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Cipriano A, Colantoni A, Calicchio A, Fiorentino J, Gomes D, Moqri M, Parker A, Rasouli S, Caldwell M, Briganti F, Roncarolo MG, Baldini A, Weinacht KG, Tartaglia GG, Sebastiano V. Transcriptional and epigenetic characterization of a new in vitro platform to model the formation of human pharyngeal endoderm. Genome Biol 2024; 25:211. [PMID: 39118163 PMCID: PMC11312149 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pharyngeal Endoderm (PE) is an extremely relevant developmental tissue, serving as the progenitor for the esophagus, parathyroids, thyroids, lungs, and thymus. While several studies have highlighted the importance of PE cells, a detailed transcriptional and epigenetic characterization of this important developmental stage is still missing, especially in humans, due to technical and ethical constraints pertaining to its early formation. RESULTS Here we fill this knowledge gap by developing an in vitro protocol for the derivation of PE-like cells from human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) and by providing an integrated multi-omics characterization. Our PE-like cells robustly express PE markers and are transcriptionally homogenous and similar to in vivo mouse PE cells. In addition, we define their epigenetic landscape and dynamic changes in response to Retinoic Acid by combining ATAC-Seq and ChIP-Seq of histone modifications. The integration of multiple high-throughput datasets leads to the identification of new putative regulatory regions and to the inference of a Retinoic Acid-centered transcription factor network orchestrating the development of PE-like cells. CONCLUSIONS By combining hESCs differentiation with computational genomics, our work reveals the epigenetic dynamics that occur during human PE differentiation, providing a solid resource and foundation for research focused on the development of PE derivatives and the modeling of their developmental defects in genetic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cipriano
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alessio Colantoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Calicchio
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Fiorentino
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Danielle Gomes
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mahdi Moqri
- Biomedical Informatics Program, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Parker
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sajede Rasouli
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Caldwell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Francesca Briganti
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Baldini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotech., University Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Katja G Weinacht
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Center for Human Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia (IIT), 16152, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Sebastiano
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Kameda Y. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the organogenesis and development, and function of the mammalian parathyroid gland. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 393:425-442. [PMID: 37410127 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum calcium homeostasis is mainly regulated by parathormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid gland. Besides PTH and Gcm2, a master gene for parathyroid differentiation, many genes are expressed in the gland. Especially, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and Klotho function to prevent increased secretion of PTH and hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland under chronic hypocalcemia. Parathyroid-specific dual deletion of Klotho and CaSR induces a marked enlargement of the glandular size. The parathyroid develops from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches except murine species in which the gland is derived from the third pouch only. The development of the murine parathyroid gland is categorized as follows: (1) formation and differentiation of the pharyngeal pouches, (2) appearance of parathyroid domain in the third pharyngeal pouch together with thymus domain, (3) migration of parathyroid primordium attached to the top of thymus, and (4) contact with the thyroid lobe and separation from the thymus. The transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in each of these developmental stages are elaborated. In addition, mesenchymal neural crest cells surrounding the pharyngeal pouches and parathyroid primordium and invading the parathyroid parenchyma participate in the development of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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3
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Vázquez-Román V, Fernández-Santos JM, Martín-Lacave I. C-cell differentiation in the wall of an aberrant ultimobranchial sinus in the thyroid gland of an old rat. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:876-883. [PMID: 36370461 PMCID: PMC10029892 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, the thyroid gland possesses two types of endocrine cells, follicular cells and C cells, which have different functions but share a similar endodermal origin (although from different regions of the primitive pharynx). Specifically, follicular cells derive from the ventral pharyngeal floor, while C cells derive from the fourth pair of pharyngeal pouches through the ultimobranchial bodies (UBBs). Disruptions to human midline thyroid morphogenesis are relatively frequent and known as thyroid dysgenesis, which is the leading cause of congenital hypothyroidism. In contrast, fourth branchial apparatus anomalies are very rare clinical entities. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological features and the immunohistochemical pattern of an aberrant ultimobranchial remnant, align with its persistent contribution to the formation of new C cells. METHODS The thyroid gland of an old rat was serially sectioned and immunostained for the following markers: calcitonin, thyroglobulin, cytokeratins, PCNA, P63, E-cadherin, beta-tubulin and CD3. RESULTS We detected a spontaneous congenital defect in the organogenesis of the UBB in an old rat, giving rise to an 'ultimobranchial sinus', which was accompanied by thymic tissue and an abscess. The epithelium contained basal/stem cells and contributed to the formation of abundant C cells and scarce follicular cells. CONCLUSIONS The ultimobranchial sinus is an exceptional finding for representing the first spontaneous abnormality in the development of UBB reported in rats, and the opportunity to observe sustained C-cell differentiation from stem cells in an old rat. These findings are consistent with a common origin of both C cells and follicular cells from UBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Vázquez-Román
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
| | - José M Fernández-Santos
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Inés Martín-Lacave
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
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4
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Stenzel A, Mumme-Monheit A, Sucharov J, Walker M, Mitchell JM, Appel B, Nichols JT. Distinct and redundant roles for zebrafish her genes during mineralization and craniofacial patterning. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1033843. [PMID: 36578958 PMCID: PMC9791542 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1033843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch pathway is a cell-cell communication system which is critical for many developmental processes, including craniofacial development. Notch receptor activation induces expression of several well-known canonical targets including those encoded by the hes and her genes in mammals and zebrafish, respectively. The function of these genes, individually and in combination, during craniofacial development is not well understood. Here, we used zebrafish genetics to investigate her9 and her6 gene function during craniofacial development. We found that her9 is required for osteoblasts to efficiently mineralize bone, while cartilage is largely unaffected. Strikingly, gene expression studies in her9 mutants indicate that although progenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts at the appropriate time and place, they fail to efficiently lay down mineralized matrix. This mineralization role of her9 is likely independent of Notch activation. In contrast, her9 also functions redundantly with her6 downstream of Jagged1b-induced Notch activation during dorsoventral craniofacial patterning. These studies disentangle distinct and redundant her gene functions during craniofacial development, including an unexpected, Notch independent, requirement during bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Stenzel
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Abigail Mumme-Monheit
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Juliana Sucharov
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Macie Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennyfer M. Mitchell
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bruce Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James T. Nichols
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: James T. Nichols,
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Kameda Y. Comparative morphological and molecular studies on the oxygen-chemoreceptive cells in the carotid body and fish gills. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:255-273. [PMID: 33852077 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-chemoreceptive cells play critical roles for the respiration control. This review summarizes the chemoreceptive cells in the carotid body and fish gills from a morphological and molecular perspective. The cells synthesize and secrete biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and neuroproteins and also express many signaling molecules and transcription factors. In mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, the carotid body primordium is consistently formed in the wall of the third arch artery which gives rise to the common carotid artery and the basal portion of the internal carotid artery. Consequently, the carotid body is located in the carotid bifurcation region, except birds in which the organ is situated at the lateral side of the common carotid artery. The carotid body receives branches of the cranial nerves IX and/or X dependent on the location of the organ. The glomus cell progenitors in mammals and birds are derived from the neighboring ganglion, i.e., the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the nodose ganglion, respectively, and immigrate into the carotid body primordium, constituting a solid cell cluster. In other animal species, the glomus cells are dispersed singly or forming small cell groups in intervascular stroma of the carotid body. In fishes, the neuroepithelial cells, corresponding to the glomus cells, are distributed in the gill filaments and lamellae. All oxygen-chemoreceptive cells sensitively respond to acute or chronic hypoxia, exhibiting degranulation, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and upregulated expression of many genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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6
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Bi-Lin KW, Seshachalam PV, Tuoc T, Stoykova A, Ghosh S, Singh MK. Critical role of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex during murine neural crest development. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009446. [PMID: 33750945 PMCID: PMC8016319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The BAF complex plays an important role in the development of a wide range of tissues by modulating gene expression programs at the chromatin level. However, its role in neural crest development has remained unclear. To determine the role of the BAF complex, we deleted BAF155/BAF170, the core subunits required for the assembly, stability, and functions of the BAF complex in neural crest cells (NCCs). Neural crest-specific deletion of BAF155/BAF170 leads to embryonic lethality due to a wide range of developmental defects including craniofacial, pharyngeal arch artery, and OFT defects. RNAseq and transcription factor enrichment analysis revealed that the BAF complex modulates the expression of multiple signaling pathway genes including Hippo and Notch, essential for the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of the NCCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the BAF complex is essential for the Brg1-Yap-Tead-dependent transcription of target genes in NCCs. Together, our results demonstrate an important role of the BAF complex in modulating the gene regulatory network essential for neural crest development. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a multipotent and migratory cell population that is induced at the neural plate border during neurulation and contributes to the formation of a wide range of tissues. Defects in the development, differentiation, or migration of NCCs lead to various birth defects including craniofacial and heart anomalies. Here, by genetically deleting BAF155/BAF170, the core subunits required for the assembly, stability, and functions of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex, we demonstrate that the BAF complex is essential for the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of the NCCs. Neural crest-specific deletion of BAF155/BAF170 leads to embryonic lethality due to a wide range of developmental defects including craniofacial and cardiovascular defects. By performing RNAseq and transcription factor enrichment analysis we show that the BAF complex modulates the expression of multiple signaling pathway genes including Hippo and Notch, essential for the development of the NCCs. Furthermore, the BAF complex component physically interacts with the Hippo signaling components in NCCs to regulate gene expression. We demonstrated that the BAF complex is essential for the Brg1-Yap-Tead-dependent transcription of target genes in NCCs. Together, our results demonstrate a critical role of the BAF complex in modulating the gene regulatory network essential for the proper development of neural crest and neural crest-derived tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Wung Bi-Lin
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tran Tuoc
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manvendra K. Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Thymus Inception: Molecular Network in the Early Stages of Thymus Organogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165765. [PMID: 32796710 PMCID: PMC7460828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus generates central immune tolerance by producing self-restricted and self-tolerant T-cells as a result of interactions between the developing thymocytes and the stromal microenvironment, mainly formed by the thymic epithelial cells. The thymic epithelium derives from the endoderm of the pharyngeal pouches, embryonic structures that rely on environmental cues from the surrounding mesenchyme for its development. Here, we review the most recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in early thymic organogenesis at stages preceding the expression of the transcription factor Foxn1, the early marker of thymic epithelial cells identity. Foxn1-independent developmental stages, such as the specification of the pharyngeal endoderm, patterning of the pouches, and thymus fate commitment are discussed, with a special focus on epithelial–mesenchymal interactions.
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8
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Wang L, Xie J, Zhang H, Tsang LH, Tsang SL, Braune EB, Lendahl U, Sham MH. Notch signalling regulates epibranchial placode patterning and segregation. Development 2020; 147:dev.183665. [PMID: 31988190 PMCID: PMC7044445 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epibranchial placodes are the geniculate, petrosal and nodose placodes that generate parts of cranial nerves VII, IX and X, respectively. How the three spatially separated placodes are derived from the common posterior placodal area is poorly understood. Here, we reveal that the broad posterior placode area is first patterned into a Vgll2+/Irx5+ rostral domain and a Sox2+/Fgf3+/Etv5+ caudal domain relative to the first pharyngeal cleft. This initial rostral and caudal patterning is then sequentially repeated along each pharyngeal cleft for each epibranchial placode. The caudal domains give rise to the neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the placode, whereas the rostral domains are previously unrecognized structures, serving as spacers between the final placodes. Notch signalling regulates the balance between the rostral and caudal domains: high levels of Notch signalling expand the caudal domain at the expense of the rostral domain, whereas loss of Notch signalling produces the converse phenotype. Collectively, these data unravel a new patterning principle for the early phases of epibranchial placode development and a role for Notch signalling in orchestrating epibranchial placode segregation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junjie Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Long Hin Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sze Lan Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eike-Benjamin Braune
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Mai Har Sham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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9
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Kameda Y. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the organogenesis and development of the mammalian carotid body. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:592-609. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of AnatomyKitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan
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10
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Follicular cell lineage in persistent ultimobranchial remnants of mammals. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:1-18. [PMID: 30617614 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-02982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been a subject of much debate whether thyroid follicular cells originate from the ultimobranchial body, in addition to median thyroid primordium. Ultimobranchial remnants are detected in normal dogs, rats, mice, cattle, bison and humans and also in mutant mice such as Eya1 homozygotes, Hox3 paralogs homozygotes, Nkx2.1 heterozygotes and FRS2α2F/2F. Besides C cells, follicular cell lineages immunoreactive for thyroglobulin are located within these ultimobranchial remnants. In dogs, the C cell complexes, i.e., large cell clusters consisting of C cells and undifferentiated cells, are present together with parathyroid IV and thymus IV in or close to the thyroid lobe. In addition, follicular cells in various stages of differentiation, including follicular cell groups and primitive and minute follicles storing colloid, are intermingled with C cells in some complexes. This review elaborates the transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in folliculogenesis and it is supposed why the follicular cells in the ultimobranchial remnants are sustained in immature stages. Pax8, a transcription factor crucial for the development of follicular cells, is expressed in the fourth pharyngeal pouch and the ultimobranchial body in human embryos. Pax8 expression is also detected in the ultimobranchial remnants of Eya1 and Hes1 null mutant mice. To determine whether the C cells and follicular cells in the ultimobranchial remnants consist of dual lineage cells or are derived from the common precursor, the changes of undifferentiated cells in dog C cell complexes are examined after chronically induced hypercalcemia or antithyroid drug treatment.
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11
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Liang S, Johansson E, Barila G, Altschuler DL, Fagman H, Nilsson M. A branching morphogenesis program governs embryonic growth of the thyroid gland. Development 2018; 145:dev.146829. [PMID: 29361553 PMCID: PMC5825846 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developmental program that regulates thyroid progenitor cell proliferation is largely unknown. Here, we show that branching-like morphogenesis is a driving force to attain final size of the embryonic thyroid gland in mice. Sox9, a key factor in branching organ development, distinguishes Nkx2-1+ cells in the thyroid bud from the progenitors that originally form the thyroid placode in anterior endoderm. As lobes develop the thyroid primordial tissue branches several generations. Sox9 and Fgfr2b are co-expressed distally in the branching epithelium prior to folliculogenesis. The thyroid in Fgf10 null mutants has a normal shape but is severely hypoplastic. Absence of Fgf10 leads to defective branching and disorganized angiofollicular units although Sox9/Fgfr2b expression and the ability of cells to differentiate and form nascent follicles are not impaired. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of thyroid development reminiscent of the Fgf10-Sox9 program that characterizes organogenesis in classical branching organs, and provide clues to aid understanding of how the endocrine thyroid gland once evolved from an exocrine ancestor present in the invertebrate endostyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Liang
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ellen Johansson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Guillermo Barila
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel L Altschuler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-41345, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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Kameda Y. Morphological and molecular evolution of the ultimobranchial gland of nonmammalian vertebrates, with special reference to the chicken C cells. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:719-739. [PMID: 28608500 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding of the nonmammalian ultimobranchial gland from morphological and molecular perspectives. Ultimobranchial anlage of all animal species develops from the last pharyngeal pouch. The genes involved in the development of pharyngeal pouches are well conserved across vertebrates. The ultimobranchial anlage of nonmammalian vertebrates and monotremes does not merge with the thyroid, remaining as an independent organ throughout adulthood. Although C cells of all animal species secrete calcitonin, the shape, cellular components and location of the ultimobranchial gland vary from species to species. Avian ultimobranchial gland is unique in several phylogenic aspects; the organ is located between the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves at the upper thorax and is densely innervated by branches emanating from them. In chick embryos, TuJ1-, HNK-1-, and PGP 9.5-immunoreactive cells that originate from the distal vagal (nodose) ganglion, colonize the ultimobranchial anlage and differentiate into C cells; neuronal cells give rise to C cells. Like C cells of mammals, the cells of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and also a subset of C cells of birds, appear to be derived from the endodermal epithelium forming ultimobranchial anlage. Thus, the avian ultimobranchial C cells may have dual origins, neural progenitors and endodermal epithelium. Developmental Dynamics 246:719-739, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism may occur in association with congenital parathyroid disorders determining parathyroid hormone insufficiency, which is characterized by hypocalcemia and concomitant inappropriately low secretion of parathormone (PTH). The association is often due to loss of function of genes common to thyroid and parathyroid glands embryonic development. Hypothyroidism associated with hypoparathyroidism is generally mild and not associated with goiter; moreover, it is usually part of a multisystemic involvement not restricted to endocrine function as occurs in patients with 22q11 microdeletion/DiGeorge syndrome, the most frequent disorders. Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism may also follow endocrine glands' damages due to autoimmunity or chronic iron overload in thalassemic disorders, both genetically determined conditions. Finally, besides PTH deficiency, hypocalcemia can be due to PTH resistance in pseudohypoparathyroidism; when hormone resistance is generalized, patients can suffer from hypothyroidism due to TSH resistance. In evaluating patients with hypothyroidism and hypocalcemia, physical examination and clinical history are essential to drive the diagnostic process, while routine genetic screening is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mantovani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Marta Elli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
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Figueiredo M, Silva JC, Santos AS, Proa V, Alcobia I, Zilhão R, Cidadão A, Neves H. Notch and Hedgehog in the thymus/parathyroid common primordium: Crosstalk in organ formation. Dev Biol 2016; 418:268-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Kameda Y. Cellular and molecular events on the development of mammalian thyroid C cells. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:323-41. [PMID: 26661795 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid C cells synthesize and secrete calcitonin, a serum calcium-lowering hormone. This review provides our current understanding of mammalian thyroid C cells from the molecular and morphological perspectives. Several transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in the development of C cells have been identified, and genes expressed in the pharyngeal pouch endoderm, neural crest-derived mesenchyme in the pharyngeal arches, and ultimobranchial body play critical roles for the development of C cells. It has been generally accepted, without much-supporting evidence, that mammalian C cells, as well as the avian cells, are derived from the neural crest. However, by fate mapping of neural crest cells in both Wnt1-Cre/R26R and Connexin(Cxn)43-lacZ transgenic mice, we showed that neural crest cells colonize neither the fourth pharyngeal pouch nor the ultimobranchial body. E-cadherin, an epithelial cell marker, is expressed in thyroid C cells and their precursors, the fourth pharyngeal pouch and ultimobranchial body. Furthermore, E-cadherin is colocalized with calcitonin in C cells. Recently, lineage tracing in Sox17-2A-iCre/R26R mice has clarified that the pharyngeal endoderm-derived cells give rise to C cells. Together, these findings indicate that mouse thyroid C cells are endodermal in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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16
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Nilsson M, Fagman H. Mechanisms of thyroid development and dysgenesis: an analysis based on developmental stages and concurrent embryonic anatomy. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:123-70. [PMID: 24290349 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysgenesis is the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism that affects 1 in 3000 newborns. Although a number of pathogenetic mutations in thyroid developmental genes have been identified, the molecular mechanism of disease is unknown in most cases. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of normal thyroid development and puts the different developmental stages in perspective, from the time of foregut endoderm patterning to the final shaping of pharyngeal anatomy, for understanding how specific malformations may arise. At the cellular level, we will also discuss fate determination of follicular and C-cell progenitors and their subsequent embryonic growth, migration, and differentiation as the different thyroid primordia evolve and merge to establish the final size and shape of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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