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Zhu R, Ma X, You X. The effect of working memory load on inattentional deafness during aeronautical decision-making. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 113:104099. [PMID: 37480663 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Operating an aircraft requires pilots to handle a significant amount of multi-modal information, which creates a high working memory load. Detecting auditory alarms in this high-load scenario is crucial for aviation safety. According to cognitive control load theory, an increase in working memory load may enhance distractor interference, resulting in improved detection sensitivity for task-irrelevant stimuli. Therefore, understanding the effect of working memory load on auditory alarm detection is of particular interest in aviation safety research. The studies were designed to investigate the effect of storage load and executive function load of working memory on auditory alarm detection during aeronautical decision-making through three experiments. In Experiment 1 and 2, participants performed an aeronautical decision-making task while also detecting an auditory alarm during the retention interval of a working memory task (visual-spatial, visual-verbal and auditory-verbal). In Experiment 3, participants were required to detect an auditory alarm while performing the 2-back and 3-back aeronautical decision-making tasks. Experiment 1 found that the auditory alarm sensitivity was higher in conditions of low visual-spatial working memory storage load compare to high load conditions. Experiment 2 found that a high storage load of visual-verbal working memory reduced auditory alarm sensitivity but auditory-verbal working memory load did not. Experiment 3 found that, unlike storage load, auditory alarm sensitivity was stronger under high executive function load relative to low executive function load. These findings show that working memory storage load and executive function load have different effects on auditory alarm sensitivity. The relationship between executive function and auditory alarm sensitivity supports cognitive control load theory, while the impact of the storage function on auditory alarm sensitivity does not adhere to this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Zhu
- School of Management, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ma
- Geovis Spatial Technology Co.,Ltd, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Xuqun You
- Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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Leunissen I, Van Steenkiste M, Heise KF, Monteiro TS, Dunovan K, Mantini D, Coxon JP, Swinnen SP. Effects of beta-band and gamma-band rhythmic stimulation on motor inhibition. iScience 2022; 25:104338. [PMID: 35602965 PMCID: PMC9117874 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether beta oscillations are causally related to motor inhibition, thirty-six participants underwent two concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and electroencephalography (EEG) sessions during which either beta (20 Hz) or gamma (70 Hz) stimulation was applied while participants performed a stop-signal task. In addition, we acquired magnetic resonance images to simulate the electric field during tACS. 20 Hz stimulation targeted at the pre-supplementary motor area enhanced inhibition and increased beta oscillatory power around the time of the stop-signal in trials directly following stimulation. The increase in inhibition on stop trials followed a dose-response relationship with the strength of the individually simulated electric field. Computational modeling revealed that 20 and 70 Hz stimulation had opposite effects on the braking process. These results highlight that the effects of tACS are state-dependent and demonstrate that fronto-central beta activity is causally related to successful motor inhibition, supporting its use as a functional biomarker. Beta tACS over preSMA improved motor inhibition Gamma tACS slowed down the stop process but primarily affected movement execution Beta tACS resulted in higher beta spectral power around the time of the stop-signal Effects of tACS showed a dose-response relationship with electric field strength
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Manon Van Steenkiste
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thiago Santos Monteiro
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kyle Dunovan
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126, Venice, Italy
| | - James P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Peng Y, Zhu Q, Wang B, Ren J. A cross-sectional study on interference control: age affects reactive control but not proactive control. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8365. [PMID: 32025368 PMCID: PMC6991132 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Working memory updating (WMU), a controlled process to continuously adapt to the changing task demand and environment, is crucial for cognitive executive function. Although previous studies have shown that the elderly were more susceptible to cognitive interference than the youngsters, the picture of age-related deterioration of WMU is incomplete due to lack of study on people at their middle ages. Thus, the present study investigated the impact of age on the WMU among adults by a cross-sectional design to verify whether inefficiency interference control accounts for the aging of WMU. Methods In total, 112 healthy adults were recruited for this study; 28 old adults (21 female) ranging from 60 to 78 years of age; 28 middle-age adults (25 female) ranging from 45 to 59 years of age; 28 adults (11 female) ranging from 26 to 44 years of age; and 28 young adults (26 female) ranging from 18 to 25 years of age. Each participant completed a 1-back task. The inverse efficiency score was calculated in various sequences of three trials in a row to quantify the performance of WMU for adults of various ages. Results Inverse efficiency score of both young groups (young adult and adult) were significantly shorter than the old group in both Repeat-Alternate (RA, including □□○ and ○○□) and Alternate-Alternate (AA, including ○□○ and □○□) sequential patterns and they were additionally better than the middle-age group in AA sequential pattern. Conclusion With the increase of difficulty in the task, the difference in reactive interference control between young and middle age was gradually revealed, while the difference between young and old remained to apparent. The degradation of WMU aging may begin from middle-age and presents selective impairment in that only reactive interference control, but not proactive interference control, shows pronounced age-related decline. The preliminary results can inform future studies to further explore the whole lifespan trajectories of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Peng
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,School of Sport Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Biye Wang
- School of Sport Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Ren
- China Table Tennis College, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Wang J, Tian J, Hao R, Tian L, Liu Q. Transcranial direct current stimulation over the right DLPFC selectively modulates subprocesses in working memory. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4906. [PMID: 29868292 PMCID: PMC5978386 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Working memory, as a complex system, consists of two independent components: manipulation and maintenance process, which are defined as executive control and storage process. Previous studies mainly focused on the overall effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory. However, little has been known about the segregative effects of tDCS on the sub-processes within working memory. Method Transcranial direct current stimulation, as one of the non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, is being widely used to modulate the cortical activation of local brain areas. This study modified a spatial n-back experiment with anodal and cathodal tDCS exertion on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), aiming to investigate the effects of tDCS on the two sub-processes of working memory: manipulation (updating) and maintenance. Meanwhile, considering the separability of tDCS effects, we further reconfirmed the causal relationship between the right DLPFC and the sub-processes of working memory with different tDCS conditions. Results The present study showed that cathodal tDCS on the right DLPFC selectively improved the performance of the modified 2-back task in the difficult condition, whereas anodal tDCS significantly reduced the performance of subjects and showed an speeding-up tendency of response time. More precisely, the results of discriminability index and criterion showed that only cathodal tDCS enhanced the performance of maintenance in the difficult condition. Neither of the two tDCS conditions affected the performance of manipulation (updating). Conclusion These findings provide evidence that cathodal tDCS of the right DLPFC selectively affects maintenance capacity. Besides, cathodal tDCS also serves as an interference suppressor to reduce the irrelevant interference, thereby indirectly improving the working memory capacity. Moreover, the right DLPFC is not the unique brain regions for working memory manipulation (updating).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Wang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinhua Tian
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Renning Hao
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lili Tian
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Qiang Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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Leunissen I, Zandbelt BB, Potocanac Z, Swinnen SP, Coxon JP. Reliable estimation of inhibitory efficiency: to anticipate, choose or simply react? Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1512-1523. [PMID: 28449195 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Response inhibition is an important executive process studied by clinical and experimental psychologists, neurophysiologists and cognitive neuroscientists alike. Stop-signal paradigms are popular because they are grounded in a theory that provides methods to estimate the latency of an unobservable process: the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). Critically, SSRT estimates can be biased by skew of the response time distribution and gradual slowing over the course of the experiment. Here, we present a series of experiments that directly compare three common stop-signal paradigms that differ in the distribution of response times. The results show that the widely used choice response (CR) and simple response (SR) time versions of the stop-signal paradigm are particularly susceptible to skew of the response time distribution and response slowing, and that using the anticipated response (AR) paradigm based on the Slater-Hammel task offers a viable alternative to obtain more reliable SSRT estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram B Zandbelt
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zrinka Potocanac
- Department of Automation, Robotics and Biocybernetics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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Shielding cognition from nociception with working memory. Cortex 2013; 49:1922-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Legrain V, Crombez G, Mouraux A. Controlling attention to nociceptive stimuli with working memory. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20926. [PMID: 21687745 PMCID: PMC3110248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Because pain often signals the occurrence of potential tissue damage, a nociceptive stimulus has the capacity to involuntarily capture attention and take priority over other sensory inputs. Whether distraction by nociception actually occurs may depend upon the cognitive characteristics of the ongoing activities. The present study tested the role of working memory in controlling the attentional capture by nociception. Methodology and Principal Findings Participants performed visual discrimination and matching tasks in which visual targets were shortly preceded by a tactile distracter. The two tasks were chosen because of the different effects the involvement of working memory produces on performance, in order to dissociate the specific role of working memory in the control of attention from the effect of general resource demands. Occasionally (i.e. 17% of the trials), tactile distracters were replaced by a novel nociceptive stimulus in order to distract participants from the visual tasks. Indeed, in the control conditions (no working memory), reaction times to visual targets were increased when the target was preceded by a novel nociceptive distracter as compared to the target preceded by a frequent tactile distracter, suggesting attentional capture by the novel nociceptive stimulus. However, when the task required an active rehearsal of the visual target in working memory, the novel nociceptive stimulus no longer induced a lengthening of reaction times to visual targets, indicating a reduction of the distraction produced by the novel nociceptive stimulus. This effect was independent of the overall task demands. Conclusion and Significance Loading working memory with pain-unrelated information may reduce the ability of nociceptive input to involuntarily capture attention, and shields cognitive processing from nociceptive distraction. An efficient control of attention over pain is best guaranteed by the ability to maintain active goal priorities during achievement of cognitive activities and to keep pain-related information out of task settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéry Legrain
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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8
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The role of working memory in the attentional control of pain. Pain 2011; 152:453-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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van den Wildenberg WPM, Christoffels IK. STOP TALKING! Inhibition of Speech is Affected by Word Frequency and Dysfunctional Impulsivity. Front Psychol 2010; 1:145. [PMID: 21833214 PMCID: PMC3153763 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Speaking is a complex natural behavior that most people master very well. Nevertheless, systematic investigation of the factors that affect adaptive control over speech production is relatively scarce. The present experiments quantified and compared inhibitory control over manual and verbal responses using the stop-signal paradigm. In tasks with only two response alternatives, verbal expressions were slower than manual responses, but the stopping latencies of hand and verbal actions were comparable. When engaged in a standard picture-naming task using a large set of pictures, verbal stopping latencies were considerably prolonged. Interestingly, stopping was slower for naming words that are less frequently used compared to words that are used more frequently. These results indicate that adaptive action control over speech production is affected by lexical processing. This notion is compatible with current theories on speech self-monitoring. Finally, stopping latencies varied with individual differences in impulsivity, indicating that specifically dysfunctional impulsivity, and not functional impulsivity, is associated with slower verbal stopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg
- Amsterdam Center for the Study of Adaptive Control in Brain and Behavior (Acacia), Department of Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid K. Christoffels
- Leiden Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
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Verbruggen F, Logan GD. Models of response inhibition in the stop-signal and stop-change paradigms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33:647-61. [PMID: 18822313 PMCID: PMC2696813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The stop-signal paradigm is very useful for the study of response inhibition. Stop-signal performance is typically described as a race between a go process, triggered by a go stimulus, and a stop process, triggered by the stop signal. Response inhibition depends on the relative finishing time of these two processes. Numerous studies have shown that the independent horse-race model of Logan and Cowan [Logan, G.D., Cowan, W.B., 1984. On the ability to inhibit thought and action: a theory of an act of control. Psychological Review 91, 295-327] accounts for the data very well. In the present article, we review the independent horse-race model and related models, such as the interactive horse-race model [Boucher, L., Palmeri, T.J., Logan, G.D., Schall, J.D., 2007. Inhibitory control in mind and brain: an interactive race model of countermanding saccades. Psychological Review 114, 376-397]. We present evidence that favors the independent horse-race model but also some evidence that challenges the model. We end with a discussion of recent models that elaborate the role of a stop process in inhibiting a response.
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