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ZHONG JIATENG, GUO JINGYU, ZHANG XINYU, FENG SHUANG, DI WENYU, WANG YANLING, ZHU HUIFANG. The remodeling roles of lipid metabolism in colorectal cancer cells and immune microenvironment. Oncol Res 2023; 30:231-242. [PMID: 37305350 PMCID: PMC10207963 DOI: 10.32604/or.2022.027900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid is a key component of plasma membrane, which plays an important role in the regulation of various cell biological behaviors, including cell proliferation, growth, differentiation and intracellular signal transduction. Studies have shown that abnormal lipid metabolism is involved in many malignant processes, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Lipid metabolism in CRC cells can be regulated not only by intracellular signals, but also by various components in the tumor microenvironment, including various cells, cytokines, DNA, RNA, and nutrients including lipids. In contrast, abnormal lipid metabolism provides energy and nutrition support for abnormal malignant growth and distal metastasis of CRC cells. In this review, we highlight the remodeling roles of lipid metabolism crosstalk between the CRC cells and the components of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIATENG ZHONG
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - JINGYU GUO
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - XINYU ZHANG
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - SHUANG FENG
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - WENYU DI
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - YANLING WANG
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - HUIFANG ZHU
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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Yuan J, Zhou X, Xu G, Xu S, Liu B. Genetic diversity and population structure of Tongcheng pigs in China using whole-genome SNP chip. Front Genet 2022; 13:910521. [PMID: 36092902 PMCID: PMC9455598 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.910521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongcheng (TC) pigs, distinguished by their superior meat quality, are a Chinese indigenous pig breed. Recently, the genetic resources of TC pigs are under tremendous threat due to the introduction of cosmopolitan pig breeds and African swine fever disease. To promote their management and conservation, the present study assessed genetic diversity and population structure of TC pigs using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 26, 999 SNPs were screened from 51, 315 SNPs in 68 TC pigs. The multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis and neighbor-joining tree revealed that all 68 pigs were from a purebred population. The effective population size decreased over time, and it was 96 prior to generation 20. Both linkage disequilibrium (LD) and neutrality test indicated a low selection of TC pigs with average LD value of 0.15 ± 0.23. Genetic diversity results exhibited a minor allele frequency (MAF) of 0.23, observed heterozygosity (HO) of 0.32, expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.31, and nucleotide diversity (Pi) of 0.31. All these parameters indicated a remarkably high genetic diversity of TC pigs. Additionally, 184 runs of homozygosity (ROH) segments were detected from the whole genome of TC pigs with an average ROH length of 23.71Mb, ranging from 11.26Mb to 69.02 Mb. The highest ROH coverage was found on chromosome 1 (10.12%), while the lowest was on chromosome 18 (1.49%). The average inbreeding coefficients based on ROH (FROH) was 0.04%. Fourteen ROH islands containing 240 genes were detected on 9 different autosomes. Some of these 240 genes were overlapped with the genes related to biological processes such as immune function, reproduction, muscular development, and fat deposition, including FFAR2, FFAR4, MAPK8, NPY5R, KISS1, and these genes might be associated with such traits as meat quality and disease resistance in TC pigs. Taken together, population structure and genetic diversity results suggested that the TC pig represented a valuable genetic resource. However, TC pig breed conservation program remains to be further optimized to ensure adequate genetic diversity and avoid inbreeding depression. Our findings provide theoretical basis for formulating management and conservation strategies for TC pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Local Pig Breed Improvement of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sanping Xu
- Department of Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Xianning, China
| | - Bang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Local Pig Breed Improvement of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152432. [PMID: 35954274 PMCID: PMC9368267 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as nuclear transcription factors upon the binding of physiological or pharmacological ligands and heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors. Physiological ligands include fatty acids and fatty-acid-derived compounds with low specificity for the different PPAR subtypes (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma). For each of the PPAR subtypes, specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as pan-agonists, are available. In agreement with their natural ligands, PPARs are mainly focused on as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Nevertheless, many publications are available that implicate PPARs in malignancies. In several instances, they are controversial for very similar models. Thus, to better predict the potential use of PPAR modulators for personalized medicine in therapies against malignancies, it seems necessary and timely to review the three PPARs in relation to the didactic concept of cancer hallmark capabilities. We previously described the functions of PPAR beta/delta with respect to the cancer hallmarks and reviewed the implications of all PPARs in angiogenesis. Thus, the current review updates our knowledge on PPAR beta and the hallmarks of cancer and extends the concept to PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (K.-D.W.); Tel.: +33-489-153-713 (K.-D.W.)
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Pudakalakatti S, Titus M, Enriquez JS, Ramachandran S, Zacharias NM, Shureiqi I, Liu Y, Yao JC, Zuo X, Bhattacharya PK. Identifying the Metabolic Signatures of PPARD-Overexpressing Gastric Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1645. [PMID: 35163565 PMCID: PMC8835946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) is a nuclear receptor known to play an essential role in regulation of cell metabolism, cell proliferation, inflammation, and tumorigenesis in normal and cancer cells. Recently, we found that a newly generated villin-PPARD mouse model, in which PPARD is overexpressed in villin-positive gastric progenitor cells, demonstrated spontaneous development of large, invasive gastric tumors as the mice aged. However, the role of PPARD in regulation of downstream metabolism in normal gastric and tumor cells is elusive. The aim of the present study was to find PPARD-regulated downstream metabolic changes and to determine the potential significance of those changes to gastric tumorigenesis in mice. Hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed for metabolic profiling to determine the PPARD-regulated metabolite changes in PPARD mice at different ages during the development of gastric cancer, and the changes were compared to corresponding wild-type mice. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomic screening results showed higher levels of inosine monophosphate (p = 0.0054), uracil (p = 0.0205), phenylalanine (p = 0.017), glycine (p = 0.014), and isocitrate (p = 0.029) and lower levels of inosine (p = 0.0188) in 55-week-old PPARD mice than in 55-week-old wild-type mice. As the PPARD mice aged from 10 weeks to 35 weeks and 55 weeks, we observed significant changes in levels of the metabolites inosine monophosphate (p = 0.0054), adenosine monophosphate (p = 0.009), UDP-glucose (p = 0.0006), and oxypurinol (p = 0.039). Hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy performed to measure lactate flux in live 10-week-old PPARD mice with no gastric tumors and 35-week-old PPARD mice with gastric tumors did not reveal a significant difference in the ratio of lactate to total pyruvate plus lactate, indicating that this PPARD-induced spontaneous gastric tumor development does not require glycolysis as the main source of fuel for tumorigenesis. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based measurement of fatty acid levels showed lower linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and steric acid levels in 55-week-old PPARD mice than in 10-week-old PPARD mice, supporting fatty acid oxidation as a bioenergy source for PPARD-expressing gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.P.); (J.S.E.)
| | - Mark Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.T.); (S.R.)
| | - José S. Enriquez
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.P.); (J.S.E.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sumankalai Ramachandran
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Niki M. Zacharias
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.S.); (Y.L.); (J.C.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.S.); (Y.L.); (J.C.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - James C. Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.S.); (Y.L.); (J.C.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.S.); (Y.L.); (J.C.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Pratip K. Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.P.); (J.S.E.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Klinsoda J, Vötterl J, Sharma S, Koger S, Sener-Aydemir A. Short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acid profiles and signaling is responsive to dietary phytase and lactic acid treatment of cereals along the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6231813. [PMID: 33864091 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary and microbially derived fatty acids (FA) play important roles in gut mucosal inflammatory signaling, barrier function, and oxidative stress response. Nevertheless, little information is available about gastrointestinal FA profiles and receptor distribution in pigs, especially for long-chain FA (LCFA). Therefore, the present pilot study aimed to (1) investigate the gastrointestinal FA profiles; (2) link the luminal FA profiles to the mucosal expression of genes related to FA sensing and signaling; and (3) assess potential dietary effects on gut and systemic lipid metabolism in pigs. Gut, liver, and serum samples were obtained from barrows (13.1 ± 2.3 kg) fed diets containing either phytase (500 phytase units/kg diet) or cereals treated with 2.5% lactic acid (LA; n = 8/diet) for 18 d. Results showed gut regional and diet-related differences in luminal FA profiles and mucosal receptor expression, whereas diet little affected hepatic expression levels and serum lipids. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased from stomach, jejunum, and ileum to the cecum (P < 0.05), whereas LCFA were higher in stomach, cecum, and colon than in jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). LA-treated cereals enhanced cecal acetate and butyrate, whereas phytase and LA treated cereals decreased the LCFA by 35.9% and 14.4%, respectively (P < 0.05). Gut regional differences suggested stronger signaling via FFAR1 expression in the ileum, and via FFAR2, FFAR4, and HCAR1 expression in cecum and colon (P < 0.05). Expression of AMPK, FASN, PPARG, SREBP1, and SREBP2 was higher in the cecum and colon compared with the small intestine (P < 0.05), with stronger sensing via FASN and SREBP2. Phytase decreased expression of FFAR2 and FFAR4, whereas it increased that of FFAR3 and MCT1 in the cecum (P < 0.05). LA-treated cereals raised cecal expression of FFAR3 and HCAR1 (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlations (|r| > 0.35; P < 0.05) supported that FA receptor- and nuclear transcription factor-dependent pathways were involved in the mucosal regulation of gut incretin expression but differed across gut regions. In conclusion, results support regional differences in SCFA, lactate and LCFA sensing and absorption capacities in the small and large intestines of pigs. Effects of phytase and the LA-treated cereals on intestinal FA levels and signaling can be explained by differences in nutrient flows (e.g., phosphorus and carbohydrate fractions). This overview provides a solid basis for future intestinal FA sensing in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jutamat Klinsoda
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Food Research and Product Development, University of Kasetsart, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Julia Vötterl
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Suchitra Sharma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Koger
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, University of Kasetsart, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, University of Kasetsart, Bangkok, Thailand
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6
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Role of PPARs in Progression of Anxiety: Literature Analysis and Signaling Pathways Reconstruction. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:8859017. [PMID: 33312191 PMCID: PMC7721491 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8859017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) group includes three isoforms encoded by PPARG, PPARA, and PPARD genes. High concentrations of PPARs are found in parts of the brain linked to anxiety development, including hippocampus and amygdala. Among three PPAR isoforms, PPARG demonstrates the highest expression in CNS, where it can be found in neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells. Herein, the highest PPARG expression occurs in amygdala. However, little is known considering possible connections between PPARs and anxiety behavior. We reviewed possible connections between PPARs and anxiety. We used the Pathway Studio software (Elsevier). Signal pathways were created according to previously developed algorithms. SNEA was performed in Pathway Studio. Current study revealed 14 PPAR-regulated proteins linked to anxiety. Possible mechanism of PPAR involvement in neuroinflammation protection is proposed. Signal pathway reconstruction and reviewing aimed to reveal possible connection between PPARG and CCK-ergic system was conducted. Said analysis revealed that PPARG-dependent regulation of MME and ACE peptidase expression may affect levels of nonhydrolysed, i.e., active CCK-4. Impairments in PPARG regulation and following MME and ACE peptidase expression impairments in amygdala may be the possible mechanism leading to pathological anxiety development, with brain CCK-4 accumulation being a key link. Literature data analysis and signal pathway reconstruction and reviewing revealed two possible mechanisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors involvement in pathological anxiety: (1) cytokine expression and neuroinflammation mechanism and (2) regulation of peptidases targeted to anxiety-associated neuropeptides, primarily CCK-4, mechanism.
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. PPAR Beta/Delta and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051133. [PMID: 32375405 PMCID: PMC7291220 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor family. Three different isoforms, PPAR alpha, PPAR beta/delta and PPAR gamma have been identified. They all form heterodimers with retinoic X receptors to activate or repress downstream target genes dependent on the presence/absence of ligands and coactivators or corepressors. PPARs differ in their tissue expression profile, ligands and specific agonists and antagonists. PPARs attract attention as potential therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. PPAR alpha and gamma agonists are in clinical use for the treatment of dyslipidemias and diabetes. For both receptors, several clinical trials as potential therapeutic targets for cancer are ongoing. In contrast, PPAR beta/delta has been suggested as a therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. However, potential risks in the settings of cancer are less clear. A variety of studies have investigated PPAR beta/delta expression or activation/inhibition in different cancer cell models in vitro, but the relevance for cancer growth in vivo is less well documented and controversial. In this review, we summarize critically the knowledge of PPAR beta/delta functions for the different hallmarks of cancer biological capabilities, which interplay to determine cancer growth.
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Fatty acid activated PPARγ promotes tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells by up regulating VEGF via PPAR responsive elements of the promoter. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9322-39. [PMID: 26814431 PMCID: PMC4891043 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, it is suggested that the excessive amount of fatty acids transported by FABP5 may facilitate the malignant progression of prostate cancer cells through a FABP5-PPARγ-VEGF signal transduction axis to increase angiogenesis. To further functionally characterise the FABP5-PPARγ-VEGF signal transduction pathway, we have, in this work, investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in its tumorigenicity promoting role in prostate cancer. Suppression of PPARγ in highly malignant prostate cancer cells produced a significant reduction (up to 53%) in their proliferation rate, invasiveness (up to 89%) and anchorage-independent growth (up to 94%) in vitro. Knockdown of PPARγ gene in PC3-M cells by siRNA significantly reduced the average size of tumours formed in nude mice by 99% and tumour incidence by 90%, and significantly prolonged the latent period by 3.5 fold. Results in this study combined with some previous results suggested that FABP5 promoted VEGF expression and angiogenesis through PPARγ which was activated by fatty acids transported by FABP5. Further investigations showed that PPARγ up-regulated VEGF expression through acting with the PPAR-responsive elements in the promoter region of VEGF gene in prostate cancer cells. Although androgen can modulate VEGF expression through Sp1/Sp3 binding site on VEGF promoter in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, this route, disappeared as the cells gradually lost their androgen dependency; was replaced by the FABP5-PPARγ-VEGF signalling pathway. These results suggested that the FABP5-PPARγ-VEGF signal transduction axis, rather than androgen modulated route, may be a more important novel therapeutic target for angiogenesis-suppression treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, Müller R. Establishing the Role of PPARβ/δ in Carcinogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:595-607. [PMID: 26490384 PMCID: PMC4631629 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in carcinogenesis is controversial because conflicting studies indicate that it both inhibits and promotes tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on recent studies on PPARβ/δ including the significance of increased or decreased PPARβ/δ expression in cancers; a range of opposing mechanisms describing how PPARβ/δ agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists regulate tumorigenesis and/or whether there may be cell context-specific mechanisms; and whether activating or inhibiting PPARβ/δ is feasible for cancer chemoprevention and/or therapy. Research questions that need to be addressed are highlighted to establish whether PPARβ/δ can be effectively targeted for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Autonomous inhibition of apoptosis correlates with responsiveness of colon carcinoma cell lines to ciglitazone. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114158. [PMID: 25502518 PMCID: PMC4263530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Resistance to therapy is common and often results in patients succumbing to the disease. The mechanisms of resistance are poorly understood. Cells basically have two possibilities to survive a treatment with potentially apoptosis-inducing substances. They can make use of their existing proteins to counteract the induced reactions or quickly upregulate protective factors to evade the apoptotic signal. To identify protein patterns involved in resistance to apoptosis, we studied two colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines with different growth responses to low-molar concentrations of the thiazolidinedione Ciglitazone: HT29 cells underwent apoptosis, whereas SW480 cells increased cell number. Fluorescence detection and autoradiography scans of 2D-PAGE gels were performed in both cell lines to assess protein synthesis and turnover, respectively. To verify the data we performed shotgun analysis using the same treatment procedure as in 2D-experiments. Biological functions of the identified proteins were mainly associated with apoptosis regulation, chaperoning, intrinsic inflammation, and DNA repair. The present study suggests that different growth response of two colorectal carcinoma cell lines after treatment with Ciglitazone results from cell-specific protein synthesis and differences in protein regulation.
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The prognostic significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β expression in the vascular endothelial cells of colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:436-45. [PMID: 23821017 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, little is known regarding the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR β) in the vascular endothelial cells (VECs) of colorectal cancers (CRCs). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of PPAR β expression in the VECs of CRCs in terms of the prognosis and clinicopathological features of CRC patients. DESIGN The expression and localization of PPAR β in the primary cancers and the matched normal mucosal samples of 141 Swedish CRC patients were analyzed in terms of its correlation with clinicopathological features and the expression of angiogenesis-related genes. This study also included 92 Chinese CRC patients. RESULTS PPAR β was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm and was significantly downregulated in the VECs of CRC compared to that of the normal mucosa. The low expression levels of PPAR β in the VECs of CRC were statistically correlated with enhanced differentiation, early staging and favorable overall survival and were associated with the increased expression of VEGF and D2-40. The patients exhibiting elevated expression of PPAR β in CRC cells but reduced expression in VECs exhibited more favorable survival compared with the other patients, whereas the patients with reduced expression of PPAR β in CRC cells but increased expression in VECs exhibited less favorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS PPAR β might play a tumor suppressor role in CRC cells in contrast to a tumor promoter role in the VECs of CRCs.
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Mackenzie LS, Lione L. Harnessing the benefits of PPARβ/δ agonists. Life Sci 2013; 93:963-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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FOROOTAN FARZADS, FOROOTAN SHIVAS, MALKI MOHAMMEDI, CHEN DANQING, LI GANDI, LIN KE, RUDLAND PHILIPS, FOSTER CHRISTOPHERS, KE YOUQIANG. The expression of C-FABP and PPARγ and their prognostic significance in prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:265-75. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Roche E, Lascombe I, Bittard H, Mougin C, Fauconnet S. The PPARβ agonist L-165041 promotes VEGF mRNA stabilization in HPV18-harboring HeLa cells through a receptor-independent mechanism. Cell Signal 2013; 26:433-43. [PMID: 24172859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-β (PPARβ) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor activated by both natural (fatty acids and derivatives) and high affinity synthetic agonists. It is thought to play a role in angiogenesis development and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) regulation but its contribution remains unclear. Until now, the PPARβ agonism effect on VEGF expression in cervical cancer cells was unknown. This led to our interest in assessing the effect of PPARβ activation on the regulation of different VEGF isoforms mRNA expression and the impact of E6 viral oncoprotein and its target p53 on this regulation in cervical cancer cells. Here, we showed that the PPARβ agonist L-165041 induces VEGF(121), VEGF(165) and VEGF(189) expression in HPV (Human Papillomavirus) positive HeLa cells but not in HPV negative cells. The underlying mechanisms did involve neither E6 oncoprotein nor p53. We highlighted a novel mode of PPARβ ligand action including a post-transcriptional regulation of VEGF mRNA expression through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and the activation of the mRNA-stabilizing factor HuR. But most importantly, we clearly demonstrated that L-165041 acts independently of PPARβ since its effect was not reversed by a chemical inhibition with a specific antagonist and the siRNA-mediated knockdown of the nuclear receptor. As VEGF is crucial for cancer development, the impact of PPARβ ligands on VEGF production is of high importance. Thus, the molecular mechanism of their action has to be elucidated and as a result, PPARβ agonists currently in clinical trials should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Roche
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Isabelle Lascombe
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Hugues Bittard
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of Urology, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Christiane Mougin
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sylvie Fauconnet
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of Urology, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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15
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Chen X, Ishwaran H. Pathway hunting by random survival forests. Bioinformatics 2013; 29:99-105. [PMID: 23129299 PMCID: PMC3530909 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Pathway or gene set analysis has been widely applied to genomic data. Many current pathway testing methods use univariate test statistics calculated from individual genomic markers, which ignores the correlations and interactions between candidate markers. Random forests-based pathway analysis is a promising approach for incorporating complex correlation and interaction patterns, but one limitation of previous approaches is that pathways have been considered separately, thus pathway cross-talk information was not considered. RESULTS In this article, we develop a new pathway hunting algorithm for survival outcomes using random survival forests, which prioritize important pathways by accounting for gene correlation and genomic interactions. We show that the proposed method performs favourably compared with five popular pathway testing methods using both synthetic and real data. We find that the proposed methodology provides an efficient and powerful pathway modelling framework for high-dimensional genomic data. AVAILABILITY The R code for the analysis used in this article is available upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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16
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Hwang I, Kim J, Jeong S. β-Catenin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ coordinate dynamic chromatin loops for the transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor A gene in colon cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41364-73. [PMID: 23086933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.377739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) mRNA is regulated by β-catenin and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor δ (PPAR-δ) activation in colon cancer cells, but the detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated. As chromatin loops are generally hubs for transcription factors, we tested here whether β-catenin could modulate chromatin looping near the VEGFA gene and play any important role for PPAR-δ activated VEGFA transcription. First, we identified the far upstream site as an important site for VEGFA transcription by luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation in colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells. Chromatin conformation capture analysis also revealed the chromatin loops formed by the β-catenin bindings on these sites near the VEGFA gene. Dynamic association and dissociation of β-catenin/TCF-4/PPAR-δ on the far upstream site and β-catenin/NF-κB p65 on the downstream site were also detected depending on PPAR-δ activation. Interestingly, β-catenin-mediated chromatin loops were relieved by PPAR-δ activation, suggesting a regulatory role of β-catenin for VEGFA transcription. Based on these data, we propose a model for PPAR-δ-activated VEGFA transcription that relies on β-catenin-mediated chromatin looping as a prerequisite for the activation. Our findings could extend to other β-catenin regulated target genes and could provide a general mechanism and novel paradigm for β-catenin-mediated oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Injoo Hwang
- National Research Lab for RNA Cell Biology, BK21 Graduate Program for RNA Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, and Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Republic of Korea
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17
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PPARs Signaling and Cancer in the Gastrointestinal System. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:560846. [PMID: 23028383 PMCID: PMC3458283 DOI: 10.1155/2012/560846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the study of the peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPARs) as potential targets for cancer prevention and therapy has gained a strong interest. From a biological point of view, the overall responsibility of PPARs in cancer development and progression is still controversial since several studies report both antiproliferative and tumor-promoting actions for these signaling molecules in human cancer cells and animal models. In this paper, we discuss PPARs functions in the context of different types of gastrointestinal cancer.
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18
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Peters JM, Foreman JE, Gonzalez FJ. Dissecting the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in colon, breast, and lung carcinogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 30:619-40. [PMID: 22037942 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is a promising drug target since its agonists increase serum high-density lipoprotein; decrease low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and insulin associated with metabolic syndrome; improve insulin sensitivity; and decrease high fat diet-induced obesity. PPARβ/δ agonists also promote terminal differentiation and elicit anti-inflammatory activities in many cell types. However, it remains to be determined whether PPARβ/δ agonists can be developed as therapeutics because there are reports showing either pro- or anti-carcinogenic effects of PPARβ/δ in cancer models. This review examines studies reporting the role of PPARβ/δ in colon, breast, and lung cancers. The prevailing evidence would suggest that targeting PPARβ/δ is not only safe but could have anti-carcinogenic protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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19
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Peters JM, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:181-95. [PMID: 22318237 PMCID: PMC3322353 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are involved in regulating glucose and lipid homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation and differentiation. Although all of these functions might contribute to the influence of PPARs in carcinogenesis, there is a distinct need for a review of the literature and additional experimentation to determine the potential for targeting PPARs for cancer therapy and cancer chemoprevention. As PPAR agonists include drugs that are used for the treatment of metabolic diseases, a more complete understanding of the roles of PPARs in cancer will aid in determining any increased cancer risk for patients undergoing therapy with PPAR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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