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Duranti E, Villa C. Muscle Involvement in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Understanding the Pathogenesis and Advancing Therapeutics. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1582. [PMID: 38002264 PMCID: PMC10669302 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal condition characterized by the selective loss of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Muscle involvement, muscle atrophy, and subsequent paralysis are among the main features of this disease, which is defined as a neuromuscular disorder. ALS is a persistently progressive disease, and as motor neurons continue to degenerate, individuals with ALS experience a gradual decline in their ability to perform daily activities. Ultimately, muscle function loss may result in paralysis, presenting significant challenges in mobility, communication, and self-care. While the majority of ALS research has traditionally focused on pathogenic pathways in the central nervous system, there has been a great interest in muscle research. These studies were carried out on patients and animal models in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved and to develop therapies aimed at improving muscle function. This review summarizes the features of ALS and discusses the role of muscle, as well as examines recent studies in the development of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
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2
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Micheli L, D'Andrea G, Creanza TM, Volpe D, Ancona N, Scardigli R, Tirone F. Transcriptome analysis reveals genes associated with stem cell activation by physical exercise in the dentate gyrus of aged p16Ink4a knockout mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1270892. [PMID: 37928906 PMCID: PMC10621069 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1270892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout adulthood neural stem cells divide in neurogenic niches-the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone-producing progenitor cells and new neurons. Stem cells self-renew, thus preserving their pool. Furthermore, the number of stem/progenitor cells in the neurogenic niches decreases with age. We have previously demonstrated that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16Ink4a maintains, in aged mice, the pool of dentate gyrus stem cells by preventing their activation after a neurogenic stimulus such as exercise (running). We showed that, although p16Ink4a ablation by itself does not activate stem/progenitor cells, exercise strongly induced stem cell proliferation in p16Ink4a knockout dentate gyrus, but not in wild-type. As p16Ink4a regulates stem cell self-renewal during aging, we sought to profile the dentate gyrus transcriptome from p16Ink4a wild-type and knockout aged mice, either sedentary or running for 12 days. By pairwise comparisons of differentially expressed genes and by correlative analyses through the DESeq2 software, we identified genes regulated by p16Ink4a deletion, either without stimulus (running) added, or following running. The p16Ink4a knockout basic gene signature, i.e., in sedentary mice, involves upregulation of apoptotic, neuroinflammation- and synaptic activity-associated genes, suggesting a reactive cellular state. Conversely, another set of 106 genes we identified, whose differential expression specifically reflects the pattern of proliferative response of p16 knockout stem cells to running, are involved in processes that regulate stem cell activation, such as synaptic function, neurotransmitter metabolism, stem cell proliferation control, and reactive oxygen species level regulation. Moreover, we analyzed the regulation of these stem cell-specific genes after a second running stimulus. Surprisingly, the second running neither activated stem cell proliferation in the p16Ink4a knockout dentate gyrus nor changed the expression of these genes, confirming that they are correlated to the stem cell reactivity to stimulus, a process where they may play a role regulating stem cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D'Andrea
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Creanza
- CNR-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel Volpe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Ancona
- CNR-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scardigli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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3
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Role of Running-Activated Neural Stem Cells in the Anatomical and Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury in p21 Knock-Out Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032911. [PMID: 36769236 PMCID: PMC9918280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents one of the most common worldwide causes of death and disability. Clinical and animal model studies have evidenced that TBI is characterized by the loss of both gray and white matter, resulting in brain atrophy and in a decrease in neurological function. Nowadays, no effective treatments to counteract TBI-induced neurological damage are available. Due to its complex and multifactorial pathophysiology (neuro-inflammation, cytotoxicity and astroglial scar formation), cell regeneration and survival in injured brain areas are strongly hampered. Recently, it has been proposed that adult neurogenesis may represent a new approach to counteract the post-traumatic neurodegeneration. In our laboratory, we have recently shown that physical exercise induces the long-lasting enhancement of subventricular (SVZ) adult neurogenesis in a p21 (negative regulator of neural progenitor proliferation)-null mice model, with a concomitant improvement of olfactory behavioral paradigms that are strictly dependent on SVZ neurogenesis. On the basis of this evidence, we have investigated the effect of running on SVZ neurogenesis and neurorepair processes in p21 knock-out mice that were subject to TBI at the end of a 12-day session of running. Our data indicate that runner p21 ko mice show an improvement in numerous post-trauma neuro-regenerative processes, including the following: (i) an increase in neuroblasts in the SVZ; (ii) an increase in the migration stream of new neurons from the SVZ to the damaged cortical region; (iii) an enhancement of new differentiating neurons in the peri-lesioned area; (iv) an improvement in functional recovery at various times following TBI. All together, these results suggest that a running-dependent increase in subventricular neural stem cells could represent a promising tool to improve the endogenous neuro-regenerative responses following brain trauma.
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Buckley MT, Sun ED, George BM, Liu L, Schaum N, Xu L, Reyes JM, Goodell MA, Weissman IL, Wyss-Coray T, Rando TA, Brunet A. Cell-type-specific aging clocks to quantify aging and rejuvenation in neurogenic regions of the brain. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:121-137. [PMID: 37118510 PMCID: PMC10154228 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of cell types is a challenge for quantifying aging and its reversal. Here we develop 'aging clocks' based on single-cell transcriptomics to characterize cell-type-specific aging and rejuvenation. We generated single-cell transcriptomes from the subventricular zone neurogenic region of 28 mice, tiling ages from young to old. We trained single-cell-based regression models to predict chronological age and biological age (neural stem cell proliferation capacity). These aging clocks are generalizable to independent cohorts of mice, other regions of the brains, and other species. To determine if these aging clocks could quantify transcriptomic rejuvenation, we generated single-cell transcriptomic datasets of neurogenic regions for two interventions-heterochronic parabiosis and exercise. Aging clocks revealed that heterochronic parabiosis and exercise reverse transcriptomic aging in neurogenic regions, but in different ways. This study represents the first development of high-resolution aging clocks from single-cell transcriptomic data and demonstrates their application to quantify transcriptomic rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Buckley
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Genetics Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric D Sun
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biomedical Informatics Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benson M George
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Schaum
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucy Xu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jaime M Reyes
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Margaret A Goodell
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Kim HS, Shin SM, Kim S, Nam Y, Yoo A, Moon M. Relationship between adult subventricular neurogenesis and Alzheimer’s disease: Pathologic roles and therapeutic implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1002281. [PMID: 36185481 PMCID: PMC9518691 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1002281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by irreversible cognitive declines. Senile plaques formed by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles, consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulation, are prominent neuropathological features of AD. Impairment of adult neurogenesis is also a well-known pathology in AD. Adult neurogenesis is the process by which neurons are generated from adult neural stem cells. It is closely related to various functions, including cognition, as it occurs throughout life for continuous repair and development of specific neural pathways. Notably, subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis, which occurs in the lateral ventricles, transports neurons to several brain regions such as the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. These migrating neurons can affect cognitive function and behavior in different neurodegenerative diseases. Despite several studies indicating the importance of adult SVZ neurogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders, the pathological alterations and therapeutic implications of impaired adult neurogenesis in the SVZ in AD have not yet been fully explained. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the alterations in adult SVZ neurogenesis in AD animal models and patients. Moreover, we discuss the potential therapeutic approaches for restoring impaired adult SVZ neurogenesis. Our goal is to impart to readers the importance of adult SVZ neurogenesis in AD and to provide new insights through the discussion of possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seong Min Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Anji Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Minho Moon,
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Ma C, Lin M, Gao J, Xu S, Huang L, Zhu J, Huang J, Tao J, Chen L. The impact of physical activity on blood inflammatory cytokines and neuroprotective factors in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:1471-1484. [PMID: 35025094 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-02069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulated evidence has proved that both neuroinflammation and neuroprotection existing at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may mediate its progression, which can conversely be modulated by physical activity (PA). However, further research is needed to clarify which factors are involved in that process. OBJECTIVES To identify the impact of PA on inflammatory cytokines and neuroprotective factors in individuals with MCI. METHODS Four databases [PubMed, Cochrane Library, Cochrane Library (Trials), Embase and Web of Science Core Collection] were searched from their inception to October 2021 for randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the biochemical effect of PA on biomarkers in participants with MCI. Pooled effect size was calculated by the standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS A total of 13 RCTs involving 514 participants by reporting 8 inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, -6, -8, -10, -15, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and 5 neuroprotective factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), irisin] were included. The meta-analysis showed that PA had positive effects on decreasing TNF-α (SMD = - 0.32, 95% CI - 0.58 to 0.07, p = 0.01; I2 = 32%) and CRP (SMD = - 0.68, 95% CI - 1.05 to 0.32, p = 0.0002; I2 = 18%), while significantly improving BDNF (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.09-0.56, p = 0.007; I2 = 42%) and IGF-1 (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI 0.03-0.81, p = 0.03; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION PA had a certain effect on inhibiting inflammatory cytokines but promoting neuroprotective factors in individuals with MCI which may provide a possible explanation for the potential molecular mechanism of PA on cognitive improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Ma
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Miaoran Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiahui Gao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shurui Xu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jingfang Zhu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jia Huang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation Research Center of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Omais S, Hilal RN, Halaby NN, Jaafar C, Ghanem N. Aging entails distinct requirements for Rb at maintaining adult neurogenesis. AGING BRAIN 2022; 2:100041. [PMID: 36908894 PMCID: PMC9997174 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle proteins play essential roles in regulating embryonic and adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain. A key example is the Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) whose loss disrupts the whole neurogenic program during brain development, but only results in increased progenitor proliferation in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) and compromised long-term neuronal survival in the adult olfactory bulb (OB). Whether this holds true of neurogenesis in the aged brain remains unknown. In this study, we find no evidence of irregular proliferation or early commitment defects in the mid-aged (12-month-old) and old-aged (20-month-old) SVZ following tamoxifen-inducible Rb knockout (Rb iKO) in mice. However, we highlight a striking defect in early maturation of Rb-deficient migrating neuroblasts along the rostral migratory stream (RMS), followed by massive decline in neuronal generation inside the aged OB. In the absence of Rb, we also show evidence of incomplete cell cycle re-entry (CCE) along with DNA damage in the young OB, while we find a similar trend towards CCE but no clear signs of DNA damage or neurodegenerative signatures (pTau or Synuclein accumulation) in the aged OB. However, such phenotype could be masked by the severe maturation defect reported above in addition to the natural decline in adult neurogenesis with age. Overall, we show that Rb is required to prevent CCE and DNA damage in adult-born OB neurons, hence maintain neuronal survival. Moreover, while loss of Rb alone is insufficient to trigger seeding of neurotoxic species, this study reveals age-dependent non-monotonic dynamics in regulating neurogenesis by Rb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Omais
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rouba N Hilal
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nour N Halaby
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carine Jaafar
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Noël Ghanem
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
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8
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Li G, Liu J, Guan Y, Ji X. The role of hypoxia in stem cell regulation of the central nervous system: From embryonic development to adult proliferation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1446-1457. [PMID: 34817133 PMCID: PMC8611781 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is involved in the regulation of various cell functions in the body, including the regulation of stem cells. The hypoxic microenvironment is indispensable from embryonic development to the regeneration and repair of adult cells. In addition to embryonic stem cells, which need to maintain their self-renewal properties and pluripotency in a hypoxic environment, adult stem cells, including neural stem cells (NSCs), also exist in a hypoxic microenvironment. The subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) are the main sites of adult neurogenesis in the brain. Hypoxia can promote the proliferation, migration, and maturation of NSCs in these regions. Also, because most neurons in the brain are non-regenerative, stem cell transplantation is considered as a promising strategy for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Hypoxic treatment also increases the effectiveness of stem cell therapy. In this review, we firstly describe the role of hypoxia in different stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells, NSCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells, and discuss the role of hypoxia-treated stem cells in CNS diseases treatment. Furthermore, we highlight the role and mechanisms of hypoxia in regulating adult neurogenesis in the SVZ and DG and adult proliferation of other cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaifen Li
- Laboratory of Brain DisordersMinistry of Science and TechnologyCollaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersBeijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Brain DisordersMinistry of Science and TechnologyCollaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersBeijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuying Guan
- Laboratory of Brain DisordersMinistry of Science and TechnologyCollaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersBeijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xunming Ji
- Laboratory of Brain DisordersMinistry of Science and TechnologyCollaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersBeijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Chelette BM, Loeven AM, Gatlin DN, Landi Conde DR, Huffstetler CM, Qi M, Fadool DA. Consumption of dietary fat causes loss of olfactory sensory neurons and associated circuitry that is not mitigated by voluntary exercise in mice. J Physiol 2021; 600:1473-1495. [PMID: 34807463 PMCID: PMC10102708 DOI: 10.1113/jp282112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess nutrition causes loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and reduces odour discrimination and odour perception in mice. To separate diet-induced obesity from the consumption of dietary fat, we designed pair-feeding experiments whereby mice were maintained on isocaloric diets for 5 months, which prevented increased fat storage. To test our hypothesis that adiposity was not a prerequisite for loss of OSNs and bulbar projections, we used male and female mice with an odorant receptor-linked genetic reporter (M72tauLacZ; Olfr160) to visualize neural circuitry changes resulting from elevated fat in the diet. Simultaneously we monitored glucose clearance (diagnostic for prediabetes), body fat deposition, ingestive behaviours, select inflammatory markers and energy metabolism. Axonal projections to defined olfactory glomeruli were visualized in whole-mount brains, and the number of OSNs was manually counted across whole olfactory epithelia. After being pair fed a moderately high-fat (MHF) diet, mice of both sexes had body weight, adipose deposits, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratios and locomotor activity that were unchanged from control-fed mice. Despite this, they were still found to lose OSNs and associated bulbar projections. Even with unchanged adipocyte storage, pair-fed animals had an elevation in TNF cytokines and an intermediate ability for glucose clearance. Albeit improving health metrics, access to voluntary running while consuming an ad libitum fatty diet still precipitated a loss of OSNs and associated axonal projections for male mice. Our results support that long-term macronutrient imbalance can drive anatomical loss in the olfactory system regardless of total energy expenditure. KEY POINTS: Obesity can disrupt the structure and function of organ systems, including the olfactory system that is important for food selection and satiety. We designed dietary treatments in mice such that mice received fat, but the total calories provided were the same as in control diets so that they would not gain weight or increase adipose tissue. Mice that were not obese but consumed isocaloric fatty diets still lost olfactory neuronal circuits, had fewer numbers of olfactory neurons, had an elevation in inflammatory signals and had an intermediate ability to clear glucose (prediabetes). Mice were allowed access to running wheels while consuming fatty diets, yet still lost olfactory structures. We conclude that a long-term imbalance in nutrition that favours fat in the diet disrupts the olfactory system of mice in the absence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Chelette
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ashley M Loeven
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Destinee N Gatlin
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Daniel R Landi Conde
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Carley M Huffstetler
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Meizhu Qi
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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10
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Ikeda Y, Taniguchi K, Nagase N, Tsuji A, Kitagishi Y, Matsuda S. Reactive oxygen species may influence on the crossroads of stemness, senescence, and carcinogenesis in a cell via the roles of APRO family proteins. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause oxidative stress which is involved in aging and in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Whereas unregulated levels of the ROS may be harmful, regulated basal level of ROS are even necessary to support cellular functions as a second messenger for homeostasis under physiological conditions. Therefore, redox medicine could develop as a new therapeutic concept for human health-benefits. Here, we introduce the involvement of ROS on the crossroads of stemness, senescence, and carcinogenesis in a stem cell and cancer cell biology. Amazingly, the anti-proliferative (APRO) family anti-proliferative proteins characterized by immediate early growth responsive genes may also be involved in the crossroads machinery. The biological functions of APRO proteins (APROs) seem to be quite intricate, however, which might be a key modulator of microRNAs (miRNAs). Given the crucial roles of ROS and APROs for pathophysiological functions, upcoming novel therapeutics should include vigilant modulation of the redox state. Next generation of medicine including regenerative medicine and/or cancer therapy will likely comprise strategies for altering the redox environment with the APROs via the modulation of miRNAs as well as with the regulation of ROS of cells in a sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kurumi Taniguchi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nagase
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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11
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Leal-Galicia P, Chávez-Hernández ME, Mata F, Mata-Luévanos J, Rodríguez-Serrano LM, Tapia-de-Jesús A, Buenrostro-Jáuregui MH. Adult Neurogenesis: A Story Ranging from Controversial New Neurogenic Areas and Human Adult Neurogenesis to Molecular Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11489. [PMID: 34768919 PMCID: PMC8584254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of new neurons in the adult brain is a currently accepted phenomenon. Over the past few decades, the subventricular zone and the hippocampal dentate gyrus have been described as the two main neurogenic niches. Neurogenic niches generate new neurons through an asymmetric division process involving several developmental steps. This process occurs throughout life in several species, including humans. These new neurons possess unique properties that contribute to the local circuitry. Despite several efforts, no other neurogenic zones have been observed in many years; the lack of observation is probably due to technical issues. However, in recent years, more brain niches have been described, once again breaking the current paradigms. Currently, a debate in the scientific community about new neurogenic areas of the brain, namely, human adult neurogenesis, is ongoing. Thus, several open questions regarding new neurogenic niches, as well as this phenomenon in adult humans, their functional relevance, and their mechanisms, remain to be answered. In this review, we discuss the literature and provide a compressive overview of the known neurogenic zones, traditional zones, and newly described zones. Additionally, we will review the regulatory roles of some molecular mechanisms, such as miRNAs, neurotrophic factors, and neurotrophins. We also join the debate on human adult neurogenesis, and we will identify similarities and differences in the literature and summarize the knowledge regarding these interesting topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Leal-Galicia
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - María Elena Chávez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Florencia Mata
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Jesús Mata-Luévanos
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Serrano
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Alimentación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Tapia-de-Jesús
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Mario Humberto Buenrostro-Jáuregui
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
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12
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Neuromodulation-Based Stem Cell Therapy in Brain Repair: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:735-745. [PMID: 33871821 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation holds a promising future for central nervous system repair. Current challenges, however, include spatially and temporally defined cell differentiation and maturation, plus the integration of transplanted neural cells into host circuits. Here we discuss the potential advantages of neuromodulation-based stem cell therapy, which can improve the viability and proliferation of stem cells, guide migration to the repair site, orchestrate the differentiation process, and promote the integration of neural circuitry for functional rehabilitation. All these advantages of neuromodulation make it one potentially valuable tool for further improving the efficiency of stem cell transplantation.
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13
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Scaricamazza S, Salvatori I, Ferri A, Valle C. Skeletal Muscle in ALS: An Unappreciated Therapeutic Opportunity? Cells 2021; 10:525. [PMID: 33801336 PMCID: PMC8000428 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons and by the progressive weakness and paralysis of voluntary muscles. Despite intense research efforts and numerous clinical trials, it is still an incurable disease. ALS had long been considered a pure motor neuron disease; however, recent studies have shown that motor neuron protection is not sufficient to prevent the course of the disease since the dismantlement of neuromuscular junctions occurs before motor neuron degeneration. Skeletal muscle alterations have been described in the early stages of the disease, and they seem to be mainly involved in the "dying back" phenomenon of motor neurons and metabolic dysfunctions. In recent years, skeletal muscles have been considered crucial not only for the etiology of ALS but also for its treatment. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies that targeted skeletal muscles and discuss the different approaches, including pharmacological interventions, supplements or diets, genetic modifications, and training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scaricamazza
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Illari Salvatori
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
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14
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Lambertus M, Øverberg LT, Andersson KA, Hjelden MS, Hadzic A, Haugen ØP, Storm‐Mathisen J, Bergersen LH, Geiseler S, Morland C. L-lactate induces neurogenesis in the mouse ventricular-subventricular zone via the lactate receptor HCA 1. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13587. [PMID: 33244894 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Adult neurogenesis occurs in two major niches in the brain: the subgranular zone of the hippocampal formation and the ventricular-subventricular zone. Neurogenesis in both niches is reduced in ageing and neurological disease involving dementia. Exercise can rescue memory by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis, but whether exercise affects adult neurogenesis in the ventricular-subventricular zone remains unresolved. Previously, we reported that exercise induces angiogenesis through activation of the lactate receptor HCA1. The aim of the present study is to investigate HCA1 -dependent effects on neurogenesis in the two main neurogenic niches. METHODS Wild-type and HCA1 knock-out mice received high intensity interval exercise, subcutaneous injections of L-lactate, or saline injections, five days per week for seven weeks. Well-established markers for proliferating cells (Ki-67) and immature neurons (doublecortin), were used to investigate neurogenesis in the subgranular zone and the ventricular-subventricular zone. RESULTS We demonstrated that neurogenesis in the ventricular-subventricular zone is enhanced by HCA1 activation: Treatment with exercise or lactate resulted in increased neurogenesis in wild-type, but not in HCA1 knock-out mice. In the subgranular zone, neurogenesis was induced by exercise in both genotypes, but unaffected by lactate treatment. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that neurogenesis in the two main neurogenic niches in the brain is regulated differently: Neurogenesis in both niches was induced by exercise, but only in the ventricular-subventricular zone was neurogenesis induced by lactate through HCA1 activation. This opens for a role of HCA1 in the physiological control of neurogenesis, and potentially in counteracting age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Lambertus
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Linda Thøring Øverberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Institute for Behavioural Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University Oslo Norway
| | - Krister A. Andersson
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory Institute of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Division of Anatomy Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Malin S. Hjelden
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Alena Hadzic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Øyvind P. Haugen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory Institute of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Jon Storm‐Mathisen
- Division of Anatomy Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Linda Hildegard Bergersen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory Institute of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Center for Healthy Aging Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Samuel Geiseler
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Cecilie Morland
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Institute for Behavioural Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University Oslo Norway
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15
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Adams KV, Mahmud N, Green-Holland M, Vonderwalde I, Umebayashi D, Sachewsky N, Coles BL, van der Kooy D, Morshead CM. Constraint-induced movement therapy promotes motor recovery after neonatal stroke in the absence of neural precursor activation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1334-1349. [PMID: 33010080 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and currently available rehabilitation treatments are insufficient to promote recovery. Activating neural precursor cells (NPCs) in adult rodents, in combination with rehabilitation, can accelerate functional recovery following stroke. Here, we describe a novel method of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in a rodent model of neonatal stroke that leads to improved functional outcomes, and we asked whether the recovery was correlated with expansion of NPCs. A hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) injury was induced on postnatal day 8 (PND8) via unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by systemic hypoxia. One week and two weeks post-H/I, CIMT was administered in the form of 3 botulinum toxin (Botox) injections, which induced temporary paralysis in the unaffected limb. Functional recovery was assessed using the foot fault task. NPC proliferation was assessed using the neurosphere assay and EdU immunohistochemistry. We found that neonatal H/I injury alone expands the NPC pool by >2.5-fold relative to controls. We determined that using Botox injections as a method to provide CIMT results in significant functional motor recovery after H/I. However, CIMT does not lead to enhanced NPC activation or migration into the injured parenchyma in vivo. At the time of functional recovery, increased numbers of proliferating inflammatory cells were found within the injured motor cortex. Together, these findings suggest that NPC activation following CIMT does not account for the observed functional improvement and suggests that CIMT-mediated modification of the CNS inflammatory response may play a role in the motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neemat Mahmud
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ilan Vonderwalde
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daisuke Umebayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nadia Sachewsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Mahalakshmi B, Maurya N, Lee SD, Bharath Kumar V. Possible Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Physical Exercise in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165895. [PMID: 32824367 PMCID: PMC7460620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) improves physical performance, mental status, general health, and well-being. It does so by affecting many mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level. PE is beneficial for people suffering from neuro-degenerative diseases because it improves the production of neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones. PE promotes neuronal survival and neuroplasticity and also optimizes neuroendocrine and physiological responses to psychosocial and physical stress. PE sensitizes the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS) by promoting many processes such as synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. Overall, it carries out many protective and preventive activities such as improvements in memory, cognition, sleep and mood; growth of new blood vessels in nervous system; and the reduction of stress, anxiety, neuro-inflammation, and insulin resistance. In the present work, the protective effects of PE were overviewed. Suitable examples from the current research work in this context are also given in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Mahalakshmi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam;
| | - Nancy Maurya
- Department of Botany, Government Science College, Pandhurna, Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh 480334, India;
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-D.L.); (V.B.K.); Tel.: +886-4-22053366 (ext. 7300) (S.-D.L.); +886-4-2332-3456 (ext. 6352 or 6353) (V.B.K.); Fax: 886-4-22065051 (S.-D.L.); +886-4-23305834 (V.B.K.)
| | - V. Bharath Kumar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-D.L.); (V.B.K.); Tel.: +886-4-22053366 (ext. 7300) (S.-D.L.); +886-4-2332-3456 (ext. 6352 or 6353) (V.B.K.); Fax: 886-4-22065051 (S.-D.L.); +886-4-23305834 (V.B.K.)
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17
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Torromino G, Maggi A, De Leonibus E. Estrogen-dependent hippocampal wiring as a risk factor for age-related dementia in women. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 197:101895. [PMID: 32781107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Women are more prone than men to develop age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This has been linked to the marked decrease in circulating estrogens during menopause. This review proposes to change this perspective and consider women's vulnerability to developing AD as a consequence of sex differences in the neurobiology of memory, focusing on the hippocampus. The hippocampus of cognitively impaired subjects tends to shrink with age; however, in many cases, this can be prevented by exercise or cognitive training, suggesting that if you do not use the hippocampus you lose it. We will review the developmental trajectory of sex steroids-regulated differences on the hippocampus, proposing that the overall shaping action of sex-steroids results in a lower usage of the hippocampus in females, which in turn makes them more vulnerable to the effects of ageing, the "network fragility hypothesis". To explain why women rely less on hippocampus-dependent strategies, we propose a "computational hypothesis" that is based on experimental evidence suggesting that the direct effects of estrogens on hippocampal synaptic and structural plasticity during the estrous-cycle confers instability to the memory-dependent hippocampal network. Finally, we propose to counteract AD with training and/or treatments, such as orienteering, which specifically favour the use of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Torromino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Ceccarelli M, D’Andrea G, Micheli L, Tirone F. Interaction Between Neurogenic Stimuli and the Gene Network Controlling the Activation of Stem Cells of the Adult Neurogenic Niches, in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:211. [PMID: 32318568 PMCID: PMC7154047 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain new neurons are continuously generated throughout life in two niches, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone. This process, called adult neurogenesis, starts from stem cells, which are activated and enter the cell cycle. The proliferative capability of stem cells progressively decreases during aging. The population of stem cells is generally quiescent, and it is not clear whether the potential for stem cells to expand is limited, or whether they can expand and then return to quiescence, remaining available for further activation. Certain conditions may deregulate stem cells quiescence and self-renewal. In fact we discuss the possibility of activation of stem cells by neurogenic stimuli as a function of the intensity of the stimulus (i.e., whether this is physiological or pathological), and of the deregulation of the system (i.e., whether the model is aged or carrying genetic mutations in the gene network controlling quiescence). It appears that when the system is aged and/or carrying mutations of quiescence-maintaining genes, preservation of the quiescent state of stem cells is more critical and stem cells can be activated by a neurogenic stimulus which is ineffective in normal conditions. Moreover, when a neurogenic stimulus is in itself a cause of brain damage (e.g., kainic acid treatment) the activation of stem cells occurs bypassing any inhibitory control. Plausibly, with strong neurogenic stimuli, such as kainic acid injected into the dentate gyrus, the self-renewal capacity of stem cells may undergo rapid exhaustion. However, the self-renewal capability of stem cells persists when normal stimuli are elicited in the presence of a mutation of one of the quiescence-maintaining genes, such as p16Ink4a, p21Cip1 or Btg1. In this case, stem cells become promptly activated by a neurogenic stimulus even during aging. This indicates that stem cells retain a high proliferative capability and plasticity, and suggests that stem cells are protected against the response to stimulus and are resilient to exhaustion. It will be interesting to assess at which functional degree of deregulation of the quiescence-maintaining system, stem cells will remain responsive to repeated neurogenic stimuli without undergoing exhaustion of their pool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy
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19
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Tian Y, Dong J, Shi D. Protection of DAergic neurons mediates treadmill running attenuated olfactory deficits and olfactory neurogenesis promotion in depression model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:725-731. [PMID: 31706577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to test the effects of treadmill running on depression induced olfactory functions and OB neurogenesis in depression model. Depression model was created with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and treadmill running was performed as the antidepressant treatment. Behavioral results showed that treadmill running not only attenuated the depression mood but also improved the olfactory discrimination and sensitivity in CUMS depression model. Immune-staining further indicates treadmill running promoted neurogenesis in hippocampal OB region. Moreover, treadmill running prevented the loss of DAergic neurons in glomerular layer of OB region, indicating the critical role of DAergic neuronal functions in regulating treadmill running mediated olfactory functions. In depression model, inhibiting DAergic neurons by intra-OB injection of 6-OHDA resulted in the compromised improving effects of treadmill running olfactory discrimination. In conclusion, treadmill running could attenuate depression associated olfactory deficits by promoting olfactory neurogenesis and improve DAergic neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- School of Physical Exercise, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Dongbo Shi
- School of Physical Exercise, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.
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20
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Smith PJ. Pathways of Prevention: A Scoping Review of Dietary and Exercise Interventions for Neurocognition. Brain Plast 2019; 5:3-38. [PMID: 31970058 PMCID: PMC6971820 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) represent an increasingly urgent public health concern, with an increasing number of baby boomers now at risk. Due to a lack of efficacious therapies among symptomatic older adults, an increasing emphasis has been placed on preventive measures that can curb or even prevent ADRD development among middle-aged adults. Lifestyle modification using aerobic exercise and dietary modification represents one of the primary treatment modalities used to mitigate ADRD risk, with an increasing number of trials demonstrating that exercise and dietary change, individually and together, improve neurocognitive performance among middle-aged and older adults. Despite several optimistic findings, examination of treatment changes across lifestyle interventions reveals a variable pattern of improvements, with large individual differences across trials. The present review attempts to synthesize available literature linking lifestyle modification to neurocognitive changes, outline putative mechanisms of treatment improvement, and discuss discrepant trial findings. In addition, previous mechanistic assumptions linking lifestyle to neurocognition are discussed, with a focus on potential solutions to improve our understanding of individual neurocognitive differences in response to lifestyle modification. Specific recommendations include integration of contemporary causal inference approaches for analyzing parallel mechanistic pathways and treatment-exposure interactions. Methodological recommendations include trial multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) design approaches that leverage individual differences for improved treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Primary), Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine (Secondary), Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences (Secondary), Duke University, NC, USA
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21
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Running-Activated Neural Stem Cells Enhance Subventricular Neurogenesis and Improve Olfactory Behavior in p21 Knockout Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7534-7556. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Micheli L, D'Andrea G, Ceccarelli M, Ferri A, Scardigli R, Tirone F. p16Ink4a Prevents the Activation of Aged Quiescent Dentate Gyrus Stem Cells by Physical Exercise. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:10. [PMID: 30792628 PMCID: PMC6374340 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neurogenic niches—the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) adjacent to lateral ventricles—stem cells continue to divide during adulthood, generating progenitor cells and new neurons, and to self-renew, thus maintaining the stem cell pool. During aging, the numbers of stem/progenitor cells in the neurogenic niches are reduced. The preservation of the neurogenic pool is committed to a number of antiproliferative genes, with the role of maintaining the quiescence of neural cells. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16Ink4a, whose expression increases with age, controls the expansion of SVZ aging stem cells, since in mice its deficiency prevents the decline of neurogenesis in SVZ. No change of neurogenesis is however observed in the p16Ink4a-null dentate gyrus. Here, we hypothesized that p16Ink4a plays a role as a regulator of the self-renewal of the stem cell pool also in the dentate gyrus, and to test this possibility we stimulated the dentate gyrus neural cells of p16Ink4a-null aging mice with physical exercise, a powerful neurogenic activator. We observed that running highly induced the generation of new stem cells in the p16Ink4a-null dentate gyrus, forcing them to exit from quiescence. Stem cells, notably, are not induced to proliferate by running in wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, p16Ink4a-null progenitor cells were increased by running significantly above the number observed in WT mice. The new stem and progenitor cells generated new neurons, and continued to actively proliferate in p16Ink4a-null mice longer than in the WT after cessation of exercise. Thus, p16Ink4a prevents aging dentate gyrus stem cells from being activated by exercise. Therefore, p16Ink4a may play a role in the maintenance of dentate gyrus stem cells after stimulus, by keeping a reserve of their self-renewal capacity during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Foundation Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D'Andrea
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Foundation Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Foundation Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferri
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Foundation Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scardigli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Foundation Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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23
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Depression and adult neurogenesis: Positive effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine and of physical exercise. Brain Res Bull 2018; 143:181-193. [PMID: 30236533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Of wide interest for health is the relation existing between depression, a very common psychological illness, accompanied by anxiety and reduced ability to concentrate, and adult neurogenesis. We will focus on two neurogenic stimuli, fluoxetine and physical exercise, both endowed with the ability to activate adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, known to be required for learning and memory, and both able to counteract depression. Fluoxetine belongs to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, which represent the most used pharmacological therapy; physical exercise has also been shown to effectively counteract depression symptoms in rodents as well as in humans. While there is evidence that the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine requires its pro-neurogenic action, exerted by promoting proliferation, differentiation and survival of progenitor cells of the hippocampus, on the other hand fluoxetine exerts also neurogenesis-independent antidepressant effects by influencing the plasticity of the new neurons generated. Similarly, the antidepressant action of running also correlates with an increase of hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity, although the gene pathways involved are only partially coincident with those of fluoxetine, such as those involved in serotonin metabolism and synapse formation. We further discuss how extra-neurogenic actions are also suggested by the fact that, unlike running, fluoxetine is unable to stimulate neurogenesis during aging, but still displays antidepressant effects. Moreover, in specific conditions, fluoxetine or running activate not only progenitor but also stem cells, which normally are not stimulated; this fact reveals how stem cells have a long-term, hidden ability to self-renew and, more generally, that neurogenesis is subject to complex controls that may play a role in depression, such as the type of neurogenic stimulus or the state of the local niche. Finally, we discuss how fluoxetine or running are effective in counteracting depression originated from stress or neurodegenerative diseases.
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24
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Micheli L, Ceccarelli M, D'Andrea G, Costanzi M, Giacovazzo G, Coccurello R, Caruso C, Tirone F. Fluoxetine or Sox2 reactivate proliferation-defective stem and progenitor cells of the adult and aged dentate gyrus. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:316-330. [PMID: 30142401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone are neurogenic niches where the production of new neurons from glia-like stem cells continues throughout adult life. It is not clear whether the pool of stem cells is fated to be exhausted or is conserved until old age. We observed that the antiproliferative gene Btg1 maintains the quiescence of stem cells, and its ablation causes an increase of stem/progenitor cells proliferation in neonatal mice followed by progressive loss of proliferation during adulthood. Fluoxetine is an antidepressant, which exerts a powerful neurogenic effect on dentate gyrus progenitor cells, but is ineffective on stem cells. Here we show that adult dentate gyrus stem cells in the Btg1 knockout mice, with reduced self-renewal and proliferative capability, can be reactivated by fluoxetine, which increases their number greatly above the level of control or fluoxetine-treated wild-type mice. The increase of mitotic index above wild-type in Btg1 knockout fluoxetine-treated stem cells indicates that fluoxetine forces quiescent stem cells to enter the cycle. Stem cell proliferation undergoes continuous reactivation until fluoxetine is administered. Remarkably, fluoxetine reactivates proliferation-defective stem cells also in aged Btg1 knockout mice (15-month-old), an effect absent in wild-type aged mice. Moreover, overexpression of Sox2 retrovirally transduced in Btg1 knockout dentate gyrus cells significantly increases the number of neuroblasts, indicating that Sox2 is able to promote the self-renewal of proliferation-defective stem cells. Overall, the deletion of an antiproliferative gene, such as Btg1, reveals that dentate gyrus stem cells retain a hidden plasticity for self-renewal also in old age, in agreement with a model of permanent self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio D'Andrea
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo Dell'Università S.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Marco Costanzi
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Piazza Delle Vaschette 101, 00193, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carla Caruso
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo Dell'Università S.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Seo JH, Pyo S, Shin YK, Nam BG, Kang JW, Kim KP, Lee HY, Cho SR. The Effect of Environmental Enrichment on Glutathione-Mediated Xenobiotic Metabolism and Antioxidation in Normal Adult Mice. Front Neurol 2018; 9:425. [PMID: 30022966 PMCID: PMC6039562 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory bulb (OB) plays an important role in protecting against harmful substances via the secretion of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. Environmental enrichment (EE) is a common rehabilitation method and known to have beneficial effects in the central nervous system. However, the effects of EE in the OB still remain unclear. At 6 weeks of age, CD-1® (ICR) mice were assigned to standard cages or EE cages. After 2 months, we performed proteomic analysis. Forty-four up-regulated proteins were identified in EE mice compared to the control mice. Gene Ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway demonstrated that the upregulated proteins were mainly involved in metabolic pathways against xenobiotics. Among those upregulated proteins, 9 proteins, which participate in phase I or II of the xenobiotic metabolizing process and are known to be responsible for ROS detoxification, were validated by qRT-PCR. To explore the effect of ROS detoxification mediated by EE, glutathione activity was measured by an ELISA assay. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione was significantly increased in EE mice. Based on a linear regression analysis, GSTM2 and UGT2A1 were found to be the most influential genes in ROS detoxification. For further analysis of neuroprotection, the level of iNOS and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 were significantly decreased in EE mice. While TUNEL+ cells were significantly decreased, Ki67+ cells were significantly increased in EE mice, implicating that EE creates an optimal state for xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant activity. Taken together, our results suggested that EE protects olfactory layers via the upregulation of glutathione-related antioxidant and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, eventually lowering ROS-mediated inflammation and apoptosis and increasing neurogenesis. This study may provide an opportunity for a better understanding of the beneficial effects of EE in the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Seo
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soonil Pyo
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyum Shin
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bae-Geun Nam
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate Program of NanoScience and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Won Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea.,Precision Medicine Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hoo Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,TBI Rehabilitation Center, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, South Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate Program of NanoScience and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medicine, The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Yonsei Stem Cell Research Center, Avison Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Adami R, Pagano J, Colombo M, Platonova N, Recchia D, Chiaramonte R, Bottinelli R, Canepari M, Bottai D. Reduction of Movement in Neurological Diseases: Effects on Neural Stem Cells Characteristics. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:336. [PMID: 29875623 PMCID: PMC5974544 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both astronauts and patients affected by chronic movement-limiting pathologies face impairment in muscle and/or brain performance. Increased patient survival expectations and the expected longer stays in space by astronauts may result in prolonged motor deprivation and consequent pathological effects. Severe movement limitation can influence not only the motor and metabolic systems but also the nervous system, altering neurogenesis and the interaction between motoneurons and muscle cells. Little information is yet available about the effect of prolonged muscle disuse on neural stem cells characteristics. Our in vitro study aims to fill this gap by focusing on the biological and molecular properties of neural stem cells (NSCs). Our analysis shows that NSCs derived from the SVZ of HU mice had shown a reduced proliferation capability and an altered cell cycle. Furthermore, NSCs obtained from HU animals present an incomplete differentiation/maturation. The overall results support the existence of a link between reduction of exercise and muscle disuse and metabolism in the brain and thus represent valuable new information that could clarify how circumstances such as the absence of load and the lack of movement that occurs in people with some neurological diseases, may affect the properties of NSCs and contribute to the negative manifestations of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Pagano
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Colombo
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Deborah Recchia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Monica Canepari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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