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Huang HY, Zhang S, Choucha FA, Verdenaud M, Tan FQ, Pichot C, Parsa HS, Slavkovic F, Chen Q, Troadec C, Marcel F, Dogimont C, Quadrana L, Boualem A, Bendahmane A. Harbinger transposon insertion in ethylene signaling gene leads to emergence of new sexual forms in cucurbits. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4877. [PMID: 38849342 PMCID: PMC11161486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In flowering plants, the predominant sexual morph is hermaphroditism, and the emergence of unisexuality is poorly understood. Using Cucumis melo (melon) as a model system, we explore the mechanisms driving sexual forms. We identify a spontaneous mutant exhibiting a transition from bisexual to unisexual male flower, and identify the causal mutation as a Harbinger transposon impairing the expression of Ethylene Insensitive 2 (CmEIN2) gene. Genetics and transcriptomic analysis reveal a dual role of CmEIN2 in both sex determination and fruit shape formation. Upon expression of CmACS11, EIN2 is recruited to repress the expression of the carpel inhibitor, CmWIP1. Subsequently, EIN2 is recruited to mediate stamina inhibition. Following the sex determination phase, EIN2 promotes fruit shape elongation. Genome-wide analysis reveals that Harbinger transposon mobilization is triggered by environmental cues, and integrates preferentially in active chromatin, particularly within promoter regions. Characterization of a large collection of melon germplasm points to active transpositions in the wild, compared to cultivated accessions. Our study underscores the association between chromatin dynamics and the temporal aspects of mobile genetic element insertions, providing valuable insights into plant adaptation and crop genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ya Huang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fadi Abou Choucha
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Verdenaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Feng-Quan Tan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clement Pichot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hadi Shirazi Parsa
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Filip Slavkovic
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christelle Troadec
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabien Marcel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Catherine Dogimont
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 84143, Montfavet, France
| | - Leandro Quadrana
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Adnane Boualem
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Pechar GS, Sánchez-Pina MA, Coronado-Parra T, Bretó P, García-Almodóvar RC, Liu L, Aranda MA, Donaire L. Developmental stages and episode-specific regulatory genes in andromonoecious melon flower development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:305-320. [PMID: 38041589 PMCID: PMC11005788 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Given the lack of specific studies on floral development in melon (Cucumis melo L.), we carried out an extensive study involving morphological and transcriptomic analyses to characterize floral development in this species. METHODS Using an andromonoecious line, we analysed the development of floral buds in male and hermaphrodite flowers with both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Based on flower lengths, we established a correlation between the developmental stages and four main episodes of floral development and conducted an extensive RNA sequencing analysis of these episodes. KEY RESULTS We identified 12 stages of floral development, from the appearance of the floral meristems to anthesis. The main structural differences between male and hermaphrodite flowers appeared between stages 6 and 7; later stages of development leading to the formation of organs and structures in both types of flowers were also described. We analysed the gene expression patterns of the four episodes in flower development to find the genes that were specific to each given episode. Among others, we identified genes that defined the passage from one episode to the next according to the ABCDE model of floral development. CONCLUSIONS This work combines a detailed morphological analysis and a comprehensive transcriptomic study to enable characterization of the structural and molecular mechanisms that determine the floral development of an andromonoecious genotype in melon. Taken together, our results provide a first insight into gene regulation networks in melon floral development that are crucial for flowering and pollen formation, highlighting potential targets for genetic manipulation to improve crop yield of melon in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano S Pechar
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, PO Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Amelia Sánchez-Pina
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, PO Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Coronado-Parra
- Microscopy Core Facility, Área Científica y Técnica de Investigación, Universidad de Murcia, PO Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pau Bretó
- Abiopep S.L., R&D Department, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2º, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Roque Carlos García-Almodóvar
- Abiopep S.L., R&D Department, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2º, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, PO Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Livia Donaire
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, PO Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Abiopep S.L., R&D Department, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2º, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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N. D. V, Matsumura H, Munshi AD, Ellur RK, Chinnusamy V, Singh A, Iquebal MA, Jaiswal S, Jat GS, Panigrahi I, Gaikwad AB, Rao AR, Dey SS, Behera TK. Molecular mapping of genomic regions and identification of possible candidate genes associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1071648. [PMID: 36938036 PMCID: PMC10017754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bitter gourd is an important vegetable crop grown throughout the tropics mainly because of its high nutritional value. Sex expression and identification of gynoecious trait in cucurbitaceous vegetable crops has facilitated the hybrid breeding programme in a great way to improve productivity. In bitter gourd, gynoecious sex expression is poorly reported and detailed molecular pathways involve yet to be studied. The present experiment was conducted to study the inheritance, identify the genomic regions associated with gynoecious sex expression and to reveal possible candidate genes through QTL-seq. Segregation for the gynoecious and monoecious sex forms in the F2 progenies indicated single recessive gene controlling gynoecious sex expression in the genotype, PVGy-201. Gynoecious parent, PVGy-201, Monoecious parent, Pusa Do Mausami (PDM), and two contrasting bulks were constituted for deep-sequencing. A total of 10.56, 23.11, 15.07, and 19.38 Gb of clean reads from PVGy-201, PDM, gynoecious bulk and monoecious bulks were generated. Based on the ΔSNP index, 1.31 Mb regions on the chromosome 1 was identified to be associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd. In the QTL region 293,467 PVGy-201 unique variants, including SNPs and indels, were identified. In the identified QTL region, a total of 1019 homozygous variants were identified between PVGy1 and PDM genomes and 71 among them were non-synonymous variants (SNPS and INDELs), out of which 11 variants (7 INDELs, 4 SNPs) were classified as high impact variants with frame shift/stop gain effect. In total twelve genes associated with male and female gametophyte development were identified in the QTL-region. Ethylene-responsive transcription factor 12, Auxin response factor 6, Copper-transporting ATPase RAN1, CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 23, ABC transporter C family member 2, DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 1 isoform X2, Polygalacturonase QRT3-like isoform X2, Protein CHROMATIN REMODELING 4 were identified with possible role in gynoecious sex expression. Promoter region variation in 8 among the 12 genes indicated their role in determining gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd genotype, DBGy-1. The findings in the study provides insight about sex expression in bitter gourd and will facilitate fine mapping and more precise identification of candidate genes through their functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay N. D.
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hideo Matsumura
- Gene Research Centre, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Anilabha Das Munshi
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjith Kumar Ellur
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Gograj Singh Jat
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ipsita Panigrahi
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ambika Baladev Gaikwad
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - A. R. Rao
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar Dey
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Wang Z, Zhang S, Yang Y, Li Z, Li H, Yu R, Luan F, Zhang X, Wei C. Novel Bisexual Flower Control Gene Regulates Sex Differentiation in Melon ( Cucumis melo L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15401-15414. [PMID: 36450102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The sex-control system involves several mechanisms in melon. The present study identified a novel bisexual flower control gene from the hermaphroditic melon germplasm, different from the previously recognized one. Genetic analysis showed that a single recessive gene in the newly identified locus b controlled the bisexual flower phenotype in melons. We generated 1431 F2 segregating individuals for genetic mapping of locus b, which was delimited to a 47.94 kb region. Six candidate genes were identified in the delimited interval, and candidate No. 4 encoding melon CPR5 protein was selected as the suitable one for locus b and was denoted CmCPR5. CPR5 reportedly interacted with ethylene receptor ETR1 to regulate ethylene signal transduction. Moreover, the ethephon assays showed that the parental lines (unisexual line and bisexual line) had contrasting expression patterns of CmCPR5. The BiFC and LCI assays also confirmed that CmCPR5 interacted with CmETR1 in 0426 but not in Y101. However, crossover tests showed that CmETR1 functioned normally in both parental lines, suggesting CPR5 malfunction in Y101. This study proposed a corollary mechanism of bisexual flower regulation during stamen primordium development in which the inhibition of stamen primordia development was prevented by the malfunctioning CmCPR5, resulting in bisexual flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yongchao Yang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Honghe University, Mengzi 661100, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Institute of Horticulture, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Feishi Luan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
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5
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Fang S, Duan Y, Nie L, Zhao W, Wang J, Zhao J, Zhao L, Wang L. Distinct metabolic profiling is correlated with bisexual flowers formation resulting from exogenous ethephon induction in melon ( Cucumis melo L.). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13088. [PMID: 35287348 PMCID: PMC8917798 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an agronomically important vegetable. Most cultivars of melon are andromonoecious and bisexual flowers only emerged from the leaf axil of lateral branches. However, the regulatory mechanism contributing to the occurrence of bisexual flowers were still obscure. In this study, ethephon was applied in two common cultivars of melon. In control without ethephon treatment, no bisexual flower was made in the main stem. However, 6.56 ± 1.42 and 6.63 ± 0.55 bisexual flowers were respectively induced in main stem of 'Yangjiaocui-QX' and 'Lvbao' after ethephon treatment, and induced bisexual flowers distributed in 12-20 nodes of main stem. During the formation of bisexual flowers, 41 metabolites were significantly up-regulated and 98 metabolites were significantly down-regulated. According to the KEGG enrichment analysis of 139 different metabolites, a total of 30 pathways were mapped and KEGG terms of "Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis", "Phenylalanine metabolism" and "Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis" were significantly enriched. In three significantly enriched KEGG terms, shikimic acid, L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and kaempferol were significantly up-regulated while L-tyrosine, 4-hydroxycinnami acid and luteolin were significantly down-regulated in ET compared to CK. Different metabolites were also classified depend on major class features and 14 classes were acquired. The results of metabonomics and endogenous hormone identification indicated that ethylene could enhance the concentration of salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ABA and IAA. This study provided an important theoretical foundation for inducing bisexual flowers in main stem and breeding new varieties of melon in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Fang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yaqian Duan
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lanchun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetative Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetative Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiateng Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural of Dingzhou, Dingzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural of Dingzhou, Dingzhou, China
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6
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Jabbour F, Espinosa F, Dejonghe Q, Le Péchon T. Development and Evolution of Unisexual Flowers: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020155. [PMID: 35050043 PMCID: PMC8780417 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of unisexual flowers has been described in a large number of taxa, sampling the diversity of floral phenotypes and sexual systems observed in extant angiosperms, in studies focusing on floral ontogeny, on the evo-devo of unisexuality, or on the genetic and chromosomal bases of unisexuality. We review here such developmental studies, aiming at characterizing the diversity of ontogenic pathways leading to functionally unisexual flowers. In addition, we present for the first time and in a two-dimensional morphospace a quantitative description of the developmental rate of the sexual organs in functionally unisexual flowers, in a non-exhaustive sampling of angiosperms with contrasted floral morphologies. Eventually, recommendations are provided to help plant evo-devo researchers and botanists addressing macroevolutionary and ecological issues to more precisely select the taxa, the biological material, or the developmental stages to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Felipe Espinosa
- Independent Researcher, Carrera 13 # 113-24, Bogotá 110111, Colombia;
| | - Quentin Dejonghe
- Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Timothée Le Péchon
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium;
- Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Service Général de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Rue A. Lavalée, 1, 1080 Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Wang Z, Yadav V, Yan X, Cheng D, Wei C, Zhang X. Systematic genome-wide analysis of the ethylene-responsive ACS gene family: Contributions to sex form differentiation and development in melon and watermelon. Gene 2021; 805:145910. [PMID: 34419567 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene is an important regulatory phytohormone for sex differentiation and flower development. As the rate-limiting enzyme encoding genes in ethylene biosynthesis, ACS gene family has been well studied in cucumber; however, little is known in other cucurbit crops, such as melon and watermelon, which show diverse sex types in the field. Here, we identified and characterized eight ACS genes each in the genomes of melon and watermelon. According to the conserved serine residues at C-terminal, all the ACS genes could be characterized into three groups, which were supported by the exon-intron organizations and conserved motif distributions. ACS genes displayed diverse tissue-specific expression patterns among four melon and three watermelon sex types. Furthermore, a comparative expression analysis in the shoot apex identified orthologous pairs with potential functions in sex determination, e.g., ACS1s and ACS6s. All ACS orthologs in melon and watermelon exhibited similar expression patterns in monoecious and gynoecious genotypes, except for ACS11s and ACS12s. As expected, the majority of ACS genes were responsive to exogenous ethephon; however, some orthologs exhibited opposite expression patterns, such as ACS1s, ACS9s, and ACS10s. Collectively, our findings provide valuable ACS candidates related to flower development in various sex types of melon and watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Denghu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China.
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8
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Liu J, Chen LY, Zhou P, Liao Z, Lin H, Yu Q, Ming R. Sex biased expression of hormone related genes at early stage of sex differentiation in papaya flowers. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:147. [PMID: 34193826 PMCID: PMC8245580 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sex types of papaya are controlled by a pair of nascent sex chromosomes, but molecular genetic mechanisms of sex determination and sex differentiation in papaya are still unclear. We performed comparative analysis of transcriptomic profiles of male and female floral buds at the early development stage before the initiation of reproductive organ primordia at which there is no morphological difference between male and female flowers. A total of 1734 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 923 showed female-biased expression and 811 showed male-biased expression. Functional annotation revealed that genes related to plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways, especially in abscisic acid and auxin pathways, were overrepresented in the DEGs. Transcription factor binding motifs, such as MYB2, GAMYB, and AP2/EREBP, were enriched in the promoters of the hormone-related DEGs, and transcription factors with those motifs also exhibited differential expression between sex types. Among these DEGs, we also identified 11 genes in the non-recombining region of the papaya sex chromosomes and 9 genes involved in stamen and carpel development. Our results suggested that sex differentiation in papaya may be regulated by multiple layers of regulation and coordination and involved transcriptional, epigenetic, and phytohormone regulation. Hormones, especially ABA and auxin, transcription factors, and genes in the non-recombination region of the sex chromosome could be involved in this process. Our findings may facilitate the elucidation of signal transduction and gene interaction in sex differentiation of unisexual flowers in papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyang Liao
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Hai Lin
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Qingyi Yu
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ray Ming
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Zhao ML, Chen MS, Ni J, Xu CJ, Yang Q, Xu ZF. Comparative transcriptome analysis of gynoecious and monoecious inflorescences reveals regulators involved in male flower development in the woody perennial plant Jatropha curcas. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2020; 33:191-204. [PMID: 32997187 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ABCE model genes along with genes related to GA biosynthesis and auxin signalling may play significant roles in male flower development in Jatropha curcas. Flowering plants exhibit extreme reproductive diversity. Jatropha curcas, a woody plant that is promising for biofuel production, is monoecious. Here, two gynoecious Jatropha mutants (bearing only female flowers) were used to identify key genes involved in male flower development. Using comparative transcriptome analysis, we identified 17 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in floral organ development between monoecious plants and the two gynoecious mutants. Among these DEGs, five floral organ identity genes, Jatropha AGAMOUS, PISTILLATA, SEPALLATA 2-1 (JcSEP2-1), JcSEP2-2, and JcSEP3, were downregulated in ch mutant inflorescences; two gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genes, Jatropha GA REQUIRING 1 and GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE 1, were downregulated in both the ch and g mutants; and two genes involved in the auxin signalling pathway, Jatropha NGATHA1 and STYLISH1, were downregulated in the ch mutant. Furthermore, four hub genes involved in male flower development, namely Jatropha SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1, CRYPTOCHROME 2, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 and JAGGED, were identified using weighted gene correlation network analysis. These results suggest that floral organ identity genes and genes involved in GA biosynthesis and auxin signalling may participate in male flower development in Jatropha. This study will contribute to understanding sex differentiation in woody perennial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jun Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Chuan-Jia Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
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10
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García A, Aguado E, Garrido D, Martínez C, Jamilena M. Two androecious mutations reveal the crucial role of ethylene receptors in the initiation of female flower development in Cucurbita pepo. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1548-1560. [PMID: 32436252 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is the key regulator of sex determination in monoecious species of the family Cucurbitaceae. This hormone determines which individual floral meristems develop as female or male flowers and the female flowering transition. The sex determination genes discovered so far code for ethylene biosynthesis enzymes, but little is known about the importance of ethylene signaling components. In this paper we characterize two novel ethylene-insensitive mutations (etr1a-1 and etr1b) which block the female flowering transition of Cucurbita pepo; this makes plants produce male flowers indefinitely (androecy). Two missense mutations in the ethylene-binding domain of the ethylene receptors CpETR1A or CpETR1B were identified as the causal mutations of these phenotypes by using whole-genome resequencing. The distinctive phenotypes of single and double mutants for four etr mutations have demonstrated that the final level of ethylene insensitivity depends upon the strength and dosage of mutant alleles for at least three cooperating ETR genes, and that the level of ethylene insensitivity determines the final sex phenotype of the plant. The sex phenotype ranges from monoecy in ethylene-sensitive wild-type plants to androecy in the strongest ethylene-insensitive ones, via andromonoecy in partially ethylene-insensitive plants. The induction of female flowering transition was found to be associated with upregulation of CpACS11, CpACO2 and CpACS27, three ethylene biosynthesis genes required for female flower development. A model is proposed herein, integrating both ethylene biosynthesis and receptor genes into the genetic network which regulates sex determination in C. pepo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia García
- Department of Biology and Geology, Research Centers CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, Carretera Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Encarnación Aguado
- Department of Biology and Geology, Research Centers CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, Carretera Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Dolores Garrido
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Cecilia Martínez
- Department of Biology and Geology, Research Centers CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, Carretera Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Manuel Jamilena
- Department of Biology and Geology, Research Centers CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, Carretera Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
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11
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Gangwar M, Shankar J. Molecular Mechanisms of the Floral Biology of Jatropha curcas: Opportunities and Challenges as an Energy Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609. [PMID: 32582231 PMCID: PMC7296989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fossil fuel sources are a limited resource and could eventually be depleted. Biofuels have emerged as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Jatropha has grown in significance as a potential bioenergy crop due to its high content of seed oil. However, Jatropha's lack of high-yielding seed genotypes limits its potential use for biofuel production. The main cause of lower seed yield is the low female to male flower ratio (1:25-10), which affects the total amount of seeds produced per plant. Here, we review the genetic factors responsible for floral transitions, floral organ development, and regulated gene products in Jatropha. We also summarize potential gene targets to increase seed production and discuss challenges ahead.
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12
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Zhang J, Guo S, Ji G, Zhao H, Sun H, Ren Y, Tian S, Li M, Gong G, Zhang H, Xu Y. A unique chromosome translocation disrupting ClWIP1 leads to gynoecy in watermelon. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:265-277. [PMID: 31529543 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To understand sex determination in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), a spontaneous gynoecious watermelon mutant, XHBGM, was selected from the monoecious wild type XHB. Using map-based cloning, resequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, a unique chromosome translocation between chromosome 2 and chromosome 3 was found in XHBGM. Based on the breakpoint location in chromosome 2, a putative C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor gene, ClWIP1 (gene ID Cla008537), an orthologue of the melon gynoecy gene CmWIP1, was disrupted. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system 9 to edit ClWIP1, we obtained gynoecious watermelon lines. Functional studies showed that ClWIP1 is expressed specifically in carpel primordia and is related to the abortion of carpel primordia in early floral development. To identify the cellular and metabolic processes associated with ClWIP1, we compared the shoot apex transcriptomes of two gynoecious mutants and their corresponding wild types. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes related to the ethylene and cytokinin pathways were upregulated in the gynoecious mutants. This study explores the molecular mechanism of sex determination in watermelon and provides a theoretical and technical basis for breeding elite gynoecious watermelon lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shaogui Guo
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Gaojie Ji
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering Planning and Design, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Honghe Sun
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yi Ren
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shouwei Tian
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Maoying Li
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Guoyi Gong
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yong Xu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
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13
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Devani RS, Chirmade T, Sinha S, Bendahmane A, Dholakia BB, Banerjee AK, Banerjee J. Flower bud proteome reveals modulation of sex-biased proteins potentially associated with sex expression and modification in dioecious Coccinia grandis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:330. [PMID: 31337343 PMCID: PMC6651928 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dioecy is an important sexual system wherein, male and female flowers are borne on separate unisexual plants. Knowledge of sex-related differences can enhance our understanding in molecular and developmental processes leading to unisexual flower development. Coccinia grandis is a dioecious species belonging to Cucurbitaceae, a family well-known for diverse sexual forms. Male and female plants have 22A + XY and 22A + XX chromosomes, respectively. Previously, we have reported a gynomonoecious form (22A + XX) of C. grandis bearing morphologically hermaphrodite flowers (GyM-H) and female flowers (GyM-F). Also, we have showed that foliar spray of AgNO3 on female plant induces morphologically hermaphrodite bud development (Ag-H) despite the absence of Y-chromosome. RESULTS To identify sex-related differences, total proteomes from male, female, GyM-H and Ag-H flower buds at early and middle stages of development were analysed by label-free proteomics. Protein search against the cucumber protein sequences (Phytozome) as well as in silico translated C. grandis flower bud transcriptome database, resulted in the identification of 2426 and 3385 proteins (FDR ≤ 1%), respectively. The latter database was chosen for further analysis as it led to the detection of higher number of proteins. Identified proteins were annotated using BLAST2GO pipeline. SWATH-MS-based comparative abundance analysis between Female_Early_vs_Male_Early, Ag_Early_vs_Female_Early, GyM-H_Middle_vs_Male_Middle and Ag_Middle_vs_ Male_Middle led to the identification of 650, 1108, 905 and 805 differentially expressed proteins, respectively, at fold change ≥1.5 and P ≤ 0.05. Ethylene biosynthesis-related candidates as highlighted in protein interaction network were upregulated in female buds compared to male buds. AgNO3 treatment on female plant induced proteins related to pollen development in Ag-H buds. Additionally, a few proteins governing pollen germination and tube growth were highly enriched in male buds compared to Ag-H and GyM-H buds. CONCLUSION Overall, current proteomic analysis provides insights in the identification of key proteins governing dioecy and unisexual flower development in cucurbitaceae, the second largest horticultural family in terms of economic importance. Also, our results suggest that the ethylene-mediated stamen inhibition might be conserved in dioecious C. grandis similar to its monoecious cucurbit relatives. Further, male-biased proteins associated with pollen germination and tube growth identified here can help in understanding pollen fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Suresh Devani
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008 India
- IPS2, INRA, CNRS, University Paris Sud, University of Evry, University of Paris Diderot, University of Paris Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Tejas Chirmade
- Biochemical Science Division National Chemical laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sangram Sinha
- Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura 799022 India
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- IPS2, INRA, CNRS, University Paris Sud, University of Evry, University of Paris Diderot, University of Paris Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Bhushan B. Dholakia
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008 India
- Biochemical Science Division National Chemical laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, 411008 India
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura 799022 India
| | - Anjan Kumar Banerjee
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008 India
| | - Jayeeta Banerjee
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008 India
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14
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Li D, Sheng Y, Niu H, Li Z. Gene Interactions Regulating Sex Determination in Cucurbits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1231. [PMID: 31649699 PMCID: PMC6796545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The family Cucurbitaceae includes many economically important crops, such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon (Cucumis melo), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), which share homologous gene pathways that control similar phenotypes. Sex determination is a research hotspot associated with yield and quality, and the genes involved are highly orthologous and conserved in cucurbits. In the field, six normal sex types have been categorized according to the distribution of female, male, or bisexual flowers in a given plant. To date, five orthologous genes involved in sex determination have been cloned, and their various combinations and expression patterns can explain all the identified sex types. In addition to genetic mechanisms, ethylene controls sex expression in this family. Two ethylene signaling components have been identified recently, which will help us to explore the ethylene signaling-mediated interactions among sex-related genes. This review discusses recent advances relating to the mechanism of sex determination in cucurbits and the prospects for research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing, China
| | - Yunyan Sheng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing, China
| | - Huanhuan Niu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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15
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Tao Q, Niu H, Wang Z, Zhang W, Wang H, Wang S, Zhang X, Li Z. Ethylene responsive factor ERF110 mediates ethylene-regulated transcription of a sex determination-related orthologous gene in two Cucumis species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2953-2965. [PMID: 29659946 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, unisexual flowers derived from developmental sex determination form separate stamens and pistils that facilitate cross pollination. In cucumber and melon, ethylene plays a key role in sex determination. Six sex determination-related genes have been identified in ethylene biosynthesis in these Cucumis species. The interactions among these genes are thought to involve ethylene signaling; however, the underlying mechanism of regulation remains unknown. In this study, hormone treatment and qPCR assays were used to confirm expression of these sex determination-related genes in cucumber and melon is ethylene sensitive. RNA-Seq analysis subsequently helped identify the ethylene responsive factor (ERF) gene, CsERF110, related to ethylene signaling and sex determination. CsERF110 and its melon ortholog, CmERF110, shared a conserved AP2/ERF domain and showed ethylene-sensitive expression. Yeast one-hybrid and ChIP-PCR assays further indicated that CsERF110 bound to at least two sites in the promoter fragment of CsACS11, while transient transformation analysis showed that CsERF110 and CmERF110 enhance CsACS11 and CmACS11 promoter activity, respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest that CsERF110 and CmERF110 respond to ethylene signaling, mediating ethylene-regulated transcription of CsACS11 and CmACS11 in cucumber and melon, respectively. Furthermore, the mechanism involved in its regulation is thought to be conserved in these two Cucumis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Tao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huanhuan Niu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shenhao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Yongfeng W, Aiquan Z, Fengli S, Mao L, Kaijie X, Chao Z, Shudong L, Yajun X. Using Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Genes Involved in Switchgrass Flower Reversion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1805. [PMID: 30564266 PMCID: PMC6288819 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Floral reversion is a process in which differentiated floral organs revert back to vegetative organs. Although this phenomenon has been described for decades, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that immature switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) inflorescences can revert to neonatal shoots when incubated on a basal medium with benzylaminopurine. We used anatomical and histological methods to verify that these shoots were formed from floret primordia through flower reversion. To further explore the gene regulation of floral reversion in switchgrass, the transcriptome of reversed, unreversed, and uncultured immature inflorescences were analyzed and 517 genes were identified as participating in flower reversion. Annotation using non-redundant databases revealed that these genes are involved in plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, DNA replication and modification, and other processes crucial for switchgrass flower reversion. When four of the genes were overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, vegetative growth was facilitated and reproductive growth was inhibited in transgenic plants. This study provides a basic understanding of genes regulating the floral transition in switchgrass and will promote the research of floral reversion and flower maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yongfeng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
| | - Zheng Aiquan
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling, China
| | - Sun Fengli
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
| | - Li Mao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
| | - Xu Kaijie
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhang Chao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
| | - Liu Shudong
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
| | - Xi Yajun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Yajun,
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17
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Urasaki N, Takagi H, Natsume S, Uemura A, Taniai N, Miyagi N, Fukushima M, Suzuki S, Tarora K, Tamaki M, Sakamoto M, Terauchi R, Matsumura H. Draft genome sequence of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), a vegetable and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical regions. DNA Res 2017; 24:51-58. [PMID: 28028039 PMCID: PMC5381343 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is an important vegetable and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical regions globally. In this study, the draft genome sequence of a monoecious bitter gourd inbred line, OHB3-1, was analyzed. Through Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly, scaffolds of 285.5 Mb in length were generated, corresponding to ∼84% of the estimated genome size of bitter gourd (339 Mb). In this draft genome sequence, 45,859 protein-coding gene loci were identified, and transposable elements accounted for 15.3% of the whole genome. According to synteny mapping and phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes, bitter gourd was more related to watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) than to cucumber (Cucumis sativus) or melon (C. melo). Using RAD-seq analysis, 1507 marker loci were genotyped in an F2 progeny of two bitter gourd lines, resulting in an improved linkage map, comprising 11 linkage groups. By anchoring RAD tag markers, 255 scaffolds were assigned to the linkage map. Comparative analysis of genome sequences and predicted genes determined that putative trypsin-inhibitor and ribosome-inactivating genes were distinctive in the bitter gourd genome. These genes could characterize the bitter gourd as a medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Urasaki
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Satoshi Natsume
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Uemura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Naoki Taniai
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336, Japan
| | - Norimichi Miyagi
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuhiko Tarora
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Tamaki
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336, Japan
| | - Moriaki Sakamoto
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336, Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
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18
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Manzano S, Megías Z, Martínez C, García A, Aguado E, Chileh T, López-Alonso D, García-Maroto F, Kejnovský E, Široký J, Kubát Z, Králová T, Vyskot B, Jamilena M. Overexpression of a flower-specific aerolysin-like protein from the dioecious plant Rumex acetosa alters flower development and induces male sterility in transgenic tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:58-72. [PMID: 27599169 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex determination in Rumex acetosa, a dioecious plant with a complex XY1 Y2 sex chromosome system (females are XX and males are XY1 Y2 ), is not controlled by an active Y chromosome but depends on the ratio between the number of X chromosomes and autosomes. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of sex determination, we generated a subtracted cDNA library enriched in genes specifically or predominantly expressed in female floral buds in early stages of development, when sex determination mechanisms come into play. In the present paper, we report the molecular and functional characterization of FEM32, a gene encoding a protein that shares a common architecture with proteins in different plants, animals, bacteria and fungi of the aerolysin superfamily; many of these function as β pore-forming toxins. The expression analysis, assessed by northern blot, RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, demonstrates that this gene is specifically expressed in flowers in both early and late stages of development, although its transcripts accumulate much more in female flowers than in male flowers. The ectopic expression of FEM32 under both the constitutive promoter 35S and the flower-specific promoter AP3 in transgenic tobacco showed no obvious alteration in vegetative development but was able to alter floral organ growth and pollen fertility. The 35S::FEM32 and AP3::FEM32 transgenic lines showed a reduction in stamen development and pollen viability, as well as a diminution in fruit set, fruit development and seed production. Compared with other floral organs, pistil development was, however, enhanced in plants overexpressing FEM32. According to these effects, it is likely that FEM32 functions in Rumex by arresting stamen and pollen development during female flower development. The aerolysin-like pore-forming proteins of eukaryotes are mainly involved in defence mechanisms against bacteria, fungi and insects and are also involved in apoptosis and programmed cell death (PCD), a mechanism that could explain the role of FEM32 in Rumex sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Manzano
- Grupo de investigación 'Genética de hortícolas' (BIO293), Centro de Investigación en Biotencología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Zoraida Megías
- Grupo de investigación 'Genética de hortícolas' (BIO293), Centro de Investigación en Biotencología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Cecilia Martínez
- Grupo de investigación 'Genética de hortícolas' (BIO293), Centro de Investigación en Biotencología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Alicia García
- Grupo de investigación 'Genética de hortícolas' (BIO293), Centro de Investigación en Biotencología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Encarnación Aguado
- Grupo de investigación 'Genética de hortícolas' (BIO293), Centro de Investigación en Biotencología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Tarik Chileh
- Grupo de investigación 'Biotecnología de productos naturales', BITAL, CeiA3, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Diego López-Alonso
- Grupo de investigación 'Biotecnología de productos naturales', BITAL, CeiA3, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Federico García-Maroto
- Grupo de investigación 'Biotecnología de productos naturales', BITAL, CeiA3, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Eduard Kejnovský
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Široký
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kubát
- Grupo de investigación 'Genética de hortícolas' (BIO293), Centro de Investigación en Biotencología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Králová
- Grupo de investigación 'Genética de hortícolas' (BIO293), Centro de Investigación en Biotencología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Vyskot
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Jamilena
- Grupo de investigación 'Genética de hortícolas' (BIO293), Centro de Investigación en Biotencología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Chen H, Sun J, Li S, Cui Q, Zhang H, Xin F, Wang H, Lin T, Gao D, Wang S, Li X, Wang D, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Huang S. An ACC Oxidase Gene Essential for Cucumber Carpel Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1315-1327. [PMID: 27403533 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sex determination in plants gives rise to unisexual flowers that facilitate outcrossing and enhance genetic diversity. In cucumber and melon, ethylene promotes carpel development and arrests stamen development. Five sex-determination genes have been identified, including four encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in ethylene biosynthesis, and a transcription factor gene CmWIP1 that corresponds to the Mendelian locus gynoecious in melon and is a negative regulator of femaleness. ACC oxidase (ACO) converts ACC into ethylene; however, it remains elusive which ACO gene in the cucumber genome is critical for sex determination and how CmWIP1 represses development of female flowers. In this study, we discovered that mutation in an ACO gene, CsACO2, confers androecy in cucumber that bears only male flowers. The mutation disrupts the enzymatic activity of CsACO2, resulting in 50% less ethylene emission from shoot tips. CsACO2 was expressed in the carpel primordia and its expression overlapped with that of CsACS11 in female flowers at key stages for sex determination, presumably providing sufficient ethylene required for proper CsACS2 expression. CmACO3, the ortholog of CsACO2, showed a similar expression pattern in the carpel region, suggesting a conserved function of CsACO2/CmACO3. We demonstrated that CsWIP1, the ortholog of CmWIP1, could directly bind the promoter of CsACO2 and repress its expression. Taken together, we propose a presumably conserved regulatory module consisting of WIP1 transcription factor and ACO controls unisexual flower development in cucumber and melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Chen
- Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jinjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingzhi Cui
- Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Agricultural Genomic Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Fengjiao Xin
- Institute of Agricultural Product Processing, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huaisong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Agricultural Genomic Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Dongli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Agricultural Genomic Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shenhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Agricultural Genomic Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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AfAP2-1, An Age-Dependent Gene of Aechmea fasciata, Responds to Exogenous Ethylene Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:303. [PMID: 26927090 PMCID: PMC4813167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bromeliaceae family is one of the most morphologically diverse families with a pantropical distribution. To schedule an appropriate flowering time for bromeliads, ethylene is commonly used to initiate flower development in adult plants. However, the mechanism by which ethylene induces flowering in adult bromeliads remains unknown. Here, we identified an APETALA2 (AP2)-like gene, AfAP2-1, in Aechmea fasciata. AfAP2-1 contains two AP2 domains and is a nuclear-localized protein. It functions as a transcriptional activator, and the activation domain is located in the C-terminal region. The expression level of AfAP2-1 is higher in juvenile plants than in adult plants, and the AfAP2-1 transcript level was rapidly and transiently reduced in plants treated with exogenous ethylene. Overexpression of AfAP2-1 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in an extremely delayed flowering phenotype. These results suggested that AfAP2-1 responds to ethylene and is a putative age-dependent flowering regulator in A. fasciata.
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21
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Grumet R, Colle M. Genomic Analysis of Cucurbit Fruit Growth. GENETICS AND GENOMICS OF CUCURBITACEAE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7397_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Switzenberg JA, Beaudry RM, Grumet R. Effect of CRC::etr1-1 transgene expression on ethylene production, sex expression, fruit set and fruit ripening in transgenic melon (Cucumis melo L.). Transgenic Res 2014; 24:497-507. [PMID: 25416172 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene is a key factor regulating sex expression in cucurbits. Commercial melons (Cucumis melo L.) are typically andromonoecious, producing male and bisexual flowers. Our prior greenhouse studies of transgenic melon plants expressing the dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etr1-1, under control of the carpel- and nectary-primordia targeted CRAB'S CLAW (CRC) promoter showed increased number and earlier appearance of carpel-bearing flowers. To further investigate this phenomenon which could be potentially useful for earlier fruit production, we observed CRC::etr1-1 plants in the field for sex expression, fruit set, fruit development, and ripening. CRC::etr1-1 melon plants showed increased number of carpel-bearing open flowers on the main stem and earlier onset by 7-10 nodes. Additional phenotypes observed in the greenhouse and field were conversion of approximately 50% of bisexual buds to female, and elongated ovaries and fruits. Earlier and greater fruit set occurred on the transgenic plants. However, CRC::etr1-1 plants had greater abscission of young fruit, and smaller fruit, so that final yield (kg/plot) was equivalent to wild type. Earlier fruit set in line M5 was accompanied by earlier appearance of ripe fruit. Fruit from line M15 frequently did not exhibit external ripening processes of rind color change and abscission, but when cut open, the majority showed a ripe or overripe interior accompanied by elevated internal ethylene. The non-ripening external phenotype in M15 fruit corresponded with elevated etr1-1 transgene expression in the exocarp. These results provide insight into the role of ethylene perception in carpel-bearing flower production, fruit set, and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Switzenberg
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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