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Update on the genetic diversity and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus in Gansu Province, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Western China, inferred from mitochondrial cox1, nad1, and nad5 sequences. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1107-1126. [PMID: 36933066 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The identification of additional Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) complex species/genotypes in recent years raises the possibility that there might be more variation among this species in China than is currently understood. The aim of this study was to explore intra- and inter-species variation and population structure of Echinococcus species isolated from sheep in three areas of Western China. Of the isolates, 317, 322, and 326 were successfully amplified and sequenced for cox1, nad1, and nad5 genes, respectively. BLAST analysis revealed that the majority of the isolates were E. granulosus s.s., and using the cox1, nad1, and nad5 genes, respectively, 17, 14, and 11 isolates corresponded to Elodea canadensis (genotype G6/G7). In the three study areas, G1 genotypes were the most prevalent. There were 233 mutation sites along with 129 parsimony informative sites. A transition/transversion ratio of 7.5, 8, and 3.25, respectively, for cox1, nad1, and nad5 genes was obtained. Every mitochondrial gene had intraspecific variations, which were represented in a star-like network with a major haplotype with observable mutations from other distant and minor haplotypes. The Tajima's D value was significantly negative in all populations, indicating a substantial divergence from neutrality and supporting the demographic expansion of E. granulosus s.s. in the study areas. The phylogeny inferred by the maximum likelihood (ML) method using nucleotide sequences of cox1-nad1-nad5 further confirmed their identity. The nodes assigned to the G1, G3, and G6 clades as well as the reference sequences utilized had maximal posterior probability values (1.00). In conclusion, our study confirms the existence of a significant major haplotype of E. granulosus s.s. where G1 is the predominant genotype causing of CE in both livestock and humans in China.
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Guo B, Zhao L, Zhao L, Mi R, Zhang X, Wang B, Guo G, Ren Y, Qi W, Zhang Z. Survey and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from Livestock and Humans in the Altai Region of Xinjiang, China. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010134. [PMID: 36678482 PMCID: PMC9866323 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the metacestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), is an important zoonotic parasite, endemic in the Altai region of China. It is a serious human health risk and causes livestock losses. To evaluate the prevalence, genetic variation, and population structure of CE, 2898 sheep and 703 cattle were examined from October 2019 to mid-February 2020 in the Altai region (Altai, Habahe, Fuhai, and Buerjin). Sheep had an infection rate of 4.52% (131/2898) and cattle had an infection rate of 4.84% (34/703). In total, 180 cyst isolates were obtained, including 131 sheep, 34 cattle, and 15 from CE human patients. The cysts were investigated using mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results showed that, among the two genotypes of E. granulosus s.s., there were 22 different haplotypes (Haps). Phylogenetic analysis and parsimony network indicated that seventeen (77.27%) Haps belonged to the sheep strain (G1 genotype) and five Haps (22.73%) belonged to the buffalo strain (G3 genotype). Hap3 was the most common haplotype (65.00%, 112/180), which belongs to the G1 genotype. Hap18−Hap22 were found in human samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoirs of human CE. Molecular diversity indices revealed the high levels of haplotype diversity and relatively low levels of nucleotide diversity. Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs tests displayed that the Altai population had a significant deviation from neutrality. Based on pairwise fixation index (Fst) values, a low level of genetic differentiation was found between the populations of E. granulosus s.s. isolated from different regions. The present survey findings represent an epidemiological survey of CE in the Altai region where there were two genotypes simultaneously and will provide more information on the genetic structure of E. granulosus s.s. within this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 Xi Chang‘an Avenue, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
- Correspondence:
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Sadjjadi FS, Hajjaran H, Sedaghat B, Mardani P, Sadjjadi SM. Proteomics investigation of human sera for determination of postoperative indicators of pulmonary cystic echinococcosis. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:18. [PMID: 36631795 PMCID: PMC9832791 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE)/hydatidosis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. The disease is a major health problem all over the world. Finding specific and sensitive biomarkers for follow-up of CE in patients after surgery is essential. Using proteomics methods, the present study aimed to evaluate post-surgical treatment by finding probable biomarker/s in the serum of human lungs CE. METHODS A total of 24 human sera were tested. These sera included eight confirmed lung/s CE patients sera before surgery (BS), eight sera 12 months post-surgery (12MPS) as well as eight control sera from healthy people. Proteomics methods including 2DE and LC-MS/MS were performed on the specimens followed by bioinformatics analysis. Differentially expressed proteins (DEP) were detected and, separately integrated with protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to construct the PPI network. RESULTS A total of 171 protein spots were detected in three groups including BS, 12MPS, and control groups; of which a total of 106 DEP have been expressed based on fold changes > = 2 and p-value < 0.05. More analysis was performed and a total of 10 protein spots were selected for identification by mass spectrometry showing the following proteins: APOA1, BGN, SPP2, EAF1, ACOXL, MRPL55, MCTP2, SEPTIN1, B4GALNT1, and ZNF843. Based on centrality parameters of the PPI network (degree and betweenness) five Hub-bottlenecks proteins with significant centrality values were found including APOA1, BGN, SPP2, EAF1, and ACOXL. CONCLUSION This study showed five proteins as hub-bottleneck proteins; of which APOA1 was more prominent. It can be concluded that a change in expression of this protein in patients' sera could be used as an indicator tool for the achievement of lungs CE surgical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Sadjjadi
- grid.411600.2Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Sedaghat
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parviz Mardani
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Basharat N, Khan J, Ullah I, Shah AA, Ali I. Genetic characterization of human echinococcosis in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1141192. [PMID: 37180451 PMCID: PMC10174045 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1141192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Echinococcosis is a neglected tropical zoonotic infection that affects both the human and livestock populations. In Pakistan, the infection is long-standing, but data on its molecular epidemiology and genotypic characterization in the southern Punjab region are limited. The aim of the current study was the molecular characterization of human echinococcosis in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Methods Echinococcal cysts were obtained from a total of 28 surgically treated patients. Patients' demographic characteristics were also recorded. The cyst samples were subjected to further processing to isolate DNA in order to probe the Nad1 and Cyt-b genes, followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for genotypic identification. Results The majority of the echinococcal cysts were from male patients (60.7%). The liver was the most commonly infected organ (60.71%), followed by the lungs (25%), spleen (7.14%), and the mesentery (7.14%). Molecular and genotypic identification through sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that most of the cysts (24/28, 85.7%) were caused by the species Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (E. granulosus s.s.) (G1 and G3), followed by Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) and Echinococcus canadensis (E. canadensis) (G6/G7) (3/28, 10.8%, and 1/28, 3.5%, respectively). Conclusion The current study concluded that the majority of human infections were caused by E. granulosus s.s., followed by the E. multilocularis and E. canadensis species (G6/G7). Genotypic characterization among both human and livestock populations is needed to explore the genetic diversity of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Basharat
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jadoon Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Iqra University (Chak Shahzad), Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Jadoon Khan, ; Ijaz Ali,
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Iqra University (Chak Shahzad), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology, West Mishref, Kuwait
- *Correspondence: Jadoon Khan, ; Ijaz Ali,
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Alvi MA, Alsayeqh AF. Food-borne zoonotic echinococcosis: A review with special focus on epidemiology. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1072730. [PMID: 36605765 PMCID: PMC9807814 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1072730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a neglected, WHO-listed cyclozoonotic parasitic disease that is caused by a number of species belonging to the genus Echinococcus. This disease is widespread across the globe, resulting in heavy economic losses for farmers and cystic disease in aberrant human hosts. This review paper briefly discussed taxonomy, a brief history, the magnitude of economic losses, host spectrum and life cycle, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. Furthermore, the copro- and sero-ELISA-based prevalence of echinococcosis on different continents was summarized. Finally, the authors analyzed the frequency and use of molecular epidemiology in the taxonomy of Echinococcus species based on molecular markers. This review will serve as a quick reference to Echinococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah F. Alsayeqh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Abdullah F. Alsayeqh
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Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis Genotypes in Iranian Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:8197741. [PMID: 36312205 PMCID: PMC9605837 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8197741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis is considered a public health problem that if left untreated can have dangerous consequences for the person. The disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato larvae. The main risk factors for this parasitic infection are habitat, direct contact with dogs, use of raw vegetables, and use of unwashed vegetables. The most important factors affecting the prevalence of HCD are economic, occupational, agricultural, educational, and factors related to public health and cultural habits of the general public in that geographical area. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the types of cystic echinococcosis genotypes (E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) and E. Canadensis (G6 and G7)) in livestock in Iran. Method This systematic review was conducted, using Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar databases, to identify studies of cystic echinococcosis in animals published from 2010 to April 14, 2021. Finally, 28 studies were selected for meta-analysis, which was analyzed using Stata software version 14. The cystic echinococcosis prevalence with 95% confidence intervals of animals was synthesized using the random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated and in cases where the I2 index was higher than 75%, subgroup analysis was performed according to the types of animals. Result The highest prevalence of cystic echinococcosis infection was related to G1 genotype (P = 0.91 (95% CI = 0.84, 0.97)) and the prevalence was related to G2 genotype (P = 0.07(95% CI = 0.00, 0.18)). The results of the subgroup analysis showed that in the G1 genotype the highest prevalence was observed in Goats and Buffaloes with P = 1 (95% CI = 0.96, 1) and P = 1 (95% CI = 0.97, 1), in the G3 and G6 genotypes the highest prevalence was observed in camels with P = 0.50 (95% CI = 0.31, 0.69), and P = 0.45 (95% CI = 0.22, 0.69), respectively. Conclusion The cystic echinococcosis genotypes vary from region to region or from country to country and also from host to host, and according to the results, it should always be stopped in areas where the prevalence of such genomes suitable for livestock as well as human food sources to prevent infection of livestock and thus human exposure to cystic echinococcosis.
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Manterola C, Totomoch-Serra A, Rojas C, Riffo-Campos ÁL, García-Méndez N. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Genotypes in Different Hosts Worldwide: A Systematic Review. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:161-185. [PMID: 34264444 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to develop a synthesis of the evidence available regarding verified E. granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) genotypes in different species worldwide. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review was performed including studies concerning genotypes of E. granulosus s.l. without language or genotyped method restriction, published between 1990 and 2020. A systematic search was carried out in Trip Database, BIREME, SciELO, LILACS, IBECS, PAHO-WHO, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and WoS. Variables of interest were year of publication, country, number of samples, and hosts; genotypes, molecular marker, haplotypes and molecular biology techniques used. Descriptive statistics were applied. RESULTS 2411 articles were analyzed, however 135 met the selection criteria, representing 8643 liver and lung samples. Of the samples selected 24% were human, the remaining samples pertained to non-human animal hosts; cattle and sheep prevailed with 28.6% and 26.6% of the studied samples, respectively. The reported evidence is mainly from Iran, Turkey, Argentina, China and Chile; with 50, 11, 6, 6 and 5 studies, respectively, published between 1992 and 2020 [most frequently during 2015-2020 (76/135 studies; 56.3%)]. The mitochondrial gene cox1 was generally sequenced and informative (91.8%). Genotypes most frequently identified were E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (83.2%). CONCLUSIONS Based on this overall evidence, it can be concluded that publications related to genotypes of E. granulosus s.l. are heterogeneous. E. granulosus ss accounts for the vast majority of the global burden of E. granulosus s.l. worldwide. Further studies including larger number of cases and adequate internal validity are required to specify the distribution of genotypes in various host species. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42018099827.
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Sequence analysis, intra-genotyping variation, and phylogenetic study of nad1 gene in Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes from intermediate hosts in southwestern Iran. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100655. [PMID: 34879965 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.). The disease is cosmopolitan, and Iran is a highly endemic area for CE. This parasite exhibits high genetic diversity, which can be related to its life cycle, transmission, and pathogenesis. This study was aimed at determining the phylogenetic relationship and intra-genotyping variation of E. granulosus s.l. in a vast area in the southwest of Iran (SWI). Eighty hydatid cyst isolates of intermediate hosts (i.e., cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, camel, and human) were collected. The sequence analysis of the nad1 gene exhibited the three genotypes of G1 (n = 70, 87.5%), G3 (n = 8, 10%), and G6/G7 (n = 2, 2.5%). Also, 16, 2, and 1 unique haplotypes were identified for the G1, G3, and G6/G7 genotypes, respectively. According to the phylogenetic tree topology, the nad1 gene similarities were found for some G1 isolates in some vast areas, and the G1 genotype showed a heterogeneous population worldwide. The only SWI G6/G7 haplotype was at a distant position in E. canadensis clade, indicating the notable difference of this haplotype from other isolates from Iran and other countries. The presence of the G6/G7 genotype in the SWI may be due to the transmission of the genotype from other regions or the role of camel/wild boar or other possible hosts in the expansion of this genotype in SWI. The results of the present study can be used in CE control programs, molecular epidemiology, and phylogenetic studies in Iran and other countries for future goals.
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Farhadi M, Haniloo A, Rostamizadeh K, Ahmadi N. In vitro evaluation of albendazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers on Echinococcus granulosus microcysts and their prophylactic efficacy on experimental secondary hydatidosis. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4049-4060. [PMID: 34669034 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the therapeutic effects of albendazole (ABZ) on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces and metacestodes, ABZ-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (ABZ-NLCs) are prepared by the hot high-speed homogenization method. Protoscoleces and microcysts were treated in vitro with free ABZ and ABZ-NLCs (concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 μg/ml), and the corresponding effects were monitored by methylene blue exclusion test and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Chemoprophylactic treatment was performed on Balb/C mice 1 day before intraperitoneal injection of viable protoscoleces. The drugs were administered daily by intragastric inoculation for a period of 30 days. The prophylactic efficacy was assessed based on the number and weight of cysts developed in treated mice. The ultrastructural alterations in cysts were examined by transmission electron microscopy. After 18 days, all the protoscoleces incubated with 10 μg/ml ABZ-NLCs were killed, while 51.25 ± 4.03% of the protoscoleces incubated with 10 μg/ml free ABZ were still viable. Microcysts treated with ABZ-NLCs underwent degenerative alterations in a shorter time than when free ABZ was applied. The mean weight of the cysts recovered from mice of ABZ-NLCs group was significantly lower than that of the free ABZ group (P < 0.05), yielding prophylactic efficacy of 92.45% and 38.53%, respectively. The cysts treated with ABZ-NLCs showed marked ultrastructural changes in the germinal layer. This study demonstrated that both in vitro and in vivo treatments with ABZ-NLCs are significantly more efficient than treatment with free ABZ against E. granulosus protoscoleces, metacestodes, and prevention of cyst development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farhadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, End of Mahdavi Blvd., Shahrak Karmandan, 4513956111, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, End of Mahdavi Blvd., Shahrak Karmandan, 4513956111, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Kobra Rostamizadeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nahid Ahmadi
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Borhani M, Fathi S, Darabi E, Jalousian F, Simsek S, Ahmed H, Kesik HK, Hosseini SH, Romig T, Harandi MF, Mobedi I. Echinococcoses in Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan: Old Diseases in the New Millennium. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0029020. [PMID: 34076492 PMCID: PMC8262809 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00290-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is considered a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by different species of small taeniid tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus and is regarded as a neglected zoonosis. Cystic and alveolar echinococcoses are endemic diseases of Tibetan, Pamir, and Iranian plateaus. All of the countries within the Iranian plateau are affected by echinococcosis. Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran are the three most populous countries of the region, in which echinococcosis is highly endemic. The three neighboring countries share strong cultural and socioeconomic ties. The present study aimed to provide a broad review of the status of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, summarizing the current knowledge about geographical distribution, molecular epidemiology, and transmission dynamics of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis in this region. Additionally, we aimed to understand disease burden and risk factors as basic requirements for establishing a surveillance system and planning prevention and control programs. A considerable body of information is available on different aspects of echinococcosis in this region; however, several information and research gaps need to be filled before planning control programs. None of the countries in the region have an elaborate echinococcosis control program. Effective control programs require multi/intersectoral coordination within a One Health approach with a long-term political and administrative commitment and enhanced international collaboration among the three countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Borhani
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Fathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Enayat Darabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jalousian
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bingol, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Seyed Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Mobedi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Antiparasitic effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil nano-emulsion on larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:429-435. [PMID: 32508418 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various protoscolicidal agents are indicated for the prevention of recurrence of cystic echinococcosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus; however, most of these chemicals have adverse side effects. This study evaluated the effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) nano-emulsion and emulsion at the concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 µl/ml on E. granulosus protoscoleces. Albendazole (5 mg/ml), normal saline, and nano-emulsion without ZEO served as control groups. Optimal concentrations of ZEO nano-emulsion and emulsion on the microcysts were also investigated. ZEO emulsion at a concentration of 20 µl/ml for the duration of 15 min and nano-emulsion for the duration of 10 min resulted in the death of 100% of the protoscoleces. Additionally, densely packed aggregates were formed inside the microcysts treated with ZEO nano-emulsion and emulsion at a concentration of 20 µl/ml after 40 min, but the complete destruction of laminated layers did not occur. The results indicate that ZEO nano-emulsions have a higher protoscolicidal effect than its emulsion, but these two compounds had similar effects on microcysts.
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Moradi M, Meamar AR, Akhlaghi L, Roozbehani M, Razmjou E. Detection and genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus mitochondrial DNA in serum and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded cyst tissue samples of cystic echinococcosis patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224501. [PMID: 31661532 PMCID: PMC6818807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. We investigated the presence of E. granulosus-specific DNA in the serum of CE patients by detecting the cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (nad1) mitochondrial genes. Serum and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) cyst tissue samples of 80 CE patients were analyzed. The extracted DNA of samples was submitted to PCR amplification of cox1 and nad1 genes, and products were sequenced and genotyped. Nineteen (23.8%; 95% CI 15.8-34.1) serum and 78 (97.5%; 95% CI 91.3-99.3) FFPE cyst tissue samples were successfully amplified with at least one gene. Echinococcus DNA was detected in the sera of 15.0% (95% CI: 8.8-24.4) and 10.0% (95% CI: 5.2-18.5) and in cyst tissue of 91.3% (95% CI: 83.0-95.7) and 83.8% (95% CI: 74.2-90.3) of 80 patients by cox1 and nad1 gene, respectively. Four genotypes of E. granulosus were distinguished in the CE patients, with predominance of genotype G1, followed by G3, G2, and G6. The finding of E. granulosus DNA in 23.8% of serum samples from CE patients confirmed that E. granulosus releases cell-free DNA into the circulatory system, but quantities may be inadequate for the diagnosis of CE. Genotype G1 predominance suggests the sheep-dog cycle as the primary route of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moradi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Meamar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lame Akhlaghi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Roozbehani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Razmjou
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Genetic characterization of Echinococcus isolates from various intermediate hosts in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area, China. Parasitology 2019; 146:1305-1312. [PMID: 31148526 PMCID: PMC6700708 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined Echinococcus spp. genotypes and genetic variants isolated from humans as well as domestic and wild animals from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area using the cox1 gene. All samples except the pika isolates were identified as the Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Sixteen different haplotypes with considerable intraspecific variation were detected and characterized in mitochondrial cox1 sequences. The parsimonious network of cox1 haplotypes showed star-like features, and the neutrality indexes computed via Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests showed high negative values in E. granulosus s. s., indicating deviations from neutrality; the Fst values were low among the populations, implying that the populations were not genetically differentiated. The pika isolates were identified as E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. Only one haplotype was recognized in the pika isolates. E. granulosus s. s. was the predominant species found in animals and humans, followed by E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus, with high genetic diversity circulating among the animals and humans in this area. Further studies are needed to cover many sample collection sites and larger numbers of pathogen isolates, which may reveal abundant strains and/or other haplotypes in the hydatid cysts infecting human and animal populations of the QTPA, China.
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14
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Siyadatpanah A, Anvari D, Emami Zeydi A, Hosseini SA, Daryani A, Sarvi S, Budke CM, Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji R, Mohaghegh MA, Kohansal MH, Dodangeh S, Saberi R, Gholami S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the genetic characterization of human echinococcosis in Iran, an endemic country. Epidemiol Health 2019; 41:e2019024. [PMID: 31208193 PMCID: PMC6713849 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2019024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human echinococcosis is an infectious disease caused by tapeworms belonging to the species Echinococcus. This parasite has a worldwide distribution and is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Due to the diversity of Echinococcus spp. hosts, as well as variation in geographical, climatic, and socio-ethnic conditions, the question of the strains or genotypes of Echinococcus spp. that are involved in human infections is important. The aim of this study was to provide a summary of the available data on genotypes of Echinococcus obtained from the Iranian population. Four international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science) and 4 Persian databases (Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Iran Medex, and IranDoc) were searched for cross-sectional studies that reported the genotypes of Echinococcus spp. in human echinococcosis cases using molecular methods in Iran through July 2018. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the selected studies. A total of 559 cases of human cystic echinococcosis were reported in the 21 included articles. The majority of cases belonged to genotype G1 (89.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 80.1 to 95.8), genotype G6 (8.2%; 95% CI, 2.8 to 15.9), and genotype G3 (2.3%; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.9). Since genotype G1 of Echinococcus appears to be the most prevalent genotype affecting humans in Iran, disease control initiatives aimed at sheep intermediate hosts may be the most beneficial. In addition, educational programs and serological screening in individuals may help reduce the national impact of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows Paramedical School, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Davood Anvari
- Department of Parasitology, Student Research Committee, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Amir Emami Zeydi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Nasibeh School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Department of Parasitology, Student Research Committee, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Christine M. Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX , USA
| | - Reza Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji
- Department of Poultry Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohaghegh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | | | - Samira Dodangeh
- Department of Parasitology, Student Research Committee, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Saberi
- Department of Parasitology, Student Research Committee, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Shirzad Gholami
- Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Guo B, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Guo Y, Guo G, Zhao L, Cai R, Wang B, Yang M, Shou X, Zhang W, Jia B. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto in Northern Xinjiang, China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:153-159. [PMID: 31104407 PMCID: PMC6526214 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is an important zoonotic parasite globally causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and animals. In this study, prevalence of CE and variation of cox1 gene sequence were analyzed with isolates E. granulosus collected from different areas in northern Xinjiang, China. The survey showed that 3.5% of sheep and 4.1% of cattle were infected with CE. Fragment of cox1 was amplified from all the positive sheep and cattle samples by PCR. In addition, 26 positive samples across the 4 areas were included. The isolates were all E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) containing 15 haplotypes (Hap1-15), and clustered into 2 genotypes, G1 (90.1%, 91/101) and G3 (9.9%, 10/101). Hap1 was the most common haplotype (48.5%, 49/101). Hap9 were found in humans samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoir human CE. It is indicate that E. granulosus may impact on control of CE in livestock and humans in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, 726 Street Dongrong, North Gaoxin District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Guo
- The Friendship Hospital of Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, 92 Road Stalin, Yining 835000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, 726 Street Dongrong, North Gaoxin District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Ren Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, 726 Street Dongrong, North Gaoxin District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xi Shou
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
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16
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Farhadi M, Haniloo A, Rostamizadeh K, Faghihzadeh S. Efficiency of flubendazole-loaded mPEG-PCL nanoparticles: A promising formulation against the protoscoleces and cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. Acta Trop 2018; 187:190-200. [PMID: 30098942 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
None of the existing drugs can effectively treat the human cystic echinococcosis. This study aimed to improve the efficacy of flubendazole (FLBZ) against the protoscoleces and cysts of Echinococcus granulosus by preparing polymeric FLBZ-loaded methoxy polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (mPEG-PCL) nanoparticles. The protoscoleces and microcysts were treated with FLBZ-loaded mPEG-PCL nanoparticles (FLBZ-loaded nanoparticles) and free FLBZ at the final concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 μg/mL for 27 and 14 days, respectively. The chemoprophylactic efficacy of the drugs was evaluated in experimentally infected mice. The nanoparticles were stable for 1 month, with an average size of 101.41 ± 5.14 nm and a zeta potential of -19.13 ± 2.56 mV. The drug-loading and entrapment efficiency of the FLBZ-loaded nanoparticles were calculated to be 3.08 ± 0.15% and 89.16 ± 2.93%, respectively. The incubation of the protoscoleces with the 10 μg/mL nano-formulation for 15 days resulted in 100% mortality, while after incubation with the 10 μg/mL free FLBZ, the viability rate of the protoscoleces was only 44.0% ± 5.22%. Destruction of the microcysts was observed after 7 days' exposure to the FLBZ-loaded nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. The in vivo challenge showed a significant reduction in the weight and number of the cysts (P < 0.05) in the mice treated with the FLBZ-loaded nanoparticles, yielding efficacy rates of 94.64% and 70.21%, correspondingly. Transmission electron microscopy revealed extensive ultrastructural damage to the cysts treated with the FLBZ-loaded nanoparticles. The results indicated that the FLBZ-loaded nanoparticles were more effective than the free FLBZ against the protoscoleces and cysts of E. granulosus both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farhadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Kobra Rostamizadeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Soghrat Faghihzadeh
- Department of Biological statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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17
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Metwally DM, Qassim LE, Al-Turaiki IM, Almeer RS, El-Khadragy MF. Gene-based molecular analysis of COX1 in Echinococcus granulosus cysts isolated from naturally infected livestock in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195016. [PMID: 29668701 PMCID: PMC5905957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity and importance of Echinococcus species in domesticated animals in Saudi Arabia are poorly understood. In this study, 108 singular (hydatid) cysts were collected from goats (n = 25), sheep (n = 56) and camels (n = 27). DNA was extracted from the protoscoleces of individual fertile cysts and used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mitochondrial subunit 1 of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene. Amplicon sequencing results revealed the presence of Echinococcus granulosus sensustricto (s.s.) (genotypes G1–G3) in 16 of the17 sheep cysts and 2 of the 27 camel cysts.of these samples, 18 (2 camel and 16 sheep) were divided into genotypes G1, G2, and G3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M. Metwally
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Latifa E. Qassim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra M. Al-Turaiki
- Information Technology Department, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafa S. Almeer
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal F. El-Khadragy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Torabi N, Dobakhti F, Faghihzadeh S, Haniloo A. In vitro and in vivo effects of chitosan-praziquantel and chitosan-albendazole nanoparticles on Echinococcus granulosus Metacestodes. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2015-2023. [PMID: 29616349 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most important zoonoses affecting humans. Benzimidazoles (in particular albendazole) and praziquantel (PZQ) are effective against CE, but poor water solubility of these agents often leads to inadequate results. Here, we evaluate the effects of chitosan-albendazole (ChABZ) and chitosan-praziquantel (ChPZQ) nanoparticles as a new formulation on hydatid cysts both in vitro and in vivo. Developed microcysts in culture were treated with different concentrations of ChABZ and ChPZQ nanoparticles (either alone or in combination), and ABZ + PZQ suspension. The viability rate of microcysts was used to evaluate the drug efficacies. In addition, the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of the drugs were studied on infected DBA/2 mice. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultra-structural changes. The viability rate of microcysts and differences in cyst weights were compared by ANOVA, and the cyst numbers were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The combination of ChABZ + ChPZQ nanoparticles was more effective than the ABZ + PZQ suspension in vitro (p < 0.05). In prophylaxy, a significant reduction was observed both in size and in number of the cysts in ChABZ + ChPZQ nanoparticle groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In the therapeutic stage, however, this treatment only reduced the cyst numbers. Degeneration of the microcysts treated with the drugs was evident in the ultra-structural imaging. Overall, the nanoparticulate drugs were more effective than their suspension counterparts, but further studies are recommended to evaluate the full potential of these nanoparticles in the treatment of human CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Torabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Mahdavi Blvd., Shahrak Karmandan, P.O. Box 45139-56111, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Mahdavi Blvd., Shahrak Karmandan, P.O. Box 45139-56111, Zanjan, Iran.
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Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a significant zoonosis, especially in developing countries of the Middle East, with many studies focusing on CE genotypes in Iran. We performed a systematic review to determine the exact status of E. granulosus genotypes in the country. We explored English (Pubmed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and Science Direct) and Persian (Magiran, Iran Medex and Scientific Information Database) databases along with Google Scholar. Our review included 73 studies published prior to the end of 2015. In total, 2952 animal (intermediate and definitive) hosts were examined, and the prevalent genotypes comprised G1 (92.75%) and G6 (4.53%) in sheep, cattle, camels, goats and buffaloes; G3 (2.43%) in five herbivore hosts and dogs; G7 (0.2%) in sheep and goats; and G2 (0.06%) in dogs. G1 was mostly dominant in West Azerbaijan, whereas G3 and G6 were identified most frequently in the provinces of Isfahan and Fars, respectively. Regarding human CE infection, 340 cases were reported from Iran, with the identified genotypes G1 (n = 320), G6 (n = 13) and G3 (n = 7). Most CE-infected humans originated from Isfahan province (168 cases), whereas the lowest number of infected persons was noted in Kerman province (two cases). The information obtained from this systematic review is central to better understanding the biological and epidemiological characteristics of E. granulosus s.l. genotypes in Iran, leading to more comprehensive control strategies.
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Genotype characterization of livestock and human cystic echinococcosis in Mazandaran province, Iran. J Helminthol 2018; 93:255-259. [PMID: 29446344 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x1800010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is a helminth from the family Taeniidae, which causes cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and diverse livestock around the world. The identification of existing genotypes in different regions is a major step towards the prevention and establishment of control programmes for the disease. This study aimed to detect CE genotypes using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) gene and sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1) gene in isolates from the central part of Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Forty isolates were collected from sheep, 17 from cattle and 6 from human formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE). The ITS1 and Cox1 genes were successfully amplified by PCR in 41 and 42 samples, respectively. PCR-RFLP and sequencing showed that all isolates had the G1-G3 genotypes in this study. Out of 31 isolates subjected to sequencing for the Cox1 gene, 80.7% had the G1 genotype. G2 (16.1%) and G3 (3.2%) genotypes were observed in five sheep and one cattle samples, respectively. Five human isolates were also sequenced for the ITS1 gene, which showed that all samples belonged to the G1 genotype. Ten haplotypes were determined among the isolates by alignment analysis of the Cox1 gene. In summary, this study demonstrated that G1 was the dominant genotype circulating between humans and livestock in the studied region. Furthermore, high genotypic diversity among the CE isolates was observed.
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Galeh TM, Spotin A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Carmena D, Rahimi MT, Barac A, Ghoyounchi R, Berahmat R, Ahmadpour E. The seroprevalence rate and population genetic structure of human cystic echinococcosis in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2018; 51:39-48. [PMID: 29367032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) represents an increasing public health concern in many parts of the world, including the Middle East. The present study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the seroprevalence rate and population genetic structure of human CE in the eastern Mediterranean region. To estimate the population genetic structure, Echinococcus sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene isolated from countries from this geographical area were retrieved from the GenBank database. An electronic search for articles from 1990 until 2015 was performed using databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. A total of 53 articles reporting on CE seroprevalence and genotyping data met our eligibility criteria and were included in a meta-analysis. The overall CE seroprevalence rates in the general population and in individuals at high risk of infection were estimated using the random-effect model at 7.4% (95% CI = 4.8-10.6) and 10.7% (95% CI = 7.6-14.3), respectively. Risk factors including age group (P < 0.001), dog ownership (P = 0.03), residence area (P < 0.001), and educational level (P = 0.04) showed a statistically significant association with CE seroprevalence. A pairwise fixation index (Fst), used as an estimation of gene flow, suggested a moderate level of genetic differentiation between members of the E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) complex from Iranian and Turkish metapopulations (Fst = 0.171). The finding of common haplotypes may represent an ancestral transfer of alleles among populations probably during the early stages of animal domestication. The high CE seroprevalence rates found highlight the necessity of implementing appropriate public education for preventive and control strategies, particularly in individuals at high risk of infection; furthermore, our genetic findings reveal novel molecular data concerning microevolutionary events of Echinococcus isolates among Middle East countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adel Spotin
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Roghayeh Ghoyounchi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Berahmat
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine (RCEBM), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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22
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Multilocus sequence analysis of Echinococcus granulosus strains isolated from humans and animals in Iran. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sałamatin R, Kowal J, Nosal P, Kornaś S, Cielecka D, Jańczak D, Patkowski W, Gawor J, Kornyushin V, Golab E, Šnábel V. Cystic echinococcosis in Poland: genetic variability and the first record of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1 genotype) in the country. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3077-3085. [PMID: 28975403 PMCID: PMC5660138 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases affecting humans and livestock worldwide, and is endemic in Poland. A set of six isolates on larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato tapeworms collected from three humans, two pigs and one sheep from Polish foci of CE was examined by DNA sequencing of two mitochondrial genes (cox1, rrnS). The results demonstrated the presence of E. canadensis and E. granulosus sensu stricto in the investigated hydatid cysts. The former species was found in all five isolates from pigs and humans derived from central Poland. In a sheep hydatid cyst originating from Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland, E. granulosus s. s. (G1 genotype) was identified. This is the first report of an unambiguously autochthonous infection with E. granulosus s. s. in Poland. The global distribution and host affiliations of the commonly occurring G1 microvariant with nucleotide change 56C/T in cox1, detected here in Polish sheep, are discussed. The finding that sheep harboured E. granulosus s. s. may have important consequences for developing effective hydatid control programmes in Poland due to its longer maturation rate in dogs compared with E. canadensis G7. This may lead to greater expenditures for purchasing anthelmintics to provide an appropriate dosing regime in sheep-raising areas of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kowal
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Nosal
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kornaś
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Cielecka
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Jańczak
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar Patkowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gawor
- W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vadim Kornyushin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Khmelnytskoho 15, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Elzbieta Golab
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001, Košice, Slovakia
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Heterogenity of Echinococcus canadensis genotype 6 − the main causative agent of cystic echinococcosis in Birjand, Eastern Iran. Vet Parasitol 2017; 245:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kohansal MH, Fazaeli A, Nourian A, Haniloo A, Kamali K. Dogs' Gastrointestinal Parasites and their Association with Public Health in Iran. J Vet Res 2017; 61:189-195. [PMID: 29978072 PMCID: PMC5894391 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dogs harbour zoonotic parasites that cause serious infections in humans, such as visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, cystic echinococcosis, and alveolar echinococcosis. Studies on dogs' gastrointestinal parasites in different geographical locations are required to increase knowledge of the risk of canine zoonoses in human populations. MATERIAL AND METHODS The presence of parasites was examined in 450 faecal samples collected from eight zones of Zanjan province, northwest Iran from June to November 2015. The samples were examined using the sedimentation concentration method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. RESULTS Gastrointestinal parasites were found in 86 (19.1%) faecal samples. Sarcocystis spp. (7.3%), Taenia/Echinococcus spp. (5.6%), Toxocara spp. (1.8%), and Cystoisospora spp. (1.6%) were the most common parasites observed. The other detected parasites consisted of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (0.7%), Eimeria spp. (0.7%), Cryptosporidium spp. (0.4%), Physaloptera spp. (0.4%), Giardia spp. (1.3%), and Spirocerca lupi (1.3%). The lowest parasite infection rates belonged to Trichuris vulpis and Acanthocephalans (0.2% each). CONCLUSION This study provides current information on the infection rates in dog populations in Zanjan Province. Furthermore, the study shows a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections, including zoonotic ones and particularly Taenia/Echinococcus spp., potentially transmissible to humans and thus relevant to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asghar Fazaeli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abbasali Nourian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Department of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Li K, Lan Y, Luo H, Shahzad M, Zhang H, Wang L, Zhang L, Liu D, Liu X, Hao Y, Sizhu S, Li J. Prevalence of three Oesophagostomum spp. from Tibetan Pigs analyzed by Genetic Markers of nad1, cox3 and ITS1. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:90-96. [PMID: 28030349 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of Oesophagostomum spp., commonly known as 'nodular worms' are one of the most widely distributed and prevalent emerging zoonotic nematodes. However, little is known about the prevalence and gene characteristics of those parasites in Tibetan pigs. Therefore, a study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, isolation and identification of Oesophagostomum spp from Tibetan pigs by genetic markers of nad1,cox3 and ITS1 for the first time. The results revealed that the infection rate of O. dentatum and O. quadrispinulatum by genetic markers of nad1 was 81.13%; 35 (66.04%); the O. dentatum and O. quadrispinulatum by genetic markers cox3 was 66.04%, and O. dentatum and O. stephanostomum by genetic markers ITS1 was found to be 77.36%. Interestingly, the O. stephanostomum specie was identified and isolated from 90.48% stomach and 69.23% colon samples by genetic markers of ITS1. The present study, for the first time has described the presence and genetic characterization of Oesophagostomun spp of O. dentatum, O. quadrispinulatum and especially O. stephanostomum in Tibetan pigs from the high and remote Tibetan plateau. A public concern should be raised in terms of economical losses and severe public health problem.
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Ito A, Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Hoberg E. Cystic echinococcosis: Future perspectives of molecular epidemiology. Acta Trop 2017; 165:3-9. [PMID: 27237060 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been considered to be caused predominantly by Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (the dog-sheep strain). Molecular approaches on CE, however, have revealed that human cases are also commonly caused by another species, Echinococcus canadensis. All indices for classification and standardization of CE pathology including available images, epidemiology, diagnostics and treatment are currently based largely on a mixture of infections which include at least E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis. Involvement of other species of Echinococcus in CE including E. ortleppi or otherwise cryptic diversity demonstrated recently in Africa requires further elucidation. Molecular identification of the causative species in CE cases is essential for better understanding of pathogenesis and disease. This article stresses the importance of molecular species identification of human CE as a foundation for re-evaluation of evidence-based epidemiology.
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Mahami-Oskouei M, Kaseb-Yazdanparast A, Spotin A, Shahbazi A, Adibpour M, Ahmadpour E, Ghabouli-Mehrabani N. Gene flow for Echinococcus granulosus metapopulations determined by mitochondrial sequences: A reliable approach for reflecting epidemiological drift of parasite among neighboring countries. Exp Parasitol 2016; 171:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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