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Horváth T, Kecskés K, Jordán Csábrádiné A, Szőri-Dorogházi E, Viskolcz B, Szőri M. Searching for the Achilles' Heel of Urethane Linkage-An Energetic Perspective. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1126. [PMID: 38675045 PMCID: PMC11053941 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A sudden increase in polyurethane (PU) production necessitates viable recycling methods for the waste generated. PU is one of the most important plastic materials with a wide range of applications; however, the stability of the urethane linkage is a major issue in chemical recycling. In this work, termination reactions of a model urethane molecule, namely methyl N-phenyl carbamate (MPCate), are investigated using G3MP2B3 composite quantum chemical method. Our main goal was to gain insights into the energetic profile of urethane bond termination and find an applicable chemical recycling method. Hydrogenation, hydrolysis, methanolysis, peroxidation, glycolysis, ammonolysis, reduction with methylamine and termination by dimethyl phosphite were explored in both gas and condensed phases. Out of these chemicals, degradation by H2, H2O2 and CH3NH2 revealed promising results with lower activation barriers and exergonic pathways, especially in water solvation. Implementing these effective PU recycling methods can also have significant economic benefits since the obtained products from the reactions are industrially relevant substances. For example, aniline and dimethyl carbonate could be reusable in polymer technologies serving as potential methods for circular economy. As further potential transformations, several ionizations of MPCate were also examined including electron capture and detachment, protonation/deprotonation and reaction with OH-. Alkaline digestion against the model urethane MPCate was found to be promising due to the relatively low activation energy. In an ideal case, the transformation of the urethane bond could be an enzymatic process; therefore, potential enzymes, such as lipoxygenase, were also considered for the catalysis of peroxidation, and lipases for methanolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Horváth
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (K.K.); (A.J.C.); (E.S.-D.)
| | - Karina Kecskés
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (K.K.); (A.J.C.); (E.S.-D.)
| | - Anikó Jordán Csábrádiné
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (K.K.); (A.J.C.); (E.S.-D.)
| | - Emma Szőri-Dorogházi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (K.K.); (A.J.C.); (E.S.-D.)
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary;
| | - Milán Szőri
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (K.K.); (A.J.C.); (E.S.-D.)
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Remonatto D, Miotti Jr. RH, Monti R, Bassan JC, de Paula AV. Applications of immobilized lipases in enzymatic reactors: A review. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Introducing electrolysis to enhance anaerobic digestion resistance to acidification. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:515-525. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Qin Z, Feng N, Li Y, Fei X, Tian J, Xu L, Wang Y. Hydrogen-bonded lipase-hydrogel microspheres for esterification application. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1229-1238. [PMID: 34492461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipase is the most widely used enzyme in industry. Due to its unique "lid" structure, lipase can only show high activity at the oil-water interface, which means that water is needed in the catalytic esterification process. However, the traditional lipase catalytic system cannot effectively control "micro-water" in the esterification environment, resulting in the high content of free water, which hinders the esterification reaction and reduces the yield. In this paper, a promising strategy of esterification catalyzed by polyacrylamide hydrogel immobilized lipase is reported. The porous polyacrylamide hydrogel microspheres (PHM) prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization are used as carrier to adsorb lipase by hydrogen bonding interaction. These hydrogel microspheres provide a "micro-water environment" for lipase in the anhydrous reaction system, and further provide an oil-water interface for "interface activation" of lipase. The obtained lipase-porous polyacrylamide hydrogel microspheres (L-PHMs) exhibit higher temperature and pH stability compared with free lipase, and the optimum enzymatic activity reach 1350 U/g (pH 6, 40 °C). L-PHMs can still remain about 49% of their original activity after 20 reuses. Furthermore, L-PHMs have been successfully applied to catalyze the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid ethyl ester. The results suggest that this immobilization method opens up a new way for the application of lipase in ester synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiang Qin
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Nuan Feng
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xu Fei
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Longquan Xu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Martínez-Padilla E, Li K, Blok Frandsen H, Skejovic Joehnke M, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Lykke Petersen I. In Vitro Protein Digestibility and Fatty Acid Profile of Commercial Plant-Based Milk Alternatives. Foods 2020; 9:E1784. [PMID: 33271952 PMCID: PMC7760957 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based milk alternatives (PBMA) are a new popular food trend among consumers in Europe and North America. The forecast shows that PBMA will double their value by 2023. The objective of this study was to analyze the nutritional value of commercial products in terms of their fatty acid profile and protein digestibility from commercial PBMA. Eight commercially available PBMA were selected for fatty acid analysis, performed with gas chromatography of methylated fatty acids (GC-FAME), and, from these, four commercial products (almond drink, hemp drink, oat drink, and soy drink) were selected for a short-term in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) analysis. The fatty acid analysis results showed that most of the products predominantly contained oleic acid (C18:1 ω-9) and linoleic acid (C18:2 ω-6). Hemp drink contained the highest omega-6/omega-3 (ω6/ω3) ratio among all tested products (3.43). Oat drink and almond drink were the PBMA with the highest short-term protein digestibility, non-significantly different from cow's milk, while soy drink showed the lowest value of protein digestibility. In conclusion, PBMA showed a significant variability depending on the plant source, both in terms of fatty acid composition and protein digestibility. These results provide more in-depth nutritional information, for future product development, and for consumer's choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Martínez-Padilla
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (E.M.-P.); (K.L.); (H.B.F.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (E.M.-P.); (K.L.); (H.B.F.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Heidi Blok Frandsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (E.M.-P.); (K.L.); (H.B.F.); (M.S.J.)
- SiccaDania, Pilehøj 18, DK-3460 Birkerød, Denmark
| | - Marcel Skejovic Joehnke
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (E.M.-P.); (K.L.); (H.B.F.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Iben Lykke Petersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (E.M.-P.); (K.L.); (H.B.F.); (M.S.J.)
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A Soap‐Free Strategy for One‐Pot Synthesizing Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Alkali Isomerization of Linoleic Acid through Preferential Esterification Pathway. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yu D, Chen J, Cheng J, Chen Y, Jiang L, Qin L, Wang L. Enzymatic preparation of structured TAG containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at solvent-free. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rice bran oil extracted by the water-enzymatic method was placed at a temperature of −5 °C for 8 h. Light-phase rice bran oil with an iodine value of 112.13 ± 0.21 g I2/100 g oil was separated by cryogenic freezing centrifugation. Lipozyme RM IM transesterified light-phase rice bran oil and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) under supercritical system CO2 (SC-CO2). The optimal reaction conditions for transesterification of CLA and rice bran oil in SC-CO2 were determined as follows: the Lipozyme RM IM dosage was 9%, and the RBO/CLA molar ratio was 1:3, the reaction temperature was 55 °C, stirring speed was 300 rpm, and transesterification time was 20 h, the CLA conversion rate can reach 42.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyu Yu
- School of Food Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Food Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Jie Cheng
- School of Food Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Food Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Lianzhou Jiang
- School of Food Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Lanxia Qin
- School of Food Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Liqi Wang
- School of Computer and Information Engineering , Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin , 150028 , China
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