - Sathyajit S Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA-02215, USA
| | - Gianna Absi
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA-02215, USA
| | - Carrie E Mahoney
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA-02215, USA
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA-02215, USA
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA-02215, USA.
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31
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Hasan S, Foster RG, Vyazovskiy VV, Peirson SN. Effects of circadian misalignment on sleep in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15343. [PMID: 30367119 PMCID: PMC6203841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms and sleep-wake history determine sleep duration and intensity, and influence subsequent waking. Previous studies have shown that T cycles - light-dark (LD) cycles differing from 24 h - lead to acute changes in the daily amount and distribution of waking and sleep. However, little is known about the long-term effects of T cycles. Here we performed continuous 10 day recording of electroencephalography (EEG), locomotor activity and core body temperature in C57BL/6 mice under a T20 cycle, to investigate spontaneous sleep and waking at baseline compared with when the circadian clock was misaligned and then re-aligned with respect to the external LD cycle. We found that the rhythmic distribution of sleep was abolished during misalignment, while the time course of EEG slow wave activity (1–4 Hz) was inverted compared to baseline. Although the typical light-dark distribution of NREM sleep was re-instated when animals were re-aligned, slow wave activity during NREM sleep showed an atypical increase in the dark phase, suggesting a long-term effect of T cycles on sleep intensity. Our data show that circadian misalignment results in previously uncharacterised long-term effects on sleep, which may have important consequences for behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibah Hasan
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom.
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32
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Héricé C, Patel AA, Sakata S. Circuit mechanisms and computational models of REM sleep. Neurosci Res 2018; 140:77-92. [PMID: 30118737 PMCID: PMC6403104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
REM sleep was discovered in the 1950s. Many hypothalamic and brainstem areas have been found to contribute to REM sleep. An up-to-date picture of REM-sleep-regulating circuits is reviewed. A brief overview of computational models for REM sleep regulation is provided. Outstanding issues for future studies are discussed.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or paradoxical sleep is an elusive behavioral state. Since its discovery in the 1950s, our knowledge of the neuroanatomy, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides underlying REM sleep regulation has continually evolved in parallel with the development of novel technologies. Although the pons was initially discovered to be responsible for REM sleep, it has since been revealed that many components in the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla also contribute to REM sleep. In this review, we first provide an up-to-date overview of REM sleep-regulating circuits in the brainstem and hypothalamus by summarizing experimental evidence from neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and gain- and loss-of-function studies. Second, because quantitative approaches are essential for understanding the complexity of REM sleep-regulating circuits and because mathematical models have provided valuable insights into the dynamics underlying REM sleep genesis and maintenance, we summarize computational studies of the sleep-wake cycle, with an emphasis on REM sleep regulation. Finally, we discuss outstanding issues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Héricé
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Amisha A Patel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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33
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Costa A, Castro-Zaballa S, Lagos P, Chase MH, Torterolo P. Distribution of MCH-containing fibers in the feline brainstem: Relevance for REM sleep regulation. Peptides 2018; 104:50-61. [PMID: 29680268 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons that utilize melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) as a neuromodulator are localized in the postero-lateral hypothalamus and incerto-hypothalamic area. These neurons project diffusely throughout the central nervous system and have been implicated in critical physiological processes, such as sleep. Unlike rodents, in the order carnivora as well as in humans, MCH exerts its biological functions through two receptors: MCHR-1 and MCHR-2. Hence, the cat is an optimal animal to model MCHergic functions in humans. In the present study, we examined the distribution of MCH-positive fibers in the brainstem of the cat. MCHergic axons with distinctive varicosities and boutons were heterogeneously distributed, exhibiting different densities in distinct regions of the brainstem. High density of MCHergic fibers was found in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the pendunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the locus coeruleus and the prepositus hypoglossi. Because these areas are involved in the control of REM sleep, the present anatomical data support the role of this neuropeptidergic system in the control of this behavioral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Costa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | | | - Patricia Lagos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Michael H Chase
- WebSciences International and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
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Sakai K. Single unit activity of periaqueductal gray and deep mesencephalic nucleus neurons involved in sleep stage switching in the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1110-1126. [PMID: 29498771 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 668 single units were recorded in the mouse periaqueductal gray (PAG) and adjacent deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) to determine their role in the switching of sleep-wake states, that is, wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical (or rapid eye movement) sleep (PS) in general, and, in particular, to determine whether PS-on and PS-off neurons involved in PS state switching are present in these structures and to identify neuronal substrates for the SWS-PS switching mediated by DpMe neurons. Both structures were found to contain similar percentages of W/PS-active neurons, which discharge at a higher rate during W and PS than during SWS, while W-active neurons, which discharge maximally during W, were found mainly in the PAG. Both also contained similar percentages of SWS/PS-active neurons, which discharge at higher rates during SWS and PS than during W, and PS-active neurons, which discharge maximally during PS, while SWS-active neurons, which discharge maximally during SWS, were found almost exclusively in the PAG. Both structures contained virtually no PS-on or PS-off neurons, which, respectively, discharge or cease firing selectively and tonically just prior to, and during, PS. Unlike the PAG, the DpMe contained many SWS/PS-on neurons, which discharge selectively at high rates during SWS and PS, but show a decrease in discharge rate at the transition from SWS to PS. Analysis of discharge profiles and trends in spike activity at the state transitions strongly suggests that PAG and DpMe neurons play an important role in the W-SWS, SWS-PS and/or PS-W switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakai
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, UMR5292, School of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, F-69373, Lyon, France
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Wigren HK, Porkka-Heiskanen T. Novel concepts in sleep regulation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222:e13017. [PMID: 29253320 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the cellular mechanisms of sleep regulation is accumulating rapidly. In addition to neurones, also non-neuronal brain cells (astrocytes and microglia) are emerging as potential players. New techniques, particularly optogenetics and designed receptors activated by artificial ligands (DREADD), have provided also sleep research with important additional tools to study the effect of either silencing or activating specific neuronal groups/neuronal networks by opening or shutting ion channels on cells. The advantages of these strategies are the possibility to genetically target specific cell populations and the possibility to either activate or inhibit them with inducing light signal into the brain. Studies probing circuits of NREM and REM sleep regulation, as well as their role in memory consolidation, have been conducted recently. In addition, fundamentally new thoughts and potential mechanisms have been introduced to the field. The role of non-neuronal tissues in the regulation of many brain functions has become evident. These non-neuronal cells, particularly astrocytes, integrate large number of neurones, and it has been suggested that one of their functions is to integrate the (neural) activity in larger brain areas-a feature that is one of the prominent features of also the state of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.-K. Wigren
- Department of Physiology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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Peter-Derex L. Sonno normale. Neurologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(18)91374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Enhanced wakefulness following lesions of a mesopontine locus essential for the induction of general anesthesia. Behav Brain Res 2018; 341:198-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rossi Sebastiano D, Visani E, Panzica F, Sattin D, Bersano A, Nigri A, Ferraro S, Parati E, Leonardi M, Franceschetti S. Sleep patterns associated with the severity of impairment in a large cohort of patients with chronic disorders of consciousness. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 129:687-693. [PMID: 29307451 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed sleep patterns in 85 patients with chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC) in order to reveal any relationship with the degree of the impairment. METHODS Nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) was scored in patients classified as being in an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome/vegetative state (UWS/VS; n = 49) or a minimally conscious state (MCS; n = 36) in accordance with the rules of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The PSG data in the two diagnostic groups were compared, and the PSG parameters associated with the degree of impairment were analysed. RESULTS In 19/49 UWS/VS patients, signal attenuation was the only EEG pattern detectable in sleep. Non-REM 2 (NREM2) and slow-wave sleep (SWS) (but not REM) stages were more frequent in the MCS patients. The presence of SWS was the most appropriate factor for classifying patients as UWS/VS or MCS, and the duration of SWS was the main factor that significantly correlated with revised Coma Recovery Scale scores. CONCLUSION The presence of NREM sleep (namely SWS) reflects better preservation of the circuitry and structures needed to sustain this stage of sleep in DOC patients. SIGNIFICANCE PSG is a simple and effective technique, and sleep patterns may reflect the degree of impairment in chronic DOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rossi Sebastiano
- Neurophysiopathology Department and Epilepsy Centre, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa Visani
- Neurophysiopathology Department and Epilepsy Centre, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Panzica
- Neurophysiopathology Department and Epilepsy Centre, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Sattin
- Neurology, Public Health, Disability Unit and Coma Research Centre, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Bersano
- Cerebrovascular Disease Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Nigri
- Neuroradiology Department, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferraro
- Neuroradiology Department, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Parati
- Cerebrovascular Disease Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Matilde Leonardi
- Neurology, Public Health, Disability Unit and Coma Research Centre, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Neurophysiopathology Department and Epilepsy Centre, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
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Monti JM, Jantos H. The effects of local microinjection of selective dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists and antagonists into the dorsal raphe nucleus on sleep and wakefulness in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2017; 339:11-18. [PMID: 29137945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptor agonists SKF38393, bromocriptine and quinpirole, respectively, on spontaneous sleep were analyzed in adult rats prepared for chronic sleep recordings. Local administration of the DAergic agonists into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) during the light phase of the light-dark cycle induced a significant reduction of rapid-eye movement sleep (REMS) and the number of REM periods. Additionally, bromocriptine and quinpirole significantly increased wakefulness (W). Opposite, the microinjection into the DRN of the DA D1 and D2 receptor antagonists SCH23390 and sulpiride, respectively, significantly augmented REMS and the number of REM periods. Pretreatment with SCH23390 and sulpiride prevented the effects of SKF38393 and bromocriptine, respectively, on sleep variables. Our results tend to indicate that DAergic neurons located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) contribute to the regulation of predominantly W and REMS by DRN serotonergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M Monti
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine Clinics Hospital, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Héctor Jantos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine Clinics Hospital, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
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Chiaro G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Cecere A, Mignani F, Sambati L, Loddo G, Cortelli P, Provini F. REM sleep behavior disorder, autonomic dysfunction and synuclein-related neurodegeneration: where do we stand? Clin Auton Res 2017; 28:519-533. [PMID: 28871332 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-017-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From newfound parasomnia to a marker of future synucleinopathy, since its first description in 1986, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) has been systematically tackled from virtually many viewpoints in basic, translational, and clinical studies. The time delay between RBD and synucleinopathy onset offers an exceptional window for observation and design of neuroprotective trials. In the last few years, research has focused on characterizing possible differences within RBD patients in order to draw potential profiles more or less susceptible to further neurodegeneration. Attention has been drawn towards autonomic dysfunction in RBD as one of such variables. OVERVIEW In this review, REM sleep physiology and relevant brain anatomy is briefly mentioned and integrated with neuroanatomical and physiological concepts regarding the central autonomic network. A detailed summary of works showing the presence of autonomic dysfunction in RBD is provided, and clinical and electrophysiological features of RBD in synucleinopathies are discussed. A short overview of RBD in other neurodegenerative diseases is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Chiaro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Altura, 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy.,Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Altura, 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annagrazia Cecere
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Mignani
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Sambati
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Altura, 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Loddo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Altura, 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Altura, 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Provini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Altura, 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy. .,IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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41
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Scammell TE, Arrigoni E, Lipton JO. Neural Circuitry of Wakefulness and Sleep. Neuron 2017; 93:747-765. [PMID: 28231463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and the circadian mechanisms that control their timing. We also outline key models for the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep, how mutual inhibition between specific pathways gives rise to these distinct states, and how dysfunction in these circuits can give rise to sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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42
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Saper CB, Fuller PM. Wake-sleep circuitry: an overview. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 44:186-192. [PMID: 28577468 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although earlier models of brain circuitry controlling wake-sleep focused on monaminergic and cholinergic arousal systems, recent evidence indicates that these play mainly a modulatory role, and that the backbone of the wake-sleep regulatory system depends upon fast neurotransmitters, such as glutmate and GABA. We review here recent advances in understanding the role these systems play in controlling sleep and wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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43
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Sclocco R, Beissner F, Bianciardi M, Polimeni JR, Napadow V. Challenges and opportunities for brainstem neuroimaging with ultrahigh field MRI. Neuroimage 2017; 168:412-426. [PMID: 28232189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brainstem plays a central role in connecting the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the spinal cord to one another, hosting relay nuclei for afferent and efferent signaling, and providing source nuclei for several neuromodulatory systems that impact central nervous system function. While the investigation of the brainstem with functional or structural magnetic resonance imaging has been hampered for years due to this brain structure's physiological and anatomical characteristics, the field has seen significant advances in recent years thanks to the broader adoption of ultrahigh-field (UHF) MRI scanning. In the present review, we focus on the advantages offered by UHF in the context of brainstem imaging, as well as the challenges posed by the investigation of this complex brain structure in terms of data acquisition and analysis. We also illustrate how UHF MRI can shed new light on the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology underlying different brainstem-based circuitries, such as the central autonomic network and neurotransmitter/neuromodulator systems, discuss existing and foreseeable clinical applications to better understand diseases such as chronic pain and Parkinson's disease, and explore promising future directions for further improvements in brainstem imaging using UHF MRI techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sclocco
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149-2301, 13th St. Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, USA.
| | - Florian Beissner
- Somatosensory and Autonomic Therapy Research, Institute for Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marta Bianciardi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149-2301, 13th St. Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jonathan R Polimeni
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149-2301, 13th St. Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149-2301, 13th St. Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, USA
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44
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45
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GABA Cells in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Promote Cataplexy. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4007-4022. [PMID: 28209737 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4070-15.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataplexy is a hallmark of narcolepsy characterized by the sudden uncontrollable onset of muscle weakness or paralysis during wakefulness. It can occur spontaneously, but is typically triggered by positive emotions such as laughter. Although cataplexy was identified >130 years ago, its neural mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that a newly identified GABA circuit within the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) promotes cataplexy. We used behavioral, electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, and chemogenetic strategies to target and manipulate CeA activity selectively in narcoleptic (orexin-/-) mice to determine its functional role in controlling cataplexy. First, we show that chemogenetic activation of the entire CeA produces a marked increase in cataplexy attacks. Then, we show that GABA cells within the CeA are responsible for mediating this effect. To manipulate GABA cells specifically, we developed a new mouse line that enables genetic targeting of GABA cells in orexin-/- mice. We found that chemogenetic activation of GABA CeA cells triggered a 253% increase in the number of cataplexy attacks without affecting their duration, suggesting that GABA cells play a functional role in initiating but not maintaining cataplexy. We show that GABA cell activation only promotes cataplexy attacks associated with emotionally rewarding stimuli, not those occurring spontaneously. However, we found that chemogenetic inhibition of GABA CeA cells does not prevent cataplexy, suggesting these cells are not required for initiating cataplexy attacks. Our results indicate that the CeA promotes cataplexy onset and that emotionally rewarding stimuli may trigger cataplexy by activating GABA cells in the CeA.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although cataplexy has been closely linked to positive emotions for >130 years, the neural circuitry that underlies this relationship is poorly understood. Recent work suggests that the amygdala, a brain area important for processing emotion, may be part of this circuit. This study provides the first functional evidence to implicate GABA cells in the amygdala as regulators of cataplexy triggered by positive emotions and identifies the amygdala as the brain region important more for gating the entrance into rather than the exit from cataplexy. We also generated a new mouse model for studying GABA neurons in narcoleptic mice, which could serve as a useful tool for studying the neurobiological underpinnings of narcolepsy.
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46
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Vetrivelan R, Kong D, Ferrari LL, Arrigoni E, Madara JC, Bandaru SS, Lowell BB, Lu J, Saper CB. Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons specifically promote rapid eye movement sleep in mice. Neuroscience 2016; 336:102-113. [PMID: 27595887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently available evidence indicates that neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in the lateral hypothalamus are critical modulators of sleep-wakefulness, but their precise role in this function is not clear. Studies employing optogenetic stimulation of MCH neurons have yielded inconsistent results, presumably due to differences in the optogenetic stimulation protocols, which do not approximate normal patterns of cell firing. In order to resolve this discrepancy, we (1) selectively activated the MCH neurons using a chemogenetic approach (Cre-dependent hM3Dq expression) and (2) selectively destroyed MCH neurons using a genetically targeted diphtheria toxin deletion method, and studied the changes in sleep-wake in mice. Our results indicate that selective activation of MCH neurons causes specific increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without altering wake or non-REM (NREM) sleep. On the other hand, selective deletions of MCH neurons altered the diurnal rhythm of wake and REM sleep without altering their total amounts. These results indicate that activation of MCH neurons primarily drives REM sleep and their presence may be necessary for normal expression of diurnal variation of REM sleep and wake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Dong Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Programs of Neuroscience and Cellular, Molecular and Development Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Loris L Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Sathyajit S Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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47
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Gaughan T, Buckley A, Hommer R, Grant P, Williams K, Leckman JF, Swedo SE. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Abnormalities in Children with Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). J Clin Sleep Med 2016; 12:1027-32. [PMID: 27166296 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Polysomnographic investigation of sleep architecture in children presenting with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS). METHODS Fifteen consecutive subjects meeting criteria for PANS (mean age = 7.2 y; range 3-10 y) underwent single-night full polysomnography (PSG) read by a pediatric neurologist. RESULTS Thirteen of 15 subjects (87%) had abnormalities detected with PSG. Twelve of 15 had evidence of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep motor disinhibition, as characterized by excessive movement, laughing, hand stereotypies, moaning, or the continuation of periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) into REM sleep. CONCLUSIONS This study shows various forms of REM sleep motor disinhibition present in a population of children with PANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gaughan
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ashura Buckley
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rebecca Hommer
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul Grant
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kyle Williams
- Pediatric Neuropsychiatry and Immunology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - James F Leckman
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Susan E Swedo
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
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48
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Arrigoni E, Chen MC, Fuller PM. The anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of motor atonia during rapid eye movement sleep. J Physiol 2016; 594:5391-414. [PMID: 27060683 DOI: 10.1113/jp271324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a recurring part of the sleep-wake cycle characterized by fast, desynchronized rhythms in the electroencephalogram (EEG), hippocampal theta activity, rapid eye movements, autonomic activation and loss of postural muscle tone (atonia). The brain circuitry governing REM sleep is located in the pontine and medullary brainstem and includes ascending and descending projections that regulate the EEG and motor components of REM sleep. The descending signal for postural muscle atonia during REM sleep is thought to originate from glutamatergic neurons of the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD), which in turn activate glycinergic pre-motor neurons in the spinal cord and/or ventromedial medulla to inhibit motor neurons. Despite work over the past two decades on many neurotransmitter systems that regulate the SLD, gaps remain in our knowledge of the synaptic basis by which SLD REM neurons are regulated and in turn produce REM sleep atonia. Elucidating the anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of REM sleep atonia control is a critical step for treating many sleep-related disorders including obstructive sleep apnoea (apnea), REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and narcolepsy with cataplexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Michael C Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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49
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French IT, Muthusamy KA. A Review of Sleep and Its Disorders in Patients with Parkinson's Disease in Relation to Various Brain Structures. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:114. [PMID: 27242523 PMCID: PMC4876118 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an indispensable normal physiology of the human body fundamental for healthy functioning. It has been observed that Parkinson's disease (PD) not only exhibits motor symptoms, but also non-motor symptoms such as metabolic irregularities, altered olfaction, cardiovascular dysfunction, gastrointestinal complications and especially sleep disorders which is the focus of this review. A good understanding and knowledge of the different brain structures involved and how they function in the development of sleep disorders should be well comprehended in order to treat and alleviate these symptoms and enhance quality of life for PD patients. Therefore it is vital that the normal functioning of the body in relation to sleep is well understood before proceeding on to the pathophysiology of PD correlating to its symptoms. Suitable treatment can then be administered toward enhancing the quality of life of these patients, perhaps even discovering the cause for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel T French
- Department of Surgery, University Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Krone L, Frase L, Piosczyk H, Selhausen P, Zittel S, Jahn F, Kuhn M, Feige B, Mainberger F, Klöppel S, Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Baglioni C, Sterr A, Nissen C. Top-down control of arousal and sleep: Fundamentals and clinical implications. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 31:17-24. [PMID: 26883160 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian sleep emerges from attenuated activity in the ascending reticular arousal system (ARAS), the main arousal network of the brain. This system originates in the brainstem and activates the thalamus and cortex during wakefulness via a well-characterized 'bottom-up' pathway. Recent studies propose that a less investigated cortico-thalamic 'top-down' pathway also regulates sleep. The present work integrates the current evidence on sleep regulation with a focus on the 'top-down' pathway and explores the potential to translate this information into clinically relevant interventions. Specifically, we elaborate the concept that arousal and sleep continuity in humans can be modulated by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques that increase or decrease cortical excitability. Based on preclinical studies, the modulatory effects of the stimulation are thought to extend to subcortical arousal networks. Further exploration of the 'top-down' regulation of sleep and its modulation through non-invasive brain stimulation techniques may contribute to the development of novel treatments for clinical conditions of disrupted arousal and sleep, which are among the major health problems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Krone
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Lukas Frase
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Hannah Piosczyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Peter Selhausen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Sulamith Zittel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Friederike Jahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Marion Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Florian Mainberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Chiara Baglioni
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany.
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