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Lee CN, Hall BA, Sanford L, Molehin AJ. Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of a Schistosoma mansoni Serine Protease Inhibitor, Smserpin-p46. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1164. [PMID: 38930546 PMCID: PMC11205507 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors are a superfamily of proteins that regulate various physiological processes including fibrinolysis, inflammation and immune responses. In parasite systems, serpins are believed to play important roles in parasite colonization, inhibition of host immune serine proteases and penetration of defensive barriers. However, serpins are less well characterized in schistosomes. In this study, a Schistosoma mansoni serpin (Smserpin-p46) containing a 1360 base pair open reading frame, was cloned, expressed and functionally characterized. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that Smserpin-p46 contains the key residues, structural domains and motifs characteristic of inhibitory serpins. Gene expression profiling demonstrated stage-specific expression of Smserpin-p46 with the highest expression in adult male worms. Recombinant Smserpin-p46 (rSmserpin-p46) inhibited both human neutrophil cathepsin G and elastase, key serine proteases involved in NETosis, a program for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Using specific rabbit antiserum, Smserpin-p46 was detected in soluble worm antigen preparation and was localized to the adult worm tegument. Cumulatively, the expression of Smserpin-p46 on the parasite tegument and its ability to inhibit proteases involved in NETosis highlights the importance of this serpin in parasite-host interactions and encourages its further investigation as a candidate vaccine antigen for the control of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N. Lee
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| | - Brooke Ashlyn Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| | - Leah Sanford
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| | - Adebayo J. Molehin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
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Wu F, Wu J, Chen X, Zhou J, Du Z, Tong D, Zhang H, Huang Y, Yang Y, Du A, Ma G. A secreted BPTI/Kunitz inhibitor domain-containing protein of barber's pole worm interacts with host NLRP3 inflammasome activation-associated G protein subunit to inhibit IL-1β and IL-18 maturation in vitro. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323:110052. [PMID: 37865081 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are major components of excretory/secretory products released by parasitic nematodes and have been proposed to play roles in host-parasite interactions. Haemonchus contortus (the barber's pole worm) encodes for several serine protease inhibitors, and in a previous study we identified a trypsin inhibitor-like serine protease inhibitor of this blood-feeding nematode, SPI-I8, as necessary for anticoagulation. Here, we demonstrated that a bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor/Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (BPTI/Kunitz) domain-containing protein highly expressed in parasitic stages, HCON_00133150, is involved in suppressing proinflammatory cytokine production in mammalian cells. Fluorescent labelling of HCON_00133150 revealed a punctate localisation at the inner hypodermal membrane of H. contortus, an organ closely related to the excretory column. Yeast two-hybrid screening and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry identified that the recombinant HCON_00133150 physically interacted with a range of host proteins including the G protein subunit beta 1 of sheep (Ovis aries; OaGNB1), a negative regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Interestingly, heterologous expression of HCON_00133150 enhanced the inhibitory effect of OaGNB1 on NLRP3 inflammasome and the maturation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in transfected cells. 1-to-1 orthologues (n = 33) of BPTI/Kunitz inhibitor domain-containing proteins were predicted in clades III, IV and V (but not clade I) parasitic nematodes. Structural (tandem BPTI/Kunitz inhibitor domains inverted into the globular reticulation) and functional (a GNB1 enhancer) characterisation of HCON_00133150 and its orthologues elucidated that these molecules might contribute to immune suppression by parasitic nematodes in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain and Brain-machine integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhendong Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Danni Tong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Aifang Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Guangxu Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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3
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Omar M, Abdelal H. NETosis in Parasitic Infections: A Puzzle That Remains Unsolved. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108975. [PMID: 37240321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the key players in the innate immune system, being weaponized with numerous strategies to eliminate pathogens. The production of extracellular traps is one of the effector mechanisms operated by neutrophils in a process called NETosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are complex webs of extracellular DNA studded with histones and cytoplasmic granular proteins. Since their first description in 2004, NETs have been widely investigated in different infectious processes. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi have been shown to induce the generation of NETs. Knowledge is only beginning to emerge about the participation of DNA webs in the host's battle against parasitic infections. Referring to helminthic infections, we ought to look beyond the scope of confining the roles of NETs solely to parasitic ensnarement or immobilization. Hence, this review provides detailed insights into the less-explored activities of NETs against invading helminths. In addition, most of the studies that have addressed the implications of NETs in protozoan infections have chiefly focused on their protective side, either through trapping or killing. Challenging this belief, we propose several limitations regarding protozoan-NETs interaction. One of many is the duality in the functional responses of NETs, in which both the positive and pathological aspects seem to be closely intertwined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Omar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba Abdelal
- LIS: Cross-National Data Center, Maison des Sciences Humaines, Esch-Belval, L-4366 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Kobpornchai P, Reamtong O, Phuphisut O, Malaitong P, Adisakwattana P. Serine protease inhibitor derived from Trichinella spiralis (TsSERP) inhibits neutrophil elastase and impairs human neutrophil functions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:919835. [PMID: 36389172 PMCID: PMC9640929 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.919835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During early infection with Trichinella spiralis, host neutrophils destroy newborn larvae migrating in the bloodstream, preventing infection. However, parasites secrete various immunomodulatory molecules to escape the host’s defense mechanisms, allowing them to infect the host and live for long periods. T. spiralis secretes serine protease inhibitors (TsSERPs), which are key inhibitory molecules that regulate serine proteases involved in digestion and inflammation. However, the modulatory roles of TsSERP in the inhibition of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) and neutrophil functions are unknown. Therefore, the immunomodulatory properties of recombinant TsSERP1 (rTsSERP1) on NSPs and neutrophil functions were investigated in this study. rTsSERP1 preferentially inhibited human neutrophil elastase (hNE). In addition, incubation of rTsSERP1 with fMLP-induced neutrophils impaired their phagocytic ability. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was activated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and NETs were dramatically reduced when treated with rTsSERP1. Furthermore, rTsSERP1 suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines during neutrophil activation, which are essential for neutrophil-mediated local or systemic inflammation regulation. In conclusion, T. spiralis immune evasion mechanisms are promoted by the inhibitory properties of TsSERP1 against neutrophil elastase and neutrophil defense functions, and these might be promising alternative treatment targets for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porntida Kobpornchai
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orawan Phuphisut
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preeyarat Malaitong
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Poom Adisakwattana,
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Doolan R, Bouchery T. Hookworm infections: Reappraising the evidence for a role of Neutrophils in light of NETosis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12911. [PMID: 35124825 PMCID: PMC9285577 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Hookworm infection, neutrophils have long had the image of the villain, being recruited to the site of larval migration because of damage but participating themselves in tissue injury. With recent developments in neutrophil biology, there is an increasing body of evidence for the role of neutrophils as effector cells in hookworm immunity. In particular, their ability to release extracellular traps, or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), confer neutrophils a larvicidal activity. Here, we review recent evidence in this nascent field and discuss the avenue for future research on NETs/hookworm interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Doolan
- Hookworm Immunobiology Laboratory Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4051 CH Basel Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Bouchery
- Hookworm Immunobiology Laboratory Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4051 CH Basel Switzerland
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Wu F, Zhang H, Zhou J, Wu J, Tong D, Chen X, Huang Y, Shi H, Yang Y, Ma G, Yao C, Du A. The trypsin inhibitor-like domain is required for a serine protease inhibitor of Haemonchus contortus to inhibit host coagulation. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1015-1026. [PMID: 34126100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, a blood-feeding nematode, inhibits blood coagulation at the site of infection to facilitate blood-sucking and digesting for successful parasitism. However, the mechanism underlying anti-coagulation at the host-parasite interface is largely unknown. In the current study, Hc-spi-i8, which has two greatly different transcripts named Hc-spi-i8a and Hc-spi-i8b, respectively, was described. Hc-SPI-I8A was a serine protease inhibitor containing a trypsin inhibitor-like cysteine rich (TIL) domain, while Hc-SPI-I8B was not. Hc-SPI-I8A/B were primarily expressed in the hypodermis, intestines and gonads in the parasitic stages of H. contortus. Hc-SPI-I8A interacted with Ovis aries TSP1-containing protein (OaTSP1CP), which was determined by yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), pull down and co-localization experiments. The blood clotting time contributed by the TIL domain was prolonged by Hc-SPI-I8A. Hc-SPI-I8A is most likely interfering in the extrinsic coagulation cascade by interacting with OaTSP1CP through its TIL domain and intrinsic coagulation cascade by an unknown mechanism. These findings depict a crucial point in the host-parasite interaction during H. contortus colonization, which should contribute to drug discovery and vaccine development in fighting against this important parasite worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danni Tong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengzhi Shi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Abuzeid AMI, Zhou X, Huang Y, Li G. Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:136. [PMID: 32171305 PMCID: PMC7071665 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworm infection is a major public health problem that threatens about 500 million people throughout tropical areas of the world. Adult hookworms survive for many years in the host intestine, where they suck blood, causing iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition. Numerous molecules, named excretory/secretory (ES) products, are secreted by hookworm adults and/or larvae to aid in parasite survival and pathobiology. Although the molecular cloning and characterization of hookworm ES products began 25 years ago, the biological role and molecular nature of many of them are still unclear. Hookworm ES products, with distinct structures and functions, have been linked to many essential events in the disease pathogenesis. These events include host invasion and tissue migration, parasite nourishment and reproduction, and immune modulation. Several of these products represent promising vaccine targets for controlling hookworm disease and therapeutic targets for many inflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize our present knowledge about hookworm ES products, including their role in parasite biology, host-parasite interactions, and as vaccine and pharmaceutical targets and to identify research gaps and future research directions in this field.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Ding M, Fan J, Wang W, Wang H, Liu H. Molecular characterization, expression and antimicrobial activity of complement factor D in Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:43-51. [PMID: 30890434 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Complement factor D (Df) is a serine protease, which can activate the alternative pathway by cleaving complement factor B, and involves in the innate defense against pathogens infection in teleost. In this study, we cloned, characterized the Df gene from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) (Mamdf), and examined its expression pattern and antimicrobial activity. The open reading frame (ORF) of Mamdf was 753 bp, encoding 250 amino acids with a molecular mass of 27.2 kDa. Mamdf consisted of a single serine protease trypsin superfamily domain, 3 substrate binding sites and 3 active sites, but no potential N-glycosylation site. Pairwise alignment showed that Mamdf shared the highest identity (94%) with grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Mamdf and other vertebrate Df had a common ancestral origin. Mamdf structured with 4 introns and 5 exons. The Mamdf mRNA expressed relatively high at the intestine appearance stage during early development and constitutively expressed in various tissues with the highest expression in the kidney in healthy adults. After challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, significant changes of Mamdf at both mRNA and protein levels in the kidney, spleen, liver and head-kidney were observed. The recombinant Mamdf protein showed antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The above results suggested the immune function of Mamdf, and would benefit further detailed Df function research in the immune process in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ding
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jun Fan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanling Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Maeda Y, Palomares-Rius JE, Hino A, Afrin T, Mondal SI, Nakatake A, Maruyama H, Kikuchi T. Secretome analysis of Strongyloides venezuelensis parasitic stages reveals that soluble and insoluble proteins are involved in its parasitism. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:21. [PMID: 30626426 PMCID: PMC6327390 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasites excrete and secrete a wide range of molecules that act as the primary interface with their hosts and play critical roles in establishing parasitism during different stages of infection. Strongyloides venezuelensis is a gastrointestinal parasite of rats that is widely used as a laboratory model and is known to produce both soluble and insoluble (adhesive) secretions during its parasitic stages. However, little is known about the constituents of these secretions. Results Using mass spectrometry, we identified 436 proteins from the infective third-stage larvae (iL3s) and 196 proteins from the parasitic females of S. venezuelensis. The proteins that were secreted by the iL3s were enriched with peptidase activity, embryo development and the oxidation-reduction process, while those of the parasitic females were associated with glycolysis, DNA binding (histones) and other unknown functions. Trypsin inhibitor-like domain-containing proteins were identified as the main component of the adhesive secretion from parasitic females. An absence of secretion signals in many of the proteins indicated that they are secreted via non-classical secretion pathways. Conclusions We found that S. venezuelensis secretes a wide range of proteins to establish parasitism. This includes proteins that have previously been identified as being involved in parasitism in other helminths as well as proteins that are unique to this species. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Strongyloides parasitism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3266-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Maeda
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Juan Emilio Palomares-Rius
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.,Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Akina Hino
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.,Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tanzila Afrin
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shakhinur Islam Mondal
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakatake
- HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Maruyama
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Taisei Kikuchi
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
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Song YY, Zhang Y, Ren HN, Sun GG, Qi X, Yang F, Jiang P, Zhang X, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Characterization of a serine protease inhibitor from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in larval invasion of host's intestinal epithelial cells. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:499. [PMID: 30189888 PMCID: PMC6127903 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinella spiralis serine protease inhibitor (TsSPI) was identified in ES proteins of adult worms (AW), the TsSPI gene was highly expressed at enteral stage worms (AW and newborn larvae), distributed mainly in the cuticle and stichosome of this nematode. Vaccination of mice with rTsSPI exhibited a 62.2% reduction of intestinal AW and a 57.25% reduction of muscle larvae after larval challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of TsSPI and its roles in the process of T. spiralis invasion of host’s intestinal epithelium cells (IECs). Methods The rTsSPI inhibition on trypsin enzymatic activity was detected by SDS-PAGE and spectrophotometry. The binding of rTsSPI with intestinal epithelium from normal mice and the primary cultured mouse intestinal epithelium cells (IECs) was examined by indirect immunofluorescent (IIF), the cellular localization of rTsSPI binding to IECs was observed by confocal microscopy. The inhibition of anti-rTsSPI serum on T. spiralis invasion of IECs was determined by an in vitro invasion assay. Anti-rTsSPI antibody cytotoxicity on the newborn larvae (NBL) was also determined. Results The rTsSPI had the inhibitory activity against porcine trypsin. The rTsSPI specifically bound to the intestinal epithelium from normal mice and primary cultured mouse IECs, and the binding sites were located in IEC membrane and cytoplasm. Anti-rTsSPI antibodies depressed the larval invasion of IECs with a dose-dependent mode. Anti-rTsSPI antibodies also participated in the destruction of T. spiralis NBL via an ADCC-mediated manner. Conclusions TsSPI might participate in the T. spiralis larval invasion of IECs and it is likely the potential vaccine target against T. spiralis enteral stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Nan Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Song YY, Zhang Y, Yang D, Ren HN, Sun GG, Jiang P, Liu RD, Zhang X, Cui J, Wang ZQ. The Immune Protection Induced by a Serine Protease Inhibitor From the Foodborne Parasite Trichinella spiralis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1544. [PMID: 30050521 PMCID: PMC6050375 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (SPI) are a superfamily of the proteins able to suppress serine protease activity, and may exert the major biological function in complement activation, inflammation, and fibrinolysis. A SPI was identified from Trichinella spiralis adult worms (AW) by immunoproteomics with early infection sera. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective immune elicited by TsSPI. The complete TsSPI cDNA sequence was cloned into pQE-80 L and then expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The rTsSPI was purified and its antigenicity was determined by Western blotting analysis. By using anti-rTsSPI serum the native TsSPI was identified in somatic and ES proteins from muscle larvae (ML). The results of qPCR and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) revealed that the expression of the TsSPI gene was observed throughout all developmental stages of T. spiralis (ML, intestinal infective larvale, 3- and 6-days AW, and newborn larvae, NBL), located principally in cuticles, stichosome, and embryos of this parasitic nematode. Vaccination of mice with rTsSPI triggered high level of anti-TsSPI IgG response, and showed a 62.2 and 57.25% worm burden reduction in the recovery of intestinal AW at 6 days post-infection (dpi) and ML at 35 dpi, respectively. The TsSPI might be a novel potential target for anti-Trichinella vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Y Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Daqi Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua N Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ge G Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo D Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Q Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Xu J, Bai X, Wang LB, Shi HN, van der Giessen JWB, Boireau P, Liu MY, Liu XL. Influence of adjuvant formulation on inducing immune response in mice immunized with a recombinant serpin from Trichinella spiralis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28445612 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are one of the most widespread zoonotic pathogens on the world, and they can still cause major public health problems in many parts of the world. Vaccination against the helminth nematode Trichinella could be a good strategy to reduce the risk of human and animal infection. It was our aim to evaluate three adjuvants, which could be used as an efficient vaccine for animals in combination with rTs-Serpin antigen. In this study, BALB/c mice were vaccinated by an intramuscular route with rTs-Serpin antigen from the parasite Trichinella spiralis in combination with three different adjuvant formulations: Montanide ISA201, Montanide IMS 1313 N PR VG and Freund's complete adjuvant/Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FCA/FIA). The dynamics of IgG, IgM, IgE and cytokine production from spleen cells and worm reduction rate of the vaccinated mice were analysed. The results showed that rTs-serpin can induce partial protection against Trichinella larvae challenge in mice, when compared to the FCA-/FIA-formulated vaccination, the IMS1313 plus rTs-serpin mixture showed higher humoral immunity and similar levels of cellular immunity and worm reduction rate. The study suggested that Montanide IMS nanoparticles 1313 are as effective as FCA but less toxic; thus, Montanide IMS nanoparticles 1313 can be used as a good candidate of adjuvant for developing vaccine against Trichinella spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China
| | - X Bai
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China
| | - L B Wang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China
| | - H N Shi
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J W B van der Giessen
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Boireau
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China.,Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons Alfort, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Universite Paris Est, Paris, France
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - X L Liu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China
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13
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Izvekova GI, Frolova T, Izvekov EI. Inactivation of proteolytic enzymes by Eubothrium rugosum (Cestoda) from the gut of burbot Lota lota. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2017; 64. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Smith D, Tikhonova IG, Jewhurst HL, Drysdale OC, Dvořák J, Robinson MW, Cwiklinski K, Dalton JP. Unexpected Activity of a Novel Kunitz-type Inhibitor: INHIBITION OF CYSTEINE PROTEASES BUT NOT SERINE PROTEASES. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19220-34. [PMID: 27422822 PMCID: PMC5016662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.724344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kunitz-type (KT) protease inhibitors are low molecular weight proteins classically defined as serine protease inhibitors. We identified a novel secreted KT inhibitor associated with the gut and parenchymal tissues of the infective juvenile stage of Fasciola hepatica, a helminth parasite of medical and veterinary importance. Unexpectedly, recombinant KT inhibitor (rFhKT1) exhibited no inhibitory activity toward serine proteases but was a potent inhibitor of the major secreted cathepsin L cysteine proteases of F. hepatica, FhCL1 and FhCL2, and of human cathepsins L and K (Ki = 0.4-27 nm). FhKT1 prevented the auto-catalytic activation of FhCL1 and FhCL2 and formed stable complexes with the mature enzymes. Pulldown experiments from adult parasite culture medium showed that rFhKT1 interacts specifically with native secreted FhCL1, FhCL2, and FhCL5. Substitution of the unusual P1 Leu15 within the exposed reactive loop of FhKT1 for the more commonly found Arg (FhKT1Leu15/Arg15) had modest adverse effects on the cysteine protease inhibition but conferred potent activity against the serine protease trypsin (Ki = 1.5 nm). Computational docking and sequence analysis provided hypotheses for the exclusive binding of FhKT1 to cysteine proteases, the importance of the Leu15 in anchoring the inhibitor into the S2 active site pocket, and the inhibitor's selectivity toward FhCL1, FhCL2, and human cathepsins L and K. FhKT1 represents a novel evolutionary adaptation of KT protease inhibitors by F. hepatica, with its prime purpose likely in the regulation of the major parasite-secreted proteases and/or cathepsin L-like proteases of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jan Dvořák
- From the School of Biological Sciences and
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15
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Tirloni L, Kim TK, Coutinho ML, Ali A, Seixas A, Termignoni C, Mulenga A, da Silva Vaz I. The putative role of Rhipicephalus microplus salivary serpins in the tick-host relationship. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 71:12-28. [PMID: 26844868 PMCID: PMC4808628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and hemostasis are part of the host's first line of defense to tick feeding. These systems are in part serine protease mediated and are tightly controlled by their endogenous inhibitors, in the serpin superfamily (serine protease inhibitors). From this perspective ticks are thought to use serpins to evade host defenses during feeding. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus encodes at least 24 serpins, of which RmS-3, RmS-6, and RmS-17 were previously identified in saliva of this tick. In this study, we screened inhibitor functions of these three saliva serpins against a panel of 16 proteases across the mammalian defense pathway. Our data confirm that Pichia pastoris-expressed rRmS-3, rRmS-6, and rRmS-17 are likely inhibitors of pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant proteases. We show that rRmS-3 inhibited chymotrypsin and cathepsin G with stoichiometry of inhibition (SI) indices of 1.8 and 2.0, and pancreatic elastase with SI higher than 10. Likewise, rRmS-6 inhibited trypsin with SI of 2.6, chymotrypsin, factor Xa, factor XIa, and plasmin with SI higher than 10, while rRmS-17 inhibited trypsin, cathepsin G, chymotrypsin, plasmin, and factor XIa with SI of 1.6, 2.6, 2.7, 3.4, and 9.0, respectively. Additionally, we observed the formation of irreversible complexes between rRmS-3 and chymotrypsin, rRmS-6/rRmS-17 and trypsin, and rRmS-3/rRmS-17 and cathepsin G, which is consistent with typical mechanism of inhibitory serpins. In blood clotting assays, rRmS-17 delayed plasma clotting by 60 s in recalcification time assay, while rRmS-3 and rRmS-6 did not have any effect. Consistent with inhibitor function profiling data, 2.0 μM rRmS-3 and rRmS-17 inhibited cathepsin G-activated platelet aggregation in a dose-responsive manner by up to 96% and 95% respectively. Of significant interest, polyclonal antibodies blocked inhibitory functions of the three serpins. Also notable, antibodies to Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes scapularis, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva proteins cross-reacted with the three R. microplus saliva serpins, suggesting the potential of these proteins as candidates for universal anti-tick vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mariana Loner Coutinho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Abid Ali
- Institute of Biotechnology Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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16
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Haçarız O, Baykal AT, Akgün M, Kavak P, Sağıroğlu MŞ, Sayers GP. Generating a detailed protein profile of Fasciola hepatica during the chronic stage of infection in cattle. Proteomics 2014; 14:1519-30. [PMID: 24733753 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode helminth causing a damaging disease, fasciolosis, in ruminants and humans. Comprehensive proteomic studies broaden our knowledge of the parasite's protein profile, and provide new insights into the development of more effective strategies to deal with fasciolosis. The objective of this study was to generate a comprehensive profile of F. hepatica proteins expressed during the chronic stage of infection in cattle by building on previous efforts in this area. The approach included an improved sample preparation procedure for surface and internal layers of the parasite, the application of nano-UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS (nano-ultra-performance LC and ESI quadrupole TOF MS) integrated with different acquisition methods and in silico database search against various protein databases and a transcript database including a new assembly of publically available EST. Of a total of 776 identified proteins, 206 and 332 were specific to the surface and internal layers of the parasite, respectively. Furthermore, 238 proteins were common to both layers, with comparative differences of 172 proteins detected. Specific proteins not previously identified in F. hepatica, but shown to be immunomodulatory or potential drug targets for other parasites, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Haçarız
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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17
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Ulinastatin, a protease inhibitor, may inhibit allogeneic blood transfusion-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines and systemic inflammatory response syndrome and improve postoperative recovery. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2013; 12 Suppl 1:s109-18. [PMID: 23736923 DOI: 10.2450/2013.0224-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ulinastatin, a protease inhibitor, and blood transfusion on perioperative surgical complications, changes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) scores, and levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in patients undergoing liver resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients aged 18-65 years were enrolled and divided into four groups (12 patients in each group): a control group, a group given ulinastatin (UTI group), a group given blood transfusion (BT group), and a group given both blood transfusion and ulinastatin (BT+UTI group). Patients were randomised to receive ulinastatin or not, whereas blood transfusion was administered based on a transfusion trigger. Ulinastatin was given at a dose of 100,000 units/10 kg, infused 15 min before allogeneic blood transfusion or after completion of the liver resection. The patients were followed up for 3 days to record surgical complications, SIRS scores and levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. RESULTS Forty-four patients were included in the data analysis. The SIRS rate (SIRS scores≥2) was significantly higher in the BT groups than in the control group at 6 hours and on day 3 after surgery and was significantly lower in the BT+UTI group than in the BT group on day 3 after surgery. Allogeneic blood transfusion significantly increased and ulinastatin significantly decreased postoperative levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. The length of stay in hospital was significantly longer in the BT groups than in the control group but was not significantly different between the BT+UTI and BT groups. CONCLUSION A single dose of ulinastatin before allogeneic blood transfusion may lower the rate of postoperative SIRS and levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α associated with allogeneic blood transfusion and improve patients' postoperative recovery.
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Chen Z, Wang B, Hu J, Yang W, Cao Z, Zhuo R, Li W, Wu Y. SjAPI, the first functionally characterized Ascaris-type protease inhibitor from animal venoms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57529. [PMID: 23533574 PMCID: PMC3606364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease inhibitors act as modulators of serine proteases, playing important roles in protecting animal toxin peptides from degradation. However, all known serine protease inhibitors discovered thus far from animal venom belong to the Kunitz-type subfamily, and whether there are other novel types of protease inhibitors in animal venom remains unclear. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, by screening scorpion venom gland cDNA libraries, we identified the first Ascaris-type animal toxin family, which contains four members: Scorpiops jendeki Ascaris-type protease inhibitor (SjAPI), Scorpiops jendeki Ascaris-type protease inhibitor 2 (SjAPI-2), Chaerilus tricostatus Ascaris-type protease inhibitor (CtAPI), and Buthus martensii Ascaris-type protease inhibitor (BmAPI). The detailed characterization of Ascaris-type peptide SjAPI from the venom gland of scorpion Scorpiops jendeki was carried out. The mature peptide of SjAPI contains 64 residues and possesses a classical Ascaris-type cysteine framework reticulated by five disulfide bridges, different from all known protease inhibitors from venomous animals. Enzyme and inhibitor reaction kinetics experiments showed that recombinant SjAPI was a dual function peptide with α-chymotrypsin- and elastase-inhibiting properties. Recombinant SjAPI inhibited α-chymotrypsin with a Ki of 97.1 nM and elastase with a Ki of 3.7 μM, respectively. Bioinformatics analyses and chimera experiments indicated that SjAPI contained the unique short side chain functional residues "AAV" and might be a useful template to produce new serine protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, SjAPI is the first functionally characterized animal toxin peptide with an Ascaris-type fold. The structural and functional diversity of animal toxins with protease-inhibiting properties suggested that bioactive peptides from animal venom glands might be a new source of protease inhibitors, which will accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents for human diseases that target diverse proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weishan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renxi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WXL); (YLW)
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WXL); (YLW)
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Pearson MS, Tribolet L, Cantacessi C, Periago MV, Valero MA, Valerio MA, Jariwala AR, Hotez P, Diemert D, Loukas A, Bethony J. Molecular mechanisms of hookworm disease: stealth, virulence, and vaccines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:13-21. [PMID: 22742835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hookworms produce a vast repertoire of structurally and functionally diverse molecules that mediate their long-term survival and pathogenesis within a human host. Many of these molecules are secreted by the parasite, after which they interact with critical components of host biology, including processes that are key to host survival. The most important of these interactions is the hookworm's interruption of nutrient acquisition by the host through its ingestion and digestion of host blood. This results in iron deficiency and eventually the microcytic hypochromic anemia or iron deficiency anemia that is the clinical hallmark of hookworm infection. Other molecular mechanisms of hookworm infection cause a systematic suppression of the host immune response to both the parasite and to bystander antigens (eg, vaccines or allergens). This is achieved by a series of molecules that assist the parasite in the stealthy evasion of the host immune response. This review will summarize the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms used by hookworms to survive for extended periods in the human host (up to 7 years or longer) and examine the pivotal contributions of these molecular mechanisms to chronic hookworm parasitism and host clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Pearson
- Center for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
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Twenty-first century progress toward the global control of human hookworm infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2011; 13:210-7. [PMID: 21462001 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-011-0182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hookworms are bloodsucking nematodes that afflict up to 740 million persons in tropical and subtropical regions, with Asia and sub-Saharan Africa exhibiting particularly high infection rates. Prevalence, intensity, and pathology often vary considerably at both the regional and local level, and may be influenced by coinfection with other parasitic infections such as malaria. Immunoepidemiological studies suggest that hookworms manipulate the host immune response and may provide some protection from allergy and asthma. There has been substantial progress in elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of hookworm disease, with anticoagulants, protease inhibitors, digestive proteases, and novel excretory/secretory proteins being of particular interest. Mass chemotherapy remains a mainstay of hookworm control strategies, although continued use of drugs may lead to reduced efficacy and treatment failures have been observed. Consequently, a need exists for innovative approaches, such as vaccination; recent studies have identified and/or evaluated candidate vaccine antigens in human and animal models.
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