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Shin HY, Kim YS, Shin KS, Han SH, Suh HJ, Yu KW. Effect of rhamnogalacturonan-I-rich polysaccharides isolated from crabapple hydrolysates on IL-1β-induced inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134240. [PMID: 39094865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics and intracellular mechanisms of polysaccharides (MP-PE-I) purified from a crabapple (Malus prunifolia) enzymatic hydrolysate (MP-PE). Activity-guided fractionation revealed that MP-PE-I was the active moiety and significantly reduced the production and gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors in interleukin (IL)-1β-treated intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Moreover, MP-PE-I downregulated the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of proteins involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, as evidenced by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analysis. In antagonistic studies with specific inhibitors of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, IL-6 inhibition was significantly regulated by p38; IL-8 by IκBα, JNK, and p38; and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by JNK, p38, and ERK. Additionally, MP-PE-I significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1 receptor type 1. Chemical and structural characteristic analyses showed that MP-PE-I is a polysaccharide rich in rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-I and plays a crucial role in intestinal immunomodulation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the intestinal immunomodulatory activity, intracellular mechanisms, and structural characteristics of RG-I-rich polysaccharides isolated from crabapples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Shin
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon Suk Kim
- Major in Food & Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hee Han
- Institute of Human Behavior & Genetics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Won Yu
- Major in Food & Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk 27909, Republic of Korea.
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Rini DM, Xu W, Suzuki T. Current Research on the Role of Isomaltooligosaccharides in Gastrointestinal Health and Metabolic Diseases. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2024; 29:93-105. [PMID: 38974594 PMCID: PMC11223922 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2024.29.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium plays an important role in maintaining the intestinal barrier and facilitating nutrient absorption. It also serves as a critical physical barrier against the infiltration of foreign substances from the intestinal lumen into the circulation. Intestinal barrier dysfunction has been implicated in the development of several diseases. Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs), which are a type of dietary fiber, possess multiple health benefits. However, there is limited information regarding their efficacy against gastrointestinal diseases. This review explores the therapeutic potential of IMOs in obesity, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hyperlipidemia, and constipation. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity models have shown that IMOs, administered alone or in combination with other compounds, exhibit potent antiobesity effects, making them promising agents in the treatment of obesity and its associated complications. Moreover, IMOs exhibit preventive effects against HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction by modulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid levels, thereby ameliorating symptoms. Furthermore, IMOs can reduce IBD and alleviate hyperlipidemia, as indicated by the reduced histological colitis scores and improved lipid profiles observed in clinical trials and animal studies. This review highlights IMOs as a versatile intervention strategy that can improve gastrointestinal health by modulating gut microbiota, immune responses, and metabolic parameters, providing a multifaceted approach to address the complex nature of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mustika Rini
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya 60294, Indonesia
| | - Wenxi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Municipality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Huang B, Huang Y, Deng L, Xu T, Jian Z, Lai S, Ai Y, Zhu L, Xu Z. Intranasal administration with recombinant vaccine PRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S induces strong intestinal mucosal immune responses against PDCoV. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:171. [PMID: 37741960 PMCID: PMC10517555 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel coronavirus that causes enteric diseases in pigs leading to substantial financial losses within the industry. The absence of commercial vaccines and limited research on PDCoV vaccines presents significant challenges. Therefore, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant pseudorabies virus (PRV) rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S through intranasal mucosal immunization in weaned piglets and SPF mice. Results indicated that rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S safely induced PDCoV S-specific and PRV gB-specific antibodies in piglets, with levels increasing 7 days after immunization. Virus challenge tests demonstrated that rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S effectively improved piglet survival rates, reduced virus shedding, and alleviated clinical symptoms and pathological damage. Notably, the recombinant virus reduced anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory responses by regulating IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β secretion after infection. Additionally, rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S colonized target intestinal segments infected with PDCoV, stimulated the secretion of cytokines by MLVS in mice, stimulated sIgA secretion in different intestinal segments of mice, and improved mucosal immune function. HE and AB/PAS staining confirmed a more complete intestinal mucosal barrier and a significant increase in goblet cell numbers after immunization. In conclusion, rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S exhibits good immunogenicity and safety in mice and piglets, making it a promising candidate vaccine for PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhou Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Kröhn L, Azabdaftari A, Heuberger J, Hudert C, Zilbauer M, Breiderhoff T, Bufler P. Modulation of intestinal IL-37 expression and its impact on the epithelial innate immune response and barrier integrity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1261666. [PMID: 37799712 PMCID: PMC10548260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1261666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Intestinal epithelial cells separate the luminal flora from lamina propria immune cells and regulate innate immune responses in the gut. An imbalance of the mucosal immune response and disrupted intestinal barrier integrity contribute to the evolution of inflammatory bowel diseases. Interleukin (IL)-37 has broad anti- inflammatory activity and is expressed by the human intestinal epithelium. Mice ectopically expressing human IL-37 show reduced epithelial damage and inflammation after DSS-induced colitis. Here, we investigated the impact of IL-37 on the innate immune response and tight junction protein expression of mouse intestinal organoids and the modulation of IL37 expression in human intestinal organoids. Methods Murine intestinal organoids were generated from IL-37tg and wildtype mice. Human ileal organoids were generated from healthy young donors. Results Expression of transgene IL-37 or recombinant IL-37 protein did not significantly reduce overall proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in murine intestinal organoids. However, higher IL37 expression correlated with a reduced proinflammatory cytokine response in murine colonic organoids. IL37 mRNA expression in human ileal organoids was modulated by proinflammatory cytokines showing an increased expression upon TNF-α-stimulation and decreased expression upon IFN-gamma stimulation. Transgene IL-37 expression did not rescue TNF-α-induced changes in morphology as well as ZO-1, occludin, claudin-2, and E-cadherin expression patterns of murine jejunal organoids. Conclusions We speculate that the anti-inflammatory activity of IL-37 in the intestine is mainly mediated by lamina propria immune cells protecting intestinal epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kröhn
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aline Azabdaftari
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hudert
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Bufler
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Fetal bovine serum, an important factor affecting the reproducibility of cell experiments. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1942. [PMID: 36732616 PMCID: PMC9894865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a natural medium used in cell cultures containing the large amount of nutrients necessary for cell growth and is often used for in vitro cultures of animal cells. Although FBS plays a vital role in cell cultures, there are small molecules contained within FBS that remain unidentified, and their effects on cultured cells is poorly understood. Here, we report that different brands of FBS have varying influences on the background expression of IL-8, not TNFα and IL1β in epithelial cells. The endogenous small molecules in FBS and ERK pathways may contribute to these effects. In addition, FBS form the IL-8 stimulation and IL-8 non-responsive groups have different metabolome profiles. Overall, our study suggests that metabolites in FBS should be included in the quantitative considerations when conducting cell experiments, especially immune-related experiments, to improve the repeatability of experimental results in scientific papers; IL-8 could thus be an important factor in selecting FBS.
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Cheng X, Ji Y, Li X, Wang Z, Wang B, He F, Xue S. The beneficial effects of Fomitopsis pinicola chloroform extract on a dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mice model. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:35. [PMID: 36819509 PMCID: PMC9929819 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background As an intestinal non-specific inflammatory lesion, ulcerative colitis (UC) affects the health of many individuals. This study examined the possible beneficial effects of the chloroform extract of Fomitopsis pinicola (Swartz.: Fr) Karst (FPKc) on UC. Methods The mice were given free access to drink with 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 1 week to establish acute UC model. Next, 35 mg of FPKc or sulfasalazine (SASP) was given to the mice via gavage for 3 weeks. The disease activity index (DAI) and colonic mucosa damage index (CMDI) scores were calculated. The colon tissues of the mice were collected to measure the length and perform hematoxylin and eosin staining. The thymus and spleen indexes were determined. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the serum were determined. Results FPKc or SASP treatment alleviated hematochezia and weight loss, ameliorated DAI and CMDI scores, and improved the crypt structure and length of the colon tissues. Relative to the UC model group, the spleen index in the FPKc group was reduced, which was accompanied by decreases of the IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the serum. FPKc also lowered the AST and ALT levels in the serum of the UC mice. Conclusions FPKc protected the mice from DSS-induced UC injury. It may be that FPKc activates immune regulation and downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Product Development and Anti-Cancer Innovative Drug Research in Qinling, Xi’an, China;,Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yifan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Natural Product Development and Anti-Cancer Innovative Drug Research in Qinling, Xi’an, China;,Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Product Development and Anti-Cancer Innovative Drug Research in Qinling, Xi’an, China;,Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Product Development and Anti-Cancer Innovative Drug Research in Qinling, Xi’an, China;,Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Product Development and Anti-Cancer Innovative Drug Research in Qinling, Xi’an, China;,Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fengqin He
- Key Laboratory of Natural Product Development and Anti-Cancer Innovative Drug Research in Qinling, Xi’an, China;,Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaoan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Natural Product Development and Anti-Cancer Innovative Drug Research in Qinling, Xi’an, China;,Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
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Gao XY, Jin Y, Zhao J, Zhang YL, Wang HW, Zhou BH. Th17-Related Cytokines Involved in Fluoride-Induced Cecal and Rectal Barrier Damage of Ovariectomized Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03519-6. [PMID: 36538210 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate fluoride (F)-induced intestine barrier damage and the role of estrogen deficiency in this progress, a rat model of estrogen deficiency was established through bilateral surgical removal of ovaries. The F exposure model was then continued by adding sodium fluoride (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L, calculated on a fluorine ion basis) to drinking water for 90 days. Afterward, intestinal mucosal structure, barrier function, and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. The results showed that excessive F decreased the developmental parameters (crypt depth) of the cecum and rectum and inhibited the proliferation capacity of the intestinal epithelia, which are more obvious in the state of estrogen deficiency. The distribution of goblet cells and glycoproteins in the intestinal mucosa decreased with the increase in F concentration, and estrogen deficiency led to a further decline, especially in the rectum. Using the immunofluorescence method, the study showed that excessive F caused interleukin-17A (IL-17A) significantly decrease in the cecum and increase in the rectum. Meanwhile, F treatment remarkably upregulated the expression of intestinal IL-1β, IL-23, and IL-22, while the level of IL-6 was downregulated. In addition, estrogen deficiency increased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-22, but decreased IL-17A expression in the cecum and rectum. Collectively, F exposure damaged intestinal morphological structure, inhibited epithelial cell proliferation and mucus barrier function, and resulted in the disturbance of T helper (Th) 17 cell-related cytokines expression. Estrogen deficiency may further aggravate F-induced damage to the cecum and rectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Yang W, Wang Y, Wang T, Li C, Shi L, Zhang P, Yin Y, Tao K, Li R. Protective effects of IRG1/itaconate on acute colitis through the inhibition of gasdermins-mediated pyroptosis and inflammation response. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Wang Z, Xue R, Lv M, Qi Y, Yu W, Xie Z, Chen W, Wang X, Tian X, Han B. Stepwise tracking strategy to screen ingredient from Galla Chinensis based on the "mass spectrometry guided preparative chromatography coupled with systems pharmacology". JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114533. [PMID: 34728319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Galla chinensis, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was widely used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) in folk prescriptions, however, its active ingredients and mechanism of action in the treatment of UC remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of our study was to discover the lead compounds and anti-inflammatory active ingredients of Galla chinensis and clarify their molecular mechanism for UC treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ingredients of Galla chinensis were prepared by column and mass spectrometry guided preparative chromatography. Besides, the relationship among the ingredients of Galla chinensis and targets was predicted by systems pharmacology. Additionally, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages were used as in vitro model. The cell viability, the level of the pro-inflammatory factors, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and trans epithelial electric resistance (TEER) values were detected to screen out the active ingredients of Galla chinensis. Moreover, 4% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis mice were used as the UC animal model. The disease activity index (DAI), pathological degree of colon tissue, activities of antioxidant-related enzymes and expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines were performed to assess the anti-UC effects of the active ingredients. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression level of inflammatory factors and antioxidant related genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). And the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway related proteins, intestinal mucosal proteins and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway related proteins in colon tissues were analyzed by Western Blotting. RESULTS Herein, a stepwise tracking strategy was adopted to screen out the anti-inflammatory active ingredients of Galla Chinensis based on "preparative chromatography pharmacology combined with mass spectrometry guidance and system". 11 categories of ingredients of Galla chinensis were prepared and ethyl gallate (EG) was screened out the lead compound and anti-inflammatory active ingredient of Galla Chinensis through in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, EG had a significant therapeutic effect on ameliorating DSS-induced UC mice and protected intestinal mucosal integrity through Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Ethyl gallate was the lead compound and anti-inflammatory active ingredient in Galla chinensis. And it was discovered for the first time that EG could treat mice with ulcerative colitis. This research not only found the lead compound of Galla Chinensis for UC treatment and determined the possible mechanism, but also provided valuable references for finding lead compounds from natural products by systems pharmacology coupled with equivalent components group technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Wang
- School of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China
| | - Rui Xue
- School of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China
| | - Mengying Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Yunyun Qi
- Pharmacy Department, Karamay Central Hospital of Xinjiang, Karamay, 834000, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shen Zhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wen Chen
- School of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China
| | - Xinjun Wang
- Sinopharm XinJiang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Urumqi, 830000, PR China
| | - Xing Tian
- School of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China
| | - Bo Han
- School of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China; Sinopharm XinJiang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Urumqi, 830000, PR China.
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Li W, Chen X, Li M, Cai Z, Gong H, Yan M. Microplastics as an aquatic pollutant affect gut microbiota within aquatic animals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127094. [PMID: 34530278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The adverse impact of microplastics (MPs) on gut microbiota within aquatic animals depends on the overall effect of chemicals and biofilm of MPs. Thus, it is ideal to fully understand the influences that arise from each or even all of these characteristics, which should give us a whole picture of consequences that are brought by MPs. Harmful effects of MPs on gut microbiota within aquatic organisms start from the ingestion of MPs by aquatic organisms. According to this, the present review will discuss the ingestion of MPs and its following results on gut microbial communities within aquatic animals, in which chemical components, such as plastic polymers, heavy metals and POPs, and the biofilm of MPs would be involved. This review firstly analyzed the impacts of MPs on aquatic organisms in detail about its chemical components and biofilm based on previous relevant studies. At last, the significance of field studies, functional studies and complex dynamics of gut microbial ecology in the future research of MPs affecting gut microbiota is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Minqian Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zeming Cai
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Han Gong
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Muting Yan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Shin TS, Park JY, Kim YK, Kim JG. Extracellular vesicles derived from small intestinal lamina propria reduce antigen-specific immune response. Korean J Intern Med 2022; 37:85-95. [PMID: 34425655 PMCID: PMC8747917 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from various types of cells and have specific functions related to their origin. EVs are observed in the small intestinal lamina propria (lpEVs), but their function remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of lpEVs. METHODS LpEVs were isolated from antigen (ovalbumin [OVA])-fed mice (lpEVs/OVA), and administrated to the naïve mice for 5 days before induction of lung inflammation. Afterwards, the mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA to evaluate the role of lpEVs/OVA in the regulation of immune tolerance. RESULTS The isolated lpEVs/OVA were sphere-shaped, bi-layered vesicles of approximately 50 to 100 nm in size. The vesicles expressed CD81, A33 antigen, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on the surface. When administrated to naïve mice, the lpEVs/OVA migrated to the spleen. Intraperitoneal lpEVs/OVA administration to naïve mice decreased the immune response against sensitized antigen in a CD4+FoxP3+T cell-dependent manner. CONCLUSION EVs are actively secreted from small intestinal epithelial cells to deliver information about orally administered antigens to immune cells, which will facilitate the modulation of the immune response by acting as an intercellular communicasome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | | | - Jae Gyu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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12
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Zhu H, Xu R, Zang H, Feng J, Shen G, Liu P. Metabolomic characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease facilitate discovery and diagnosis of pathogeny. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14927. [PMID: 34273220 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a significant public health concern, especially in Asia-Pacific countries. Its diagnosis mainly depends on clinical symptoms. It is easy to miss the source of infection and best treatment period. This research aims to provide a tool for its early clinical diagnosis and for predicting the possibility of complications. METHODS The serum samples of 39 HFMD children and 36 healthy children were collected for clinical testing and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomic analyses were performed to obtain the metabolic differences between the HFMD and healthy children and to speculate on the pathogenesis of HFMD. RESULTS Thirty-nine children were divided into severe cases and mild cases. Severe cases demonstrated more obvious inflammatory responses, but no metabolic difference was observed between the severe and mild cases. The metabolic differences between HFMD and healthy children were noticeable. Ten differential metabolites were screened out as the potential biomarkers for HFMD, and seven disturbed metabolic pathways responsible for HFMD were affected by inflammation, impaired intestinal absorptive function, and immune response. CONCLUSIONS Our results will provide a complementary tool for the early diagnosis of HFMD and potential ideas for later treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huanhuan Zang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jianghua Feng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guiping Shen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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13
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Bertoli-Avella A, Hotakainen R, Al Shehhi M, Urzi A, Pareira C, Marais A, Al Shidhani K, Aloraimi S, Morales-Torres G, Fisher S, Demuth L, Moteleb Selim LA, Al Menabawy N, Busehail M, AlShaikh M, Gilani N, Chalabi DN, Alharbi NS, Alfadhel M, Abdelrahman M, Venselaar H, Anjum N, Saeed A, Alghamdi MA, Aljaedi H, Arabi H, Karageorgou V, Khan S, Hajjari Z, Radefeldt M, Al-Ali R, Tripolszki K, Jamhawi A, Paknia O, Cozma C, Cheema H, Ameziane N, Al-Muhsen S, Bauer P. A disorder clinically resembling cystic fibrosis caused by biallelic variants in the AGR2 gene. J Med Genet 2021; 59:993-1001. [PMID: 34952832 PMCID: PMC9554030 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We sought to describe a disorder clinically mimicking cystic fibrosis (CF) and to elucidate its genetic cause. Methods Exome/genome sequencing and human phenotype ontology data of nearly 40 000 patients from our Bio/Databank were analysed. RNA sequencing of samples from the nasal mucosa from patients, carriers and controls followed by transcriptome analysis was performed. Results We identified 13 patients from 9 families with a CF-like phenotype consisting of recurrent lower respiratory infections (13/13), failure to thrive (13/13) and chronic diarrhoea (8/13), with high morbidity and mortality. All patients had biallelic variants in AGR2, (1) two splice-site variants, (2) gene deletion and (3) three missense variants. We confirmed aberrant AGR2 transcripts caused by an intronic variant and complete absence of AGR2 transcripts caused by the large gene deletion, resulting in loss of function (LoF). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis identified significant downregulation of components of the mucociliary machinery (intraciliary transport, cilium organisation), as well as upregulation of immune processes. Conclusion We describe a previously unrecognised autosomal recessive disorder caused by AGR2 variants. AGR2-related disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting a CF-like phenotype. This has implications for the molecular diagnosis and management of these patients. AGR2 LoF is likely the disease mechanism, with consequent impairment of the mucociliary defence machinery. Future studies should aim to establish a better understanding of the disease pathophysiology and to identify potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronja Hotakainen
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Alice Urzi
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Catarina Pareira
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anett Marais
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Steffen Fisher
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Demuth
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Nihal Al Menabawy
- Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic division, Cairo University Childrens Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maryam Busehail
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Mohammed AlShaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | | | | | - Nasser S Alharbi
- Pulmonology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genomic Research department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Genetics and Precision Medicine department (GPM), King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdelrahman
- Immunology Research laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | - Nadeem Anjum
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anjum Saeed
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Malak Ali Alghamdi
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Aljaedi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Arabi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Suliman Khan
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Zahra Hajjari
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mandy Radefeldt
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ruslan Al-Ali
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Amer Jamhawi
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Omid Paknia
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Cozma
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Huma Cheema
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Najim Ameziane
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Immunology Research laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Bauer
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
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Li C, Cao R, Qian S, Qiao C, Liu X, Zhou Z, Li Z. Clostridium butyricum CB1 up-regulates FcRn expression via activation of TLR2/4-NF-κB signaling pathway in porcine small intestinal cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 240:110317. [PMID: 34461425 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) mediates the bidirectional transport of immunoglobulin G (IgG) across hyperpolarized epithelial cells. Overexpression of FcRn increases serum IgG and humoral immune response. Probiotics can improve the host's serum and intestinal mucosal IgG. However, whether probiotics regulate FcRn and its specific mechanism are still unclear. Our research showed that heat inactivated Clostridium butyricum CB1 (heat-inactivated CB1) up-regulated FcRn expression in porcine small intestinal epithelial (IPI-2I) cells. Furthermore, heat-inactivated CB1 stimulation activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Moreover, FcRn expression decreased after blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway by NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7028, suggesting that heat-inactivated CB1 induced FcRn expression via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), we found that knockdown of TLR2/4, MyD88 and TRIF reduced NF-κB activity induced by heat-inactivated CB1, as well as up-regulation of FcRn expression after heat-inactivated CB1 stimulation. Taken together, our data indicated that heat-inactivated CB1 up-regulated FcRn expression via TLR2/4-MyD88/TRIF-NF-κB signaling pathway. These results provided a new perspective for us to understand the enhancement of C. butyricum on intestinal mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoju Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenyuan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.
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15
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Zhang S, Li T, Xie J, Zhang D, Pi C, Zhou L, Yang W. Gold standard for nutrition: a review of human milk oligosaccharide and its effects on infant gut microbiota. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:108. [PMID: 34049536 PMCID: PMC8162007 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for nutrition of infant growth, whose nutritional value is mainly attributed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs, the third most abundant component of human milk after lactose and lipids, are complex sugars with unique structural diversity which are indigestible by the infant. Acting as prebiotics, multiple beneficial functions of HMO are believed to be exerted through interactions with the gut microbiota either directly or indirectly, such as supporting beneficial bacteria growth, anti-pathogenic effects, and modulation of intestinal epithelial cell response. Recent studies have highlighted that HMOs can boost infants health and reduce disease risk, revealing potential of HMOs in food additive and therapeutics. The present paper discusses recent research in respect to the impact of HMO on the infant gut microbiome, with emphasis on the molecular basis of mechanism underlying beneficial effects of HMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianle Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wenbin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Medical Affairs, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Yun L, Wu T, Li W, Zhang M. Wheat germ glycoprotein regionally modulates immunosuppressed mouse intestinal immunity function from early life to adulthood. Food Funct 2021; 12:97-106. [PMID: 33305774 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wheat germ glycoprotein (WGP) is widely used due to its nutritional benefits and biological activity. This study evaluated the effects of WGP on intestinal-immunosuppressed mice from early life to adulthood and detected the underlying mechanism. The results revealed that WGP demonstrated no clinical side effects on the body index, serum total IgA level, protein expression and the morphology of intestine in newborn mice. In the phase of life, compared with the cyclophosphamide-treated group (CG), WGP clearly promoted the secretion of sIgA and effectively regulated the cytokine gene (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-5, IL-17, and TGF-β1) expression in the intestine. Furthermore, WGP promoted the expression of CD40L and CD40, phosphorylation of IKKα/β and transcription of NF-κB-p65. The data as reported in this present analysis suggest that WGP can improve the intestinal immunity of newborn mice to adulthood via the CD40L-CD40-IKKα/β-NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Yun
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, College of food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, College of food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300191, China. and State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, College of food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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17
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Walsh C, Lane JA, van Sinderen D, Hickey RM. Human milk oligosaccharides: Shaping the infant gut microbiota and supporting health. J Funct Foods 2020; 72:104074. [PMID: 32834834 PMCID: PMC7332462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex sugars which are found in breast milk at significant concentrations and with unique structural diversity. These sugars are the fourth most abundant component of human milk after water, lipids, and lactose and yet provide no direct nutritional value to the infant. Recent research has highlighted that HMOs have various functional roles to play in infant development. These sugars act as prebiotics by promoting growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria thereby generating short-chain fatty acids which are critical for gut health. HMOs also directly modulate host-epithelial immune responses and can selectively reduce binding of pathogenic bacteria and viruses to the gut epithelium preventing the emergence of a disease. This review covers current knowledge related to the functional biology of HMOs and their associated impact on infant gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh Walsh
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- H&H Group, Global Research and Technology Centre, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan A. Lane
- H&H Group, Global Research and Technology Centre, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rita M. Hickey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
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18
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Xie S, Zhao S, Jiang L, Lu L, Yang Q, Yu Q. Lactobacillus reuteri Stimulates Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation and Induces Differentiation into Goblet Cells in Young Chickens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13758-13766. [PMID: 31789514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus, have been proven to be effective in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. The modulatory effect of Lactobacillus on intestinal epithelial development in early life is still unclear. In this study, Lactobacillus isolates with good probiotic abilities were screened and orally administered to detect their regulatory effect on intestinal development in chickens. L. reuteri 22 was isolated from chickens and chosen for subsequent chicken experiments due to its strong acid and bile salt resistance and ability to adhere to epithelial cells. The 3-day-old chickens were orally administrated with 108 CFU L. reuteri 22 for consecutive 7 days. L. reuteri 22 increased Lgr5 mRNA expression (3.23 ± 0.40, P = 0.001) and activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, with increasing expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (49.27 ± 9.81, P = 0.021) to support the proliferation of chicken intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, L. reuteri 22 also inhibited the Notch signaling pathway to induce intestinal stem cell differentiation into goblet cells with increased mucin 2 (Muc-2) expression (1.72 ± 0.34, P = 0.047). L. reuteri 22 significantly enhanced lysozyme mRNA expression (2.32 ± 0.55, P = 0.019) to improve intestinal innate mucosal immunity. This study demonstrated that L. reuteri administration could regulate chicken intestinal epithelium development to ensure the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier, which is beneficial for newborn animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Weigang 1 , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Shiyi Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Weigang 1 , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Lan Jiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Weigang 1 , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Linhao Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Weigang 1 , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Weigang 1 , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Weigang 1 , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , P.R. China
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Abstract
This article discusses key concepts important for mucosal immunity. The mucosa is the largest immune organ of the body. The mucosal barrier (the tight junctions and the "kill zone") along with the mucosa epithelial cells maintaining an anti-inflammatory state are essential for the mucosal firewall. The microbiome (the microorganisms that are in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tract) is essential for immune development, homeostasis, immune response, and maximizing animal productivity. Mucosal vaccination provides an opportunity to protect animals from most infectious diseases because oral, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive mucosa are the main portals of entry for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2175, SAR Room 125, North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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20
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Bai S, Zhang K, Ding X, Wang J, Zeng Q, Peng H, Bai J, Xuan Y, Su Z, Wu B. Uptake of Manganese from the Manganese-Lysine Complex in Primary Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080559. [PMID: 31443255 PMCID: PMC6720897 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Manganese (Mn) supplementation is especially necessary to avian species because the absorption of dietary Mn is relatively inefficient in birds. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of organic Mn to replace inorganic Mn as dietary Mn supplements in poultry. This study compared the uptake of Mn from Mn-lysine complex (MnLys) and MnSO4 in the primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells when the Fe, N-ethylmaleimide (a transport system y+ inhibitor), or cycloheximide (a transport system b0,+ activator) added in the culture medium. The results revealed that the uptake of Mn from the MnLys complex not only might be transported through the ionized Mn2+ pathway, but also appeared to be transported through the transport systems y+ and b0,+ in the intestine of chickens. Abstract Organic manganese (Mn) sources can replace inorganic Mn as dietary Mn supplements in poultry. To compare the uptake of Mn from the Mn-lysine complex (MnLys) and MnSO4, we first established the primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) model and used it to determine Mn uptake. The MnLys increased the uptake of Mn compared to MnSO4. The uptake of Mn decreased in the IECs with Fe addition in the medium regardless of the Mn sources. The MnLys decreased the Mn2+ efflux transporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) mRNA level but did not influence the Mn2+ influx transporter divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) mRNA expression when compared to MnSO4. The results above indicated that the increase of Mn accumulation for MnLys at least partly was due to the decrease of Mn efflux by reduced FPN1 expression. The addition of N-ethylmaleimide, an L-lysine transport system y+ inhibitor, decreased the uptake of Mn from MnLys but did not affect the uptake of Mn from MnSO4. The cycloheximide, as an L-lysine transport system b0,+ activator, increased the uptake of Mn from MnLys, whereas they did not influence the uptake of Mn from MnSO4. The MnLys increased the system y+ members cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) 1 and CAT2, and system b0,+ components rBAT and b0,+AT mRNA expression when compared to MnSO4. These results suggested that the uptake of MnLys complex might be transported by CAT1/2 and system b0,+, which was different from the ionized Mn2+ uptake pathway. In conclusion, the uptake of Mn from MnLys complex not only might be uptake through the ionized Mn2+ pathway, but also appeared to be transported through the CAT1/2 and system b0,+ in primary chicken IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Keying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiufeng Zeng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huanwei Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuowei Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Chinese Chelota Group, Liangshui Industrial Estate, Jinyu District, Guanghan 618300, Sichuan, China
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21
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Reese AT, Carmody RN. Thinking Outside the Cereal Box: Noncarbohydrate Routes for Dietary Manipulation of the Gut Microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02246-18. [PMID: 30504210 PMCID: PMC6498178 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02246-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a diverse and dynamic ecological community that is increasingly recognized to play important roles in host metabolic, immunological, and behavioral functioning. As such, identifying new routes for manipulating the microbiota may provide valuable additional methods for improving host health. Dietary manipulations and prebiotic supplementation are active targets of research for altering the microbiota, but to date, this work has disproportionately focused on carbohydrates. However, many other resources can limit or shape microbial growth. Here, we provide a brief overview of the resource landscape in the mammalian gut and review relevant literature documenting associations between noncarbohydrate nutrients and the composition of the gut microbiota. To spur future work and accelerate translational applications, we propose that researchers take new approaches for studying the effects of diet on gut microbial communities, including more-careful consideration of media for in vitro experiments, measurement of absolute as well as relative abundances, concerted efforts to articulate how physiology may differ between humans and the animal models used in translational studies, and leveraging natural variation for additional insights. Finally, we close with a discussion of how to determine when or where to employ these potential dietary levers for manipulating the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen T Reese
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Jia Y, Si W, Hong Z, Qu M, Zhu N, Liu S, Li G. Toll-like receptor 2-mediated induction of avian β-defensin 9 by Lactobacillus rhamnosus and its cellular components in chicken intestinal epithelial cells. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2019.1593325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Jia
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Si
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Hong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nianhua Zhu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siguo Liu
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanhong Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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Xie SZ, Liu B, Ye HY, Li QM, Pan LH, Zha XQ, Liu J, Duan J, Luo JP. Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide regionally regulates intestinal mucosal barrier function and intestinal microbiota in mice. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 206:149-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abdelhamid L, Luo XM. Retinoic Acid, Leaky Gut, and Autoimmune Diseases. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1016. [PMID: 30081517 PMCID: PMC6115935 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A leaky gut has been observed in a number of autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that lupus mice also bear a leaky gut and that the intestinal barrier function can be enhanced by gut colonization of probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp. Retinoic acid (RA) can increase the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in the gut. Interestingly, RA has also been shown to strengthen the barrier function of epithelial cells in vitro and in the absence of probiotic bacteria. These reports bring up an interesting question of whether RA exerts protective effects on the intestinal barrier directly or through regulating the microbiota colonization. In this review, we will discuss the roles of RA in immunomodulation, recent literature on the involvement of a leaky gut in different autoimmune diseases, and how RA shapes the outcomes of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abdelhamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Xin M Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Bar Shira E, Friedman A. Innate immune functions of avian intestinal epithelial cells: Response to bacterial stimuli and localization of responding cells in the developing avian digestive tract. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200393. [PMID: 29979771 PMCID: PMC6034880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are multi-tasked cells that participate in digestion and absorption as well as in protection of the digestive tract. While information on the physiology and immune functions of intestinal epithelial cells in mammals is abundant, little is known of their immune function in birds and other species. Our main objectives were to study the development of anti-bacterial innate immune functions in the rapidly developing gut of the pre- and post-hatch chick and to determine the functional diversity of epithelial cells. After establishing primary intestinal epithelial cell cultures, we demonstrated their capacity to uptake and process bacteria. The response to bacterial products, LPS and LTA, induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6, IL-18) as well as the expression of the acute phase proteins avidin, lysozyme and the secretory component derived from the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. These proteins were then localized in gut sections, and the goblet cell was shown to store avidin, lysozyme as well as secretory component. Lysozyme staining was also located in a novel rod-shaped intestinal cell, situated at different loci along the villus, thus deviating from the classical Paneth cell in the mammal, that is restricted to crypts. Thus, in the chicken, the intestinal epithelium, and particularly goblet cells, are committed to innate immune protection. The unique role of the goblet cell in chicken intestinal immunity, as well as the unique distribution of lysozyme-positive cells highlight alternative solutions of gut protection in the bird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enav Bar Shira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Friedman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2175, SAR Room 125, North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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27
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Ma X, Sun Q, Sun X, Chen D, Wei C, Yu X, Liu C, Li Y, Li J. Activation of GABA A Receptors in Colon Epithelium Exacerbates Acute Colitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:987. [PMID: 29867964 PMCID: PMC5949344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has many beneficial effects such as ameliorating immune and inflammatory response. But, here we reported that activation of GABAA receptors (GABAA Rs) aggravated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, although the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was inhibited. By contrast, blocking of GABAA Rs markedly alleviated DSS-induced colitis. Notably, GABAA Rs and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 were significantly increased in colon mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients and the mouse model of colitis. Further studies showed that GABA treatment resulted in an increment of serum FITC-dextran following its oral administration, a decrement of transepithelial electrical resistance, and an increment of bacterial invasion, effects which were blocked by bicuculline. In addition, GABA inhibited the expression of tight junction proteins and mucin secretion in colitis colon. GABA also decreased the expression of ki-67 and increased cleaved-caspase 3 expression in intestinal epithelia. Our data indicate that the GABAA Rs activation within colon mucosa disrupts the intestinal barrier and increases the intestinal permeability which facilitates inflammatory reaction in colon. Meanwhile, the suppression effect of GABA on pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to insufficient bacteria elimination and further aggravated the bacteria invasion and inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chuanfei Wei
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanyong Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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The suppressor of cytokine signaling SOCS1 promotes apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells via p53 signaling in Crohn's disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Blander JM. Death in the intestinal epithelium-basic biology and implications for inflammatory bowel disease. FEBS J 2016; 283:2720-30. [PMID: 27250564 PMCID: PMC4956528 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Every 4-5 days, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are terminated as they reach the end of their life. This process ensures that the epithelium is comprised of the fittest cells that maintain an impermeable barrier to luminal contents and the gut microbiota, as well as the most metabolically able cells that conduct functions in nutrient absorption, digestion, and secretion of antimicrobial peptides. IEC are terminated by apical extrusion-or shedding-from the intestinal epithelial monolayer into the gut lumen. Whether death by apoptosis signals extrusion or death follows expulsion by younger IEC has been a matter of debate. Seemingly a minor detail, IEC death before or after apical extrusion bears weight on the potential contribution of apoptotic IEC to intestinal homeostasis as a consequence of their recognition by intestinal lamina propria phagocytes. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), excessive death is observed in the ileal and colonic epithelium. The precise mode of IEC death in IBD is not defined. A highly inflammatory milieu within the intestinal lamina propria, rich in the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, increases IEC shedding and compromises barrier integrity fueling more inflammation. A milestone in the treatment of IBD, anti-TNF-α therapy, may promote mucosal healing by reversing increased and inflammation-associated IEC death. Understanding the biology and consequences of cell death in the intestinal epithelium is critical to the design of new avenues for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Magarian Blander
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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30
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Intestinal barrier dysfunction: implications for chronic inflammatory conditions of the bowel. Nutr Res Rev 2016; 29:40-59. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422416000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe intestinal epithelium of adult humans acts as a differentially permeable barrier that separates the potentially harmful contents of the lumen from the underlying tissues. Any dysfunction of this boundary layer that disturbs the homeostatic equilibrium between the internal and external environments may initiate and sustain a biochemical cascade that results in inflammation of the intestine. Key to such dysfunction are genetic, microbial and other environmental factors that, singularly or in combination, result in chronic inflammation that is symptomatic of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the present review is to assess the scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that defective transepithelial transport mechanisms and the heightened absorption of intact antigenic proinflammatory oligopeptides are important contributing factors in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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31
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Vacuolar protein sorting 4B regulates apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells via p38 MAPK in Crohn's disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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32
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Di Bella MA, Carbone MC, De Leo G. Ultrastructural aspects of naturally occurring wound in the tunic of two ascidians: Ciona intestinalis and Styela plicata (Tunicata). Micron 2015; 69:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wan LYM, Chen ZJ, Shah NP, El-Nezami H. Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Defense Responses by Probiotic Bacteria. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:2628-41. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.905450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
The intestine represents the largest compartment of the immune system. It is continually exposed to antigens and immunomodulatory agents from the diet and the commensal microbiota, and it is the port of entry for many clinically important pathogens. Intestinal immune processes are also increasingly implicated in controlling disease development elsewhere in the body. In this Review, we detail the anatomical and physiological distinctions that are observed in the small and large intestines, and we suggest how these may account for the diversity in the immune apparatus that is seen throughout the intestine. We describe how the distribution of innate, adaptive and innate-like immune cells varies in different segments of the intestine and discuss the environmental factors that may influence this. Finally, we consider the implications of regional immune specialization for inflammatory disease in the intestine.
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Coinfection with an intestinal helminth impairs host innate immunity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and exacerbates intestinal inflammation in mice. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3855-66. [PMID: 24980971 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02023-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative food-borne pathogen that is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. The ability of the host to control such bacterial pathogens may be influenced by host immune status and by concurrent infections. Helminth parasites are of particular interest in this context because of their ability to modulate host immune responses and because their geographic distribution coincides with those parts of the world where infectious gastroenteritis is most problematic. To test the hypothesis that helminth infection may negatively regulate host mucosal innate immunity against bacterial enteropathogens, a murine coinfection model was established by using the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and S. Typhimurium. We found that mice coinfected with S. Typhimurium and H. polygyrus developed more severe intestinal inflammation than animals infected with S. Typhimurium alone. The enhanced susceptibility to Salmonella-induced intestinal injury in coinfected mice was found to be associated with diminished neutrophil recruitment to the site of bacterial infection that correlated with decreased expression of the chemoattractants CXCL2/macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) and CXCL1/keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), poor control of bacterial replication, and exacerbated intestinal inflammation. The mechanism of helminth-induced inhibition of MIP-2 and KC expression involved interleukin-10 (IL-10) and, to a lesser extent, IL-4 and IL-13. Ly6G antibody-mediated depletion of neutrophils reproduced the adverse effects of H. polygyrus on Salmonella infection. Our results suggest that impaired neutrophil recruitment is an important contributor to the enhanced severity of Salmonella enterocolitis associated with helminth coinfection.
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Activation of adenosine A3 receptor alleviates TNF-α-induced inflammation through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway in human colonic epithelial cells. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:818251. [PMID: 24864134 PMCID: PMC4016939 DOI: 10.1155/2014/818251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the expression of adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) in human colonic epithelial cells and the effects of A3AR activation on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α-) induced inflammation in order to determine its mechanism of action in human colonic epithelial cells, human colonic epithelial cells (HT-29 cells) were treated with different concentrations of 2-Cl-IB-MECA prior to TNF-α stimulation, followed by analysis of NF-κB signaling pathway activation and downstream IL-8 and IL-1β production. A3AR mRNA and protein were expressed in HT-29 cells and not altered by changes in TNF-α or 2-Cl-IB-MECA. Pretreatment with 2-Cl-IB-MECA prior to stimulation with TNF-α attenuated NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation as p65 protein decreased in the nucleus of cells and increased in the cytoplasm, inhibited the degradation of IκB-α, and reduced phosphorylated-IκB-α level significantly, compared to TNF-α-only-treated groups. Furthermore, 2-Cl-IB-MECA significantly decreased TNF-α-stimulated IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA expression and secretion, compared to the TNF-α-only treated group. These results confirm that A3AR is expressed in human colonic epithelial cells and demonstrate that its activation has an anti-inflammatory effect, through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway, which leads to inhibition of downstream IL-8 and IL-1β expression. Therefore, A3AR activation may be a potential treatment for gut inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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37
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Tang Q, Xia W, Ji Q, Ni R, Bai J, Li L, Qin Y. Role of far upstream element binding protein 1 in colonic epithelial disruption during dextran sulphate sodium-induced murine colitis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:2019-2031. [PMID: 24966911 PMCID: PMC4069948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Intestinal epithelial barrier is essential for maintaining normal intestinal homeostasis; its breakdown leads to chronic inflammatory pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Far upstream element binding protein 1 (FBP1) has been reported to play an important role in cell apoptosis and proliferation. We aimed to investigate the expression and the role of FBP1 in dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. METHODS Mice experimental colitis model was established by administration of DSS, and the expression and localization of FBP1 was examined using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Colon epithelial cell line HT-29 was used to determine the role of FBP1. In vitro study, the expression of FBP1 was determined in HT-29 cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). HT-29 cells were transfected with FBP1 siRNA and then measured for viability. RESULTS Significant decreasing of FBP1 expression was found in mice colitis. In addition, FBP1 was cleaved and translocated from nucleus to cytoplasm during apoptosis. Downregulated expression of FBP1 induced cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that apoptosis-mediated cleavage of FBP1 and its decreased expression in epithelial cells induces cell cycle arrest, which may play an important role in colonic epithelial disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Runzhou Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian’an Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liren Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Qin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nantong University Medical College19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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Zha XQ, Zhao HW, Bansal V, Pan LH, Wang ZM, Luo JP. Immunoregulatory activities of Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharides in mouse intestine, spleen and liver. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 64:377-82. [PMID: 24370476 PMCID: PMC5941306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the immunomodulating responses in intestine, spleen and liver, 50-200mg/kg of DHP was orally administrated to mice without or with methotrexate. The proliferation of marrow cells, which was performed with the addition of the supernatant of small intestinal lymphocytes isolated from the mice administrated orally with DHP, showed that the intestinal immune response was significantly enhanced in all DHP-treated groups. For the immune response in spleen, all tested doses of DHP remarkably promoted the proliferation of splenic cells and increased the secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). For the immune responses in liver, DHP not only significantly stimulated the proliferation of hepatic cells and the secretion of IFN-γ at all tested doses of DHP, but also significantly elevated the secretion interleukin-4 (IL-4) at the doses of 100 and 200mg/kg. Moreover, DHP could recover methotrexate-injured small intestinal immune function (100 and 200mg/kg) and promoted cell proliferation and IFN-γ production (200mg/kg) in spleen and liver of methotrexate-treated mice. These results suggested that DHP after oral administration possessed immunomodulating effects both in small intestine immune system and in systemic immune system, which were further proved by the mRNA expression of IFN-γ and IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qiang Zha
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Vibha Bansal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, No. 225 Antonio R. Barcelo Avenue, Cayey, PR 00736-9997, United States
| | - Li-Hua Pan
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Zheng-Ming Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China.
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Host inflammatory response inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 adhesion to gut epithelium through augmentation of mucin expression. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1921-30. [PMID: 24566630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01589-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7, a major Shiga toxin-producing pathogen, has a low infectious dose and causes serious illness in humans. The gastrointestinal tract of cattle is the primary reservoir of E. coli O157:H7, and thus, it is critical to eliminate or reduce E. coli O157:H7 gut colonization. Given that E. coli O157:H7 produces effectors that attenuate inflammatory signaling, we hypothesized that the host inflammatory response acts to perturb E. coli O157:H7 intestinal colonization. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) treatment of HT-29 cells resulted in increased expression of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-8, and TNF-α genes and increased IL-8 protein and resulted in decreased adhesion of E. coli O157:H7. Similarly, E. coli O157:H7 adhesion to cattle colonic explants was reduced by TNF-α treatment. Irrespective of the presence of E. coli O157:H7, TNF-α enhanced activation of p65, the key mediator of NF-κB inflammatory signaling, whereas E. coli O157:H7 infection suppressed this pathway by inhibiting p65 activation in HT-29 cells. To further explore the mechanisms linking the inflammatory response to attenuated E. coli O157:H7 adhesion, mucin 2 (MUC2) expression was analyzed, considering that the intestinal mucus layer is the first defense against enteric pathogens and MUC2 is the major secretory mucin in the intestine. MUC2 expression in HT-29 cells was increased by TNF-α treatment and by E. coli O157:H7 infection. However, reducing mucin expression by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and/or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling increased E. coli O157:H7 adherence to HT-29 cells. These data suggest that the inflammatory cytokine response acts to protect host epithelial cells against E. coli O157:H7 colonization, at least in part, by promoting mucin production.
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Characteristics of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and nasal absorption capacity in chicken. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84097. [PMID: 24391892 PMCID: PMC3877207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main mucosal immune inductive site of nasal cavity, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) plays an important role in both antigen recognition and immune activation after intranasal immunization. However, the efficiency of intranasal vaccines is commonly restricted by the insufficient intake of antigen by the nasal mucosa, resulting from the nasal mucosal barrier and the nasal mucociliary clearance. The distribution of NALT and the characteristic of nasal cavity have already been described in humans and many laboratory rodents, while data about poultry are scarce. For this purpose, histological sections of the chicken nasal cavities were used to examine the anatomical structure and histological characteristics of nasal cavity. Besides, the absorptive capacity of chicken nasal mucosa was also studied using the materials with different particle size. Results showed that the NALT of chicken was located on the bottom of nasal septum and both sides of choanal cleft, which mainly consisted of second lymphoid follicle. A large number of lymphocytes were distributed under the mucosal epithelium of inferior nasal meatus. In addition, there were also diffuse lymphoid tissues located under the epithelium of the concha nasalis media and the walls of nasal cavity. The results of absorption experiment showed that the chicken nasal mucosa was capable to absorb trypan blue, OVA, and fluorescent latex particles. Inactivated avian influenza virus (IAIV) could be taken up by chicken nasal mucosa except for the stratified squamous epithelium sites located on the forepart of nasal cavity. The intake of IAIV by NALT was greater than that of the nasal mucosa covering on non-lymphoid tissue, which could be further enhanced after intranasal inoculation combined with sodium cholate or CpG DNA. The study on NALT and nasal absorptive capacity will be benefit for further understanding of immune mechanisms after nasal vaccination and development of nasal vaccines for poultry.
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41
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Medeiros P, Bolick DT, Roche JK, Noronha F, Pinheiro C, Kolling GL, Lima A, Guerrant RL. The micronutrient zinc inhibits EAEC strain 042 adherence, biofilm formation, virulence gene expression, and epithelial cytokine responses benefiting the infected host. Virulence 2013; 4:624-33. [PMID: 23958904 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a major pathogen worldwide, associated with diarrheal disease in both children and adults, suggesting the need for new preventive and therapeutic treatments. We investigated the role of the micronutrient zinc in the pathogenesis of an E. coli strain associated with human disease. A variety of bacterial characteristics-growth in vitro, biofilm formation, adherence to IEC-6 epithelial cells, gene expression of putative EAEC virulence factors as well as EAEC-induced cytokine expression by HCT-8 cells-were quantified. At concentrations (≤ 0.05 mM) that did not alter EAEC growth (strain 042) but that are physiologic in serum, zinc markedly decreased the organism's ability to form biofilm (P<0.001), adhere to IEC-6 epithelial cells (P<0.01), and express putative EAEC virulence factors (aggR, aap, aatA, virK) (P<0.03). After exposure of the organism to zinc, the effect on virulence factor generation was prolonged (> 3 h). Further, EAEC-induced IL-8 mRNA and protein secretion by HCT-8 epithelial cells were significantly reduced by 0.05 mM zinc (P<0.03). Using an in vivo murine model of diet-induced zinc-deficiency, oral zinc supplementation (0.4 µg/mouse daily) administered after EAEC challenge (10 (10) CFU/mouse) significantly abrogated growth shortfalls (by>90%; P<0.01); furthermore, stool shedding was reduced (days 9-11) but tissue burden of organisms in the intestine was unchanged. These findings suggest several potential mechanisms whereby physiological levels of zinc alter pathogenetic events in the bacterium (reducing biofilm formation, adherence to epithelium, virulence factor expression) as well as the bacterium's effect on the epithelium (cytokine response to exposure to EAEC) to alter EAEC pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. These effects may help explain and extend the benefits of zinc in childhood diarrhea and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Medeiros
- Center for Global Health; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health; School of Medicine; University of Virginia; Charlottesville, VA USA; Institute of Biomedicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza, CE Brazil
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42
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Musch E, Lutfi T, von Stein P, Zargari A, Admyre C, Malek M, Löfberg R, von Stein OD. Topical treatment with the Toll-like receptor agonist DIMS0150 has potential for lasting relief of symptoms in patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis by restoring glucocorticoid sensitivity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:283-92. [PMID: 22605641 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis (UC) are regarded as treatment failures and represent an area of high unmet medical need, as normally the only remaining option is colectomy. METHODS We treated a total of eight chronic active severe UC outpatients with the immunomodulatory agent DIMS0150 as an add-on to current therapies. Seven patients received a single topical dose of 30 mg and one special case subject received three doses with 4 weeks between dosing occasions. All patients were classed as treatment failures and were elected for colectomy. Efficacy evaluation was determined in terms of colitis activity index, endoscopic improvement, and histologic disease activity assessed primarily at week 12 with a follow-up period of over 2 years. Glucocorticoid sensitivity was assayed by in vitro measurement of interleukin 6. RESULTS All patients demonstrated a pronounced and rapid reduction in their colitis activity index within 1 week following a single intracolonic administration via colonoscope of the agent DIMS0150. Further improvements were evident at week 4, resulting in a clinical response rate for the single-dose treatment of 71%, with 43% in clinical remission. By week 12 the clinical response and remission rates had reached 82% and 71%, respectively. A follow-up period of over 2 years posttreatment indicated that all but one of the treated patients had avoided the need for colectomy, with the longest patient being in symptom-free remission for over 27 months. Treatment with DIMS0150 restored glucocorticoid sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS DIMS0150 may have the potential to be an effective agent to treat chronic active UC patients with the prospect to avoid colectomy on a long-term basis and is currently the subject of a clinical phase III study (EudraCT number: 2011-003130-14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Musch
- Clinic of Colo-Proctology and Intestine Center the Marienhospital, Bottrop, Germany
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43
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Raymond M, Marchbank T, Moyer MP, Playford RJ, Sanderson IR, Kruidenier L. IL-1β stimulation of CCD-18co myofibroblasts enhances repair of epithelial monolayers through Wnt-5a. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1270-8. [PMID: 22982339 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00458.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Subepithelial myofibroblasts are involved in the initiation and coordination of intestinal epithelial repair, but the molecular signaling pathways are largely unknown. The cellular adaptations that occur during repair range from dedifferentiation and migration to proliferation and redifferentiation, in a way that is strongly reminiscent of normal crypt-to-villus epithelial maturation. We therefore hypothesized that Wnt/β-catenin signaling may have a pivotal role in intestinal epithelial wound repair. We used the established scratch wound method in Caco-2 cells and in nontransformed NCM460 cells to monitor the effects of IL-1β-stimulated colonic myofibroblasts (CCD-18co) on intestinal epithelial repair, with immunoblotting and immunodepletion to examine the conditioned media. Conditioned media from IL-1β-stimulated, but not -untreated, myofibroblasts increased Caco-2 wound closure twofold over 24 h. IL-1β-stimulated myofibroblasts downregulated the differentiation marker sucrase-isomaltase in the Caco-2 cells, whereas the proliferation marker c-myc was upregulated. Array expression profiling identified Wnt-5a as the Wnt-related gene that was most upregulated (28-fold) by IL-1β stimulation of CCDs. Recombinant Wnt-5a enhanced proliferation of Caco-2 and NCM460 cells. In scratch assays, it increased migration of the leading edge in both cell lines. Wnt-5a immunodepletion of the IL-1β-CCD conditioned media abrogated the ability to enhance the repair. Wnt-5a often acts through a noncanonical signal transduction pathway. Further experiments supported this pathway in epithelial wound healing: IL-1β-CCD-mediated repair was not affected by the addition of the canonical Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1. Furthermore, media from stimulated myofibroblasts (but not Wnt-5a-depleted media) increased c-jun in Caco-2 cell nuclear extracts. Myofibroblast-mediated noncanonical Wnt-5a signaling is therefore important in the dedifferentiation and migration stages of epithelial wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Raymond
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark St., London E1 2AT, UK
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44
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Hunter AC, Elsom J, Wibroe PP, Moghimi SM. Polymeric particulate technologies for oral drug delivery and targeting: A pathophysiological perspective. Maturitas 2012; 73:5-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Werner L, Paclik D, Fritz C, Reinhold D, Roggenbuck D, Sturm A. Identification of pancreatic glycoprotein 2 as an endogenous immunomodulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2774-83. [PMID: 22891285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic autoantibodies are Crohn disease-specific serologic markers. The function and immunological role of their recently identified autoantigen, glycoprotein 2 (GP2), are unknown. We therefore investigated the impact of GP2 on modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses to evaluate its potential therapeutic use in mucosal inflammation. Our data indicate a previously unknown function for GP2 as an immunomodulator. GP2 was ubiquitously expressed on cells vital to mucosal immune responses. The expression of GP2 was upregulated on activated human T cells, and it was further influenced by pharmaceutical TNF-α inhibitors. Recombinant GP2 significantly decreased human intestinal epithelial cells, mucosal and peripheral T cell proliferation, apoptosis, and activation, and it distinctly modulated cytokine secretion. Furthermore, intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with GP2 potently attracted T cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate a novel role for GP2 in immune regulation that could provide a platform for new therapeutic interventions in the treatment of Crohn disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael Werner
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow Clinic, Medical University of Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Hunter AC, Elsom J, Wibroe PP, Moghimi SM. Polymeric particulate technologies for oral drug delivery and targeting: a pathophysiological perspective. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8 Suppl 1:S5-20. [PMID: 22846372 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The oral route for delivery of pharmaceuticals is the most widely used and accepted. Nanoparticles and microparticles are increasingly being applied within this arena to optimize drug targeting and bioavailability. Frequently the carrier systems used are either constructed from or contain polymeric materials. Examples of these nanocarriers include polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanocarriers, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems and nanocrystals. It is the purpose of this review to describe these cutting edge technologies and specifically focus on the interaction and fate of these polymers within the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christy Hunter
- University of Manchester, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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47
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Huang Z, Chen X, Yu B, Chen D. Cloning and functional characterization of rat stimulator of interferon genes (STING) regulated by miR-24. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:414-420. [PMID: 22387590 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING), also known as MPYS/MITA/ERIS/TMEM173, is a recently discovered adaptor protein that functions downstream of RIG-I and upstream of TBK1 and plays an important role in type I interferon (IFN) production. Mammalian STINGs have been isolated from human, mouse, pig, cattle and chimpanzee. In this study, the rat STING cDNA was cloned by degenerate PCR and rapid amplification of 3'-cDNA ends (3'-RACE) strategies. The full-length cDNA of rat STING consists of 1615 bp with a 1140-bp open reading frame (ORF). The predicted protein is composed of 379 amino acids and contains 2 putative transmembrane domains. The amino acid similarities between the STING from rat and other mammals range from 68% to 82%. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that rat STING mRNA was most abundant in the spleen, pancreas and lymph node. Overexpression of rat STING led to upregulation of IFN-β mRNA expression in IEC-6 cells. Rat STING mRNA was up-regulated when IEC-6 cells were transfected with poly (I:C). In addition, a miR-24 binding site in the 3'UTR of rat STING was identified. We also found that endogenous STING could be regulated post-transcriptionally by miR-24 in IEC-6 cells. These results are of importance to reveal the biological function of STING in rat animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province and China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, PR China
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Dishaw LJ, Flores-Torres JA, Mueller MG, Karrer CR, Skapura DP, Melillo D, Zucchetti I, De Santis R, Pinto MR, Litman GW. A Basal chordate model for studies of gut microbial immune interactions. Front Immunol 2012; 3:96. [PMID: 22563328 PMCID: PMC3342567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex symbiotic interactions at the surface of host epithelia govern most encounters between host and microbe. The epithelium of the gut is a physiologically ancient structure that is comprised of a single layer of cells and is thought to possess fully developed immunological capabilities. Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt), which is a descendant of the last common ancestor of all vertebrates, is a potentially valuable model for studying barrier defenses and gut microbial immune interactions. A variety of innate immunological phenomena have been well characterized in Ciona, of which many are active in the gut tissues. Interactions with gut microbiota likely involve surface epithelium, secreted immune molecules including variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins, and hemocytes from a densely populated laminar tissue space. The microbial composition of representative gut luminal contents has been characterized by molecular screening and a potentially relevant, reproducible, dysbiosis can be induced via starvation. The dialog between host and microbe in the gut can be investigated in Ciona against the background of a competent innate immune system and in the absence of the integral elements and processes that are characteristic of vertebrate adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, USF/ACH Children's Research Institute, University of South Florida College of Medicine St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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Dishaw LJ, Haire RN, Litman GW. The amphioxus genome provides unique insight into the evolution of immunity. Brief Funct Genomics 2012; 11:167-76. [PMID: 22402506 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/els007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune systems evolve as essential strategies to maintain homeostasis with the environment, prevent microbial assault and recycle damaged host tissues. The immune system is composed of two components, innate and adaptive immunity. The former is common to all animals while the latter consists of a vertebrate-specific system that relies on somatically derived lymphocytes and is associated with near limitless genetic diversity as well as long-term memory. Deuterostome invertebrates provide a view of immune repertoires in phyla that immediately predate the origins of vertebrates. Genomic studies in amphioxus, a cephalochordate, have revealed homologs of genes encoding most innate immune receptors found in vertebrates; however, many of the gene families have undergone dramatic expansions, greatly increasing the innate immune repertoire. In addition, domain-swapping accounts for the innovation of new predicted pathways of receptor function. In both amphioxus and Ciona, a urochordate, the VCBPs (variable region containing chitin-binding proteins), which consist of immunoglobulin V (variable) and chitin binding domains, mediate recognition through the V domains. The V domains of VCBPs in amphioxus exhibit high levels of allelic complexity that presumably relate to functional specificity. Various features of the amphioxus immune repertoire reflect novel selective pressures, which likely have resulted in innovative strategies. Functional genomic studies underscore the value of amphioxus as a model for studying innate immunity and may help reveal how unique relationships between innate immune receptors and both pathogens and symbionts factored in the evolution of adaptive immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Children's Research Institute, USA
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Wang QY, Sun AM, Song J, Chen Y, Wang JD, Li CG. Cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha induces intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Cytokine 2012; 58:226-30. [PMID: 22341723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epithelial barrier dysfunction is involved in a number of diseases in the body. The mechanism is to be further understood. The present study aimed to investigate the role of one of the common microbial products, flagellin (FGN), in the induction of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. METHODS We collected the colon epithelium specimens from 40 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 40 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 40 healthy volunteers. The expression of toll like receptors (TLR)5 of the specimens was assessed by RT-PCR and western blotting. The expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and its role in compromising the barrier function in the intestinal epithelial cells, T84 cells, were observed by a cell culture model. RESULTS The results showed that the expression of TLR5 was observed in the colon epithelium of healthy subjects that was increased in UC patients and further increased in CD patients. Treating T84 cells with FGN increased the expression of TNFα in the cells that caused the T84 cell apoptosis as well as compromised the T84 monolayer barrier function, which could be prevented by knocking down the gene of TNFα in T84 cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the human colon epithelial cells express detectable TLR5 that is increased in patients with CD and UC. The exposure to FGN can increase the expression of TNFα that further compromises the intestinal epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Ying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, 401 Hospital of PLA Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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