1
|
Li G, Zhao Y. The critical roles of three sugar-related proteins (HXK, SnRK1, TOR) in regulating plant growth and stress responses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae099. [PMID: 38863993 PMCID: PMC11165164 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Sugar signaling is one of the most critical regulatory signals in plants, and its metabolic network contains multiple regulatory factors. Sugar signal molecules regulate cellular activities and organism development by combining with other intrinsic regulatory factors and environmental inputs. HXK, SnRK1, and TOR are three fundamental proteins that have a pivotal role in the metabolism of sugars in plants. HXK, being the initial glucose sensor discovered in plants, is renowned for its multifaceted characteristics. Recent investigations have unveiled that HXK additionally assumes a significant role in plant hormonal signaling and abiotic stress. SnRK1 serves as a vital regulator of growth under energy-depleted circumstances, whereas TOR, a large protein, acts as a central integrator of signaling pathways that govern cell metabolism, organ development, and transcriptome reprogramming in response to diverse stimuli. Together, these two proteins work to sense upstream signals and modulate downstream signals to regulate cell growth and proliferation. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research on these three proteins, particularly on TOR and SnRK1. Furthermore, studies have found that these three proteins not only regulate sugar signaling but also exhibit certain signal crosstalk in regulating plant growth and development. This review provides a comprehensive overview and summary of the basic functions and regulatory networks of these three proteins. It aims to serve as a reference for further exploration of the interactions between these three proteins and their involvement in co-regulatory networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangshuo Li
- College of Enology and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Enology and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiao F, Chen Y, Zhang D, Wu J. Genome-Wide Characterization of Soybean Hexokinase Genes Reveals a Positive Role of GmHXK15 in Alkali Stress Response. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3121. [PMID: 37687370 PMCID: PMC10490225 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase (HXK) proteins catalyze hexose phosphorylation and are important for the sensing and signaling of sugar. In order to determine the roles played by HXKs in soybean growth and stress responsiveness, seventeen HXK genes (GmHXK1-17) were isolated and analyzed. The phylogenic analysis and subcellular location prediction showed that GmHXKs were clearly classified into type A (GmHXK1-4) and type B (GmHXK5-17). There were similar protein structures and conserved regions in GmHXKs to the HXKs of other plants. An expression analysis of the GmHXK genes in soybean organs or tissues demonstrated that GmHXK3 and GmHXK12, 15, and 16 were the dominant HXKs in all the examined tissues. In addition, salt, osmotic, and alkaline stress treatments dramatically increased the activity and transcripts of GmHXKs. There is the possibility that a type-B isoform (GmHXK15) plays a crucial role in soybean adaptation to alkali, as the expression levels of this isoform correlate well with the HXK enzyme activity. Based on an enzyme assay performed on recombinant plant HXK15 proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, we found that GmHXK15 had functional HXK activities. A further analysis indicated that GmHXK15 specifically targeted the mitochondria, and the overexpression of the GmHXK15 gene could significantly enhance the resistance of transgenic soybean to alkali stress. The present findings will serve as a basis for a further analysis of the function of the GmHXK gene family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jinhua Wu
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (F.J.); (Y.C.); (D.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Jiang Y, Liu X, Cheng H, Han Y, Zhang D, Wu J, Liu L, Yan M, Que Y, Zhou D. Identification and Expression Analysis of Hexokinases Family in Saccharum spontaneum L. under Drought and Cold Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1215. [PMID: 36986904 PMCID: PMC10056587 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the multi-gene family of dual-function hexokinases (HXKs) plays an important role in sugar metabolism and sensing, that affects growth and stress adaptation. Sugarcane is an important sucrose crop and biofuel crop. However, little is known about the HXK gene family in sugarcane. A comprehensive survey of sugarcane HXKs, including physicochemical properties, chromosomal distribution, conserved motifs, and gene structure was conducted, identifying 20 members of the SsHXK gene family that were located on seven of the 32 Saccharum spontaneum L. chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the SsHXK family could be divided into three subfamilies (group I, II and III). Motifs and gene structure were related to the classification of SsHXKs. Most SsHXKs contained 8-11 introns which was consistent with other monocots. Duplication event analysis indicated that HXKs in S. spontaneum L. primarily originated from segmental duplication. We also identified putative cis-elements in the SsHXK promoter regions which were involved in phytohormone, light and abiotic stress responses (drought, cold et al.). During normal growth and development, 17 SsHXKs were constitutively expressed in all ten tissues. Among them, SsHXK2, SsHXK12 and SsHXK14 had similar expression patterns and were more highly expressed than other genes at all times. The RNA-seq analysis showed that 14/20 SsHXKs had the highest expression level after cold stress for 6 h, especially SsHXK15, SsHXK16 and SsHXK18. As for drought treatment, 7/20 SsHXKs had the highest expression level after drought stress for 10 days, 3/20 (SsHKX1, SsHKX10 and SsHKX11) had the highest expression level after 10 days of recovery. Overall, our results revealed the potential biological function of SsHXKs, which may provide information for in-depth functional verification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yaolan Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Hefen Cheng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yuekun Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Mingli Yan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Ministry of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dinggang Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Ministry of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils, College of Hunan Province, Xiangtan 411201, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh V, Lone RA, Kumar V, Mohanty CS. Reducing the biosynthesis of condensed tannin in winged bean ( Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) by virus-induced gene silencing of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:16. [PMID: 36561838 PMCID: PMC9763518 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Underutilized legume-winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) and its various parts are infested with condensed tannin (CT) or proanthocyanidin (PA). CT has anti-nutritional effect as it adversely affects the digestion of proteins, minerals and vitamin among ruminants and humans. It is also responsible for low protein digestibility and decreased amino acid availability. One of the probable reasons of underutilization of P. tetragonolobus is due to its infestation with CT. Histochemical staining of various tissues of P. tetragonolobus with dimethylcinnmaldehyde (DMACA) developed a deep-blue colour indicating the presence of polyphenolic condensed tannin. Structural monomeric unit catechin and epi-catechin were reported to be responsible for biosynthesis of CT in P. tetragonolobus. The enzyme anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and its corresponding transcripts were identified and phylogenetically mapped. The transcript was subjected to virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) through agro-infiltration in P. tetragonolobus for reducing the CT-content. The WbANS-VIGS induced P. tetragonolobus resulted in four-fold decrease of CT as compared to the control P. tetragonolobus. A decrease of 73% of CT level was reported in VIGS silenced Wb-ANS line of P. tetragonolobus. This study resulted and confirmed that, the silencing of (ANS) gene in P. tetragonolobus has a regulatory effect on the condensed tannin biosynthesis. This study will pave way for further manipulation of ANS enzyme for reducing the biosynthesis of the anti-nutrient CT. Reducing the CT content will make this underutilized legume more acceptable. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03435-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Rayees Ahmad Lone
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Verandra Kumar
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhan N, Shang X, Wang Z, Xie Y, Liu G, Wu Z. Screening cellulose synthesis related genes of EgrEXP and EgrHEX in Eucalyptus grandis. Gene 2022; 824:146396. [PMID: 35278632 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus (including Eucalyptus grandis) is an excellent wood forest tree species that provides a large number of plant fiber raw materials for the paper and timber industries. Cellulose, an essential structural component in plant cell walls, is a renewable biomass resource that plays a very important role in nature. There is still a lack of research on the role of gene regulation in cellulose synthesis. To study the genes of cellulose synthesis, the wood chemical indexes of Eucalyptus grandis were analyzed by taking three different parts from the main stem of Eucalyptus grandis as raw materials. The results showed that the cellulose content in the middle of the trunk was significantly higher than that at the chest diameter and at the upper part of the trunk. A total of 296 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the three site by transcriptome, and 19 key candidate genes were related to the synthesis of cellulose in Eucalyptus grandis. EgrEXP1 and EgrHEX4 were overexpressed in 84 K poplar, the content of cellulose and lignin in genetically modified plants was significantly higher than that of wild type 84 K poplar. Also, the average plant height and average root count were significantly higher than those of control plants, and the average diameter of the middle and stem bases were significantly larger than those of control plants. In this study, the genes related to cellulose synthesis in Eucalyptus grandis are studied, which serve as a strong foundation for understanding the molecular regulation of cellulose synthesis in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhan
- China Eucalypt Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang 524022, Guangdong, China; Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuhua Shang
- China Eucalypt Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang 524022, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangdong Lingnan Institute Survey and Design Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaojian Xie
- China Eucalypt Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang 524022, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo Liu
- China Eucalypt Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang 524022, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- China Eucalypt Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang 524022, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang C, Zhang L, Fu J, Dong L. Isolation and characterization of hexokinase genes PsHXK1 and PsHXK2 from tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews). Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:327-336. [PMID: 31677036 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase (HXK) plays important roles in hexose phosphorylation and sugar signaling. HXK regulates the glucose-induced accumulation of anthocyanin in many species. Little is known about the biological function of the HXK gene family in Paeonia suffruticosa. cDNA sequences of two hexokinase genes PsHXK1 and PsHXK2 were isolated using RACE-PCR and RT-PCR from P. suffruticosa. PsHXK1 encodes 498 amino acids with a 1497-bp open reading frame (ORF), and PsHXK2 contains 493 amino acids with a 1482-bp ORF. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses suggest that PsHXK1 and PsHXK2 belong to type-B HXK and may function as glucose sensors. PsHXK1 and PsHXK2 mRNA were detected in all tested tissues. PsHXK1 is highly expressed in petals and stamens, while PsHXK2 is highly expressed in stamens. At the former stages of flower opening, PsHXK1 and PsHXK2 show higher expression levels in on-tree flowers compared with cut flowers. Overexpressing PsHXK1 and PsHXK2 in Arabidopsis enhances glucose sensitivity, inhibits plant growth in response to glucose, and induces anthocyanin accumulation in response to the high level of glucose. Overall, our results primarily reveal the biological function of PsHXK1 and PsHXK2, especially their involvement in glucose-induced anthocyanin accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianxin Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Li Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang R, Li M, Wu X, Wang J. The Gene Structure and Expression Level Changes of the GH3 Gene Family in Brassica napus Relative to Its Diploid Ancestors. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010058. [PMID: 30658516 PMCID: PMC6356818 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The GH3 gene family plays a vital role in the phytohormone-related growth and developmental processes. The effects of allopolyploidization on GH3 gene structures and expression levels have not been reported. In this study, a total of 38, 25, and 66 GH3 genes were identified in Brassica rapa (ArAr), Brassica oleracea (CoCo), and Brassica napus (AnACnCn), respectively. BnaGH3 genes were unevenly distributed on chromosomes with 39 on An and 27 on Cn, in which six BnaGH3 genes may appear as new genes. The whole genome triplication allowed the GH3 gene family to expand in diploid ancestors, and allopolyploidization made the GH3 gene family re-expand in B. napus. For most BnaGH3 genes, the exon-intron compositions were similar to diploid ancestors, while the cis-element distributions were obviously different from its ancestors. After allopolyploidization, the expression patterns of GH3 genes from ancestor species changed greatly in B. napus, and the orthologous gene pairs between An/Ar and Cn/Co had diverged expression patterns across four tissues. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the GH3 gene family in B. napus, and these results could contribute to identifying genes with vital roles in phytohormone-related growth and developmental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Mengdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jianbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|