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Laohawetwanit T, Gonzalez RS, Bychkov A. Learning at a distance: results of an international survey on the adoption of virtual conferences and whole slide imaging by pathologists. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:632-638. [PMID: 37208158 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-208912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study presents the findings of a global survey of pathologists' views of online conferences and digital pathology. METHODS An online anonymous survey consisting of 11 questions focusing on pathologists' perceptions of virtual conferences and digital slides was distributed to practising pathologists and trainees across the globe using the authors' social media accounts and professional society connections. Participants were asked to rank their preference for various aspects of pathology meetings on a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS There were 562 respondents from 79 countries. Several advantages of virtual meetings were recognised, including that they are less expensive to attend than in-person meetings (mean 4.4), more convenient to attend remotely (mean 4.3) and more efficient due to no loss of time for travel (mean 4.3). The lack of networking was reported as the main disadvantage of virtual conferences (mean 4.0). Most respondents (n=450, 80.1%) preferred hybrid or virtual meetings. About two-thirds (n=356, 63.3%) had no concern regarding the use of virtual slides for educational purposes and viewed them as an acceptable substitute for glass slides. CONCLUSIONS Online meetings and whole slide imaging are viewed as valuable tools in pathology education. Virtual conferences allow affordable registration fees and flexibility for participants. However, networking opportunities are limited, meaning in-person meetings cannot be entirely replaced by virtual conferences. Hybrid meetings may be a solution to maximise the benefits of both virtual and in-person meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiyaphat Laohawetwanit
- Division of Pathology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Raul S Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrey Bychkov
- Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
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Ha TM, Hoang D, Huynh CD, Le L. Integrated Educational Technology in Teaching Anatomy Using the ASIC Framework: A Case Study from VinUniversity. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2023; 14:669-681. [PMID: 37404866 PMCID: PMC10317535 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s405340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The curriculum in teaching anatomy is under increasing pressure to transform from traditional to interdisciplinary integration, from cadaver-based to multimodal instruction with a system-based approach. Educational technologies are becoming critical and urged to be integrated into teaching medicine. At the College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, the block of Human Body Structure and Function (HBSF) within the undergraduate medical training program was designed to teach anatomy with relevant basic medical sciences based on the principles of the system-based integrated structure. To support students in achieving the intended learning outcomes, multiple innovative technological platforms have been introduced into the curriculum using the moderation of the Adaptation - Standardization - Integration - Compliance (ASIC) framework over four key terms: adaptation, standardization, integration, and compliance. In this paper, the process for curriculum development is presented with an illustration of the selected technological platforms and the lessons learned using the ASIC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Minh Ha
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Hoang
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Linh Le
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Maity S, Nauhria S, Nayak N, Nauhria S, Coffin T, Wray J, Haerianardakani S, Sah R, Spruce A, Jeong Y, Maj MC, Sharma A, Okpara N, Ike CJ, Nath R, Nelson J, Parwani AV. Virtual Versus Light Microscopy Usage among Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytic Evidence in Medical Education. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:558. [PMID: 36766660 PMCID: PMC9914930 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The usage of whole-slide images has recently been gaining a foothold in medical education, training, and diagnosis. OBJECTIVES The first objective of the current study was to compare academic performance on virtual microscopy (VM) and light microscopy (LM) for learning pathology, anatomy, and histology in medical and dental students during the COVID-19 period. The second objective was to gather insight into various applications and usage of such technology for medical education. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the keywords "virtual microscopy" or "light microscopy" or "digital microscopy" and "medical" and "dental" students, databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Google Scholar) were searched. Hand searching and snowballing were also employed for article searching. After extracting the relevant data based on inclusion and execution criteria, the qualitative data were used for the systematic review and quantitative data were used for meta-analysis. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Additionally, we registered our systematic review protocol in the prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) with registration number CRD42020205583. RESULTS A total of 39 studies met the criteria to be included in the systematic review. Overall, results indicated a preference for this technology and better academic scores. Qualitative analyses reported improved academic scores, ease of use, and enhanced collaboration amongst students as the top advantages, whereas technical issues were a disadvantage. The performance comparison of virtual versus light microscopy meta-analysis included 19 studies. Most (10/39) studies were from medical universities in the USA. VM was mainly used for teaching pathology courses (25/39) at medical schools (30/39). Dental schools (10/39) have also reported using VM for teaching microscopy. The COVID-19 pandemic was responsible for the transition to VM use in 17/39 studies. The pooled effect size of 19 studies significantly demonstrated higher exam performance (SMD: 1.36 [95% CI: 0.75, 1.96], p < 0.001) among the students who used VM for their learning. Students in the VM group demonstrated significantly higher exam performance than LM in pathology (SMD: 0.85 [95% CI: 0.26, 1.44], p < 0.01) and histopathology (SMD: 1.25 [95% CI: 0.71, 1.78], p < 0.001). For histology (SMD: 1.67 [95% CI: -0.05, 3.40], p = 0.06), the result was insignificant. The overall analysis of 15 studies assessing exam performance showed significantly higher performance for both medical (SMD: 1.42 [95% CI: 0.59, 2.25], p < 0.001) and dental students (SMD: 0.58 [95% CI: 0.58, 0.79], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of qualitative and quantitative analyses show that VM technology and digitization of glass slides enhance the teaching and learning of microscopic aspects of disease. Additionally, the COVID-19 global health crisis has produced many challenges to overcome from a macroscopic to microscopic scale, for which modern virtual technology is the solution. Therefore, medical educators worldwide should incorporate newer teaching technologies in the curriculum for the success of the coming generation of health-care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Maity
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Behavioral Sciences, St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Samal Nauhria
- Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands
| | - Narendra Nayak
- Department of Microbiology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands
| | - Shreya Nauhria
- Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Tamara Coffin
- Medical Student Research Institute, St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Jadzia Wray
- Medical Student Research Institute, St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Sepehr Haerianardakani
- Medical Student Research Institute, St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Ramsagar Sah
- Department of Public Health, Torrens University, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Andrew Spruce
- Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands
| | - Yujin Jeong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, St. John’s, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Mary C. Maj
- Department of Biochemistry, St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Abhimanyu Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Nicole Okpara
- Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands
| | - Chidubem J. Ike
- Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, St. John’s, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Reetuparna Nath
- Department of Education Service, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Jack Nelson
- Medical Illustrator, The Centre for Biomedical Visualization, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Anil V. Parwani
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN) Midwestern Division, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Martin‐Piedra MA, Saavedra‐Casado S, Santisteban‐Espejo A, Campos F, Chato‐Astrain J, Garcia‐Garcia OD, Sanchez‐Porras D, Luna del Castillo JDD, Rodriguez IA, Campos A. Identification of histological threshold concepts in health sciences curricula: Students' perception. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2023; 16:171-182. [PMID: 35068075 PMCID: PMC10078720 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Students' metacognitive skills and perceptions are considered important variables for high-quality learning. In this study, students' perceptions were used to identify histological threshold concepts (integrative, irreversible, transformative, and troublesome) in three health sciences curricula. A specific questionnaire was developed and validated to characterize students' perceptions of histological threshold concepts. A sample of 410 undergraduate students enrolled in the dentistry, medicine, and pharmacy degree programs participated in the study. Concepts assessed in the study were clustered to ten categories (factors) by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Concepts linked to tissue organization and tissue functional states received the highest scores from students in all degree programs, suggesting that the process of learning histology requires the integration of both static concepts related to the constituent elements of tissues and dynamic concepts such as stem cells as a tissue renewal substrate, or the euplasic, proplasic and retroplasic states of tissues. The complexity of integrating static and dynamic concepts may pose a challenging barrier to the comprehension of histology. In addition, several differences were detected among the students in different degree programs. Dentistry students more often perceived morphostructural concepts as threshold concepts, whereas medical students highlighted concepts related to two-dimensional microscopic identification. Lastly, pharmacy students identified concepts related to tissue general activity as critical for the comprehension and learning of histology. The identification of threshold concepts through students' perceptions is potentially useful to improve the teaching and learning process in health sciences curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Martin‐Piedra
- Tissue Engineering GroupDepartment of HistologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Salvador Saavedra‐Casado
- Tissue Engineering GroupDepartment of HistologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Doctoral (Ph.D.) Program in BiomedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Antonio Santisteban‐Espejo
- Department of PathologyPuerta del Mar University HospitalCádizSpain
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences of the Province of Cadiz (INiBICA)University of CádizCádizSpain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering GroupDepartment of HistologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Jesus Chato‐Astrain
- Tissue Engineering GroupDepartment of HistologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Oscar Dario Garcia‐Garcia
- Tissue Engineering GroupDepartment of HistologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - David Sanchez‐Porras
- Tissue Engineering GroupDepartment of HistologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | | | - Ismael Angel Rodriguez
- Department of Histology BFaculty of DentistryNational University of CordobaCordobaArgentina
| | - Antonio Campos
- Tissue Engineering GroupDepartment of HistologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
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Hortsch M, Koney NKK, Oommen AM, Yohannan DG, Li Y, de Melo Leite ACR, Girão-Carmona VCC. Virtual Microscopy Goes Global: The Images Are Virtual and the Problems Are Real. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1421:79-124. [PMID: 37524985 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30379-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
For the last two centuries, the scholarly education of histology and pathology has been based on technology, initially on the availability of low-cost, high-quality light microscopes, and more recently on the introduction of computers and e-learning approaches to biomedical education. Consequently, virtual microscopy (VM) is replacing glass slides and the traditional light microscope as the main instruments of instruction in histology and pathology laboratories. However, as with most educational changes, there are advantages and disadvantages associated with a new technology. The use of VM for the teaching of histology and pathology requires an extensive infrastructure and the availability of computing devices to all learners, both posing a considerable financial strain on schools and students. Furthermore, there may be valid reasons for practicing healthcare professionals to maintain competency in using light microscopes. In addition, some educators may be reluctant to embrace new technologies. These are some of the reasons why the introduction of VM as an integral part of histology and pathology instruction has been globally uneven. This paper compares the teaching of histology and pathology using traditional or VM in five different countries and their adjacent regions, representing developed, as well as developing areas of the globe. We identify general and local roadblocks to the introduction of this still-emerging didactic technology and outline solutions for overcoming these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hortsch
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nii Koney-Kwaku Koney
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Aswathy Maria Oommen
- Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Doris George Yohannan
- Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Forde C, OBrien A. A Literature Review of Barriers and Opportunities Presented by Digitally Enhanced Practical Skill Teaching and Learning in Health Science Education. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2022; 27:2068210. [PMID: 35445632 PMCID: PMC9037199 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2022.2068210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An evidence gap exists identifying the challenges and opportunities presented by digitally enhanced practical skill teaching and learning in health science education. A literature review was carried out to address this gap and to provide recommendations for overcoming identified challenges. METHOD A systematic search strategy was carried out using PRISMA guidelines. The research databases PubMed, ERIC, Medline and CINHL, were searched using MeSH terms. Barriers and opportunities were identified through deductive thematic analysis of the included articles. RESULTS Of the 602 articles identified through the database screening, 29 were included in the current review. Potential challenges posed by technologically supported practical skill teaching identified were i) Inaccessibility and Inequity of Online Learning (ii) Digital illiteracy Among Staff (iii) Technological Challenges (iv) Lack of Engagement with Preparatory Material Hinders Practical Learning (v) Lack of Staff-Student Interaction (vi) Negative Attitudes Towards Online Learning and (vii) Skill Suitability. The opportunities presented by digital technologies identified were (i) Facilitates Higher Order Learning (ii) Ability to Practice in a Safe Environment (iii) Efficacious Use of Class Time (iv) Access to Education (v) Learning Brought to Life (vi) Diverse Range of Learning Materials (vii) Promotes Autonomous Learning. DISCUSSION This literature review demonstrates the acceptability and usability of digitally enhanced practical teaching in health science education among students and educators. CONCLUSION To consolidate the positive disturbances in higher education from the Covid-19 pandemic, potential barriers to online delivery and student engagement must be acknowledged and addressed by relevant stakeholders. Recommendations detailed as part of this paper suggest means of overcoming barriers and leveraging opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuisle Forde
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annie OBrien
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Jones-Hall YL, Skelton JM, Adams LG. Implementing Digital Pathology into Veterinary Academics and Research. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 49:547-555. [PMID: 34460355 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advantages of digital pathology (DP) have been recognized as early as 1963, but only within the last decade or so have the advancements of slide scanners and viewing software made the use and implementation of DP feasible in the classroom and in research. Several factors must be considered prior to undertaking the project of implementing the DP workflow in any setting, but particularly in an academic environment. Sustained and open dialogue with information technology (IT) is critical to the success of this enterprise. In addition to IT, there is a multitude of criteria to consider when determining the best hardware and software to purchase to support the project. The goals and limitations of the laboratory and the requirements of its users (students, instructors, and researchers) will ultimately direct these decisions. The objectives of this article are to provide an overview of the opportunities and challenges associated with the integration of DP in education and research, to highlight some important IT considerations, and to discuss some of the requirements and functionalities of some hardware and software options.
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Ishak A, AlRawashdeh MM, Meletiou-Mavrotheris M, Nikas IP. Virtual Pathology Education in Medical Schools Worldwide during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Advantages, Challenges Faced, and Perspectives. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071578. [PMID: 35885484 PMCID: PMC9321717 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic shifted pathology education in medical schools worldwide towards online delivery. To achieve this goal, various innovative platforms were used by pathology educators and medical students, facilitating both synchronous and asynchronous learning. The aim of this study was to review the published evidence regarding remote pathology teaching at the medical school level during this period, present our own experience, and provide some perspectives regarding the best mode of pathology teaching post-pandemic. Among its advantages, virtual pathology education was considered among students and educators as convenient, flexible, and engaging, while learning outcomes were met and students’ academic performance was in general satisfactory. However, several challenges were faced. For instance, suboptimal internet connection compromised the flow of classes and was even associated with a lower academic performance. The lack of hands-on laboratory activities, such as operating the light microscope and tissue grossing, and the reduced student interactions among themselves and their instructors, were also pointed out as significant drawbacks of remote pathology education. Whereas online education has multiple advantages, experiencing the physical university environment, in-person interactions and teamwork, exposure to the “hidden curriculum”, and hands-on activities are vital for medical school education and future student development. In conclusion, the implementation of a blended approach in pathology education—where online and face-to-face sessions are jointly used to promote students’ engagement, interaction with their instructors and peers, and learning—could be the most optimal approach to pathology teaching in medical schools post-pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ishak
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (A.I.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Mousa M. AlRawashdeh
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (A.I.); (M.M.A.)
| | | | - Ilias P. Nikas
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (A.I.); (M.M.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Substantial improvement of histopathological diagnosis by whole-slide image-based remote consultation. Virchows Arch 2022; 481:295-305. [PMID: 35672584 PMCID: PMC9172976 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Consultation by subspecialty experts is the most common mode of rendering diagnosis in challenging cases in pathological practice. Our study aimed to highlight the diagnostic benefits of whole-slide image (WSI)-based remote consultation. We obtained diagnostically challenging cases from two institutions from the years 2010 and 2013, with histological diagnoses that contained keywords “probable,” “suggestive,” “suspicious,” “inconclusive,” and “uncertain.” A total of 270 cases were selected for remote consultation using WSIs scanned at 40 × . The consultation process consisted of three rounds: the first and second rounds each with 12 subspecialty experts and the third round with six multi-expertise senior pathologists. The first consultation yielded 44% concordance, and a change in diagnosis occurred in 56% of cases. The most frequent change was from inconclusive to definite diagnosis (30%), followed by minor discordance (14%), and major discordance (12%). Out of the 70 cases which reached the second round, 31 cases showed discrepancy between the two consultants. For these 31 cases, a consensus diagnosis was provided by six multi-expertise senior pathologists. Combining all WSI-based consultation rounds, the original inconclusive diagnosis was changed in 140 (52%) out of 266 cases. Among these cases, 80 cases (30%) upgraded the inconclusive diagnosis to a definite diagnosis, and 60 cases (22%) changed the diagnosis with major or minor discordance, accounting for 28 cases (10%) and 32 cases (12%), respectively. We observed significant improvement in the pathological diagnosis of difficult cases by remote consultation using WSIs, which can further assist in patient healthcare. A post-study survey highlighted various benefits of WSI-based consults.
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Yan IG, Zheng FM, Gao SS, Duangthip D, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Fluoride Delivered via a Topical Application of 38% SDF and 5% NaF. Int Dent J 2022; 72:773-778. [PMID: 35570014 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to compare the amount of fluoride delivered via a topical application of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish as well as to determine the amount of 38% SDF solution delivered using various micro-applicators. METHODS The weights of 38% SDF (Saforide) and 5% NaF (Duraphat) applied to the occlusal surface of an extracted human upper first premolar with a regular-size (2.50-mm tip diameter) micro-applicator were measured using an electronic-analytical balance. Afterwards, the weight of 38% SDF applied to a premolar using the micro-applicators of 5 common brands (Premium Plus, 3M, Dentsply, Elevate Oral Care, and SDI) were studied. The tip diameter of each micro-applicator was measured under a microscope. The weights of the delivered fluoride and silver were also calculated. RESULTS The mean weights of the fluoride delivered via the SDF solution and NaF varnish were 0.25 ± 0.07 mg and 0.49 ± 0.08 mg, respectively (P < .001). In addition, the tip diameters of the micro-applicators ranged from 1.89 ± 0.03 mm to 2.76 ± 0.02 mm. The mean weights of the fluoride delivered per application of 38% SDF using different applicators ranged from 0.13 ± 0.06 mg to 0.30 ± 0.09 mg, whereas the mean weights of the silver ranged from 0.76 ± 0.32 mg to 1.68 ± 0.50 mg. The weights of the delivered 38% SDF solution varied with the brand and with the tip diameters of the dental micro-applicators (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The fluoride of the 38% SDF solution delivered topically was significantly less than that of 5% NaF varnish. Moreover, the amount of SDF solution delivered depends on the brand and size of the micro-applicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Gehui Yan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Sherry Shiqian Gao
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | | | | | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Nikas IP, Lamnisos D, Meletiou‐Mavrotheris M, Themistocleous S, Pieridi C, Mytilinaios DG, Michaelides C, Johnson EO. Shift to emergency remote preclinical medical education amidst the Covid-19 pandemic: A single-institution study. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022; 15:27-41. [PMID: 34854255 PMCID: PMC9011537 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted medical education, shifting it towards emergency remote delivery. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on preclinical medical education and identify predictors of the virtual learning experience and perceived stress. An anonymous survey was delivered electronically to the students of the authors' medical school that attended either histology or pathology. This survey contained two scales, the virtual learning experience (VLE) and the perceived stress scale-10 (PSS-10). A total of 173/255 (68%) responded, showing a positive perception towards the remote delivery of both courses. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on the VLE scale items and four new dimensions were formed: "course quality and learning outcomes", "student motivation", virtual against F2F learning", and "virtual laboratory sessions". The following significant predictors of enhanced VLE, in at least one dimension, were identified: female gender, pathology course, final examination grade >80%, lower perceived stress levels, studying in home country, and holding of another degree before medical school. In addition, the following predictors were significantly associated with higher levels of student perceived stress: female gender, pathology course, studying away from home, and suboptimal internet connection. Notably, the quality of internet connection was significantly associated with the students' final examination performance. Concerning the best mode for future delivery of both courses, most students proposed a blended, rather than an entirely on-campus or online approach. In conclusion, despite its problems, a high-quality remote preclinical medical education was possible in the authors' school and offered tremendous opportunities for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias P. Nikas
- School of MedicineEuropean University CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Demetris Lamnisos
- Department of Health SciencesEuropean University CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | | | | | - Chryso Pieridi
- School of MedicineEuropean University CyprusNicosiaCyprus
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Hassell LA, Afzal A. Flattening the World of Pathology Education and Training and Shortening the Curve of Pathology Learning. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:176-184. [PMID: 33978156 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We review how the pandemic-related education disruption may interplay with pathology manpower worldwide and shifts in disease burden to identify workable solutions. METHODS Literature related to pathology education, pathology services in low-resource settings, and application of digital tools to pathology education was reviewed for trends and training gaps. Publications covering pathology manpower and cancer incidence worldwide were also included to assess needs. RESULTS Pandemic-related virtual teaching has produced abundant online training materials. Pathology learning resources in low- to middle-income countries remain considerably constrained and dampen pathology manpower growth to meet current needs. Projected increases in disease burden toward the developing world thus pose a major challenge. Digital pathology resources have expanded and are beginning to appear beyond the developed countries. CONCLUSIONS This circumstance offers a unique opportunity to leverage digital teaching resources to enhance and equitize training internationally, potentially sufficient to meet the rising wave of noncommunicable diseases. We propose four next steps to take advantage of the current opportunity: curate and organize digital training materials, invest in the digital pathology infrastructure for education and clinical care, expand student exposure to pathology through virtual electives, and develop further competency-based certification pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Hassell
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anoshia Afzal
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Montironi R, Cimadamore A, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Scarpelli M. Lesson from the COVID-19 pandemic: pathologists need to build their confidence on working in a digital microscopy environment. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:227-229. [PMID: 34032916 PMCID: PMC8144693 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
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Hassell LA, Peterson J, Pantanowitz L. Pushed Across the Digital Divide: COVID-19 Accelerated Pathology Training onto a New Digital Learning Curve. Acad Pathol 2021; 8:2374289521994240. [PMID: 33709031 PMCID: PMC7907927 DOI: 10.1177/2374289521994240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bringing digital teaching materials into residency training programs has seen slow adoption, expected for many new technologies. The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically shifted the paradigm for many resident teaching modalities as institutions instituted social distancing to prevent spread of the novel coronavirus. The impact of this shift on pathology trainee education has not been well studied. We conducted an online survey of pathology trainees, program directors, and faculty to assess pre- and post-COVID-19 use of, and response to, various digital pathology modalities. Responses were solicited through both social media and directed appeals. A total of 261 respondents (112 faculty, 52 program directors, and 97 trainees) reported a dramatic and significant increase in the use of digital pathology-related education tools. A significant majority of faculty and program directors agreed that this shift had adversely affected the quality (59% and 62%, respectively) and effectiveness (66%) of their teaching. This perception was similar among learners relative to the impact on quality (59%) and effectiveness (64%) of learning. Most respondents (70%-92%) anticipate that their use of digital pathology education tools will increase or remain the same post-COVID. The global COVID-19 pandemic created a unique opportunity and challenge for pathology training programs. Digital pathology resources were accordingly readily adopted to continue supporting educational activities. The learning curve and utilization of this technology was perceived to impair the quality and effectiveness of teaching and learning. Since the use of digital tools appears poised to continue to grow post-COVID19, challenges due to impaired quality and effectiveness will need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Hassell
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA
| | - JoElle Peterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, OK, USA
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