1
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Skolarikos A, Somani B, Neisius A, Jung H, Petřík A, Tailly T, Davis N, Tzelves L, Geraghty R, Lombardo R, Bezuidenhout C, Gambaro G. Metabolic Evaluation and Recurrence Prevention for Urinary Stone Patients: An EAU Guidelines Update. Eur Urol 2024; 86:343-363. [PMID: 39069389 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to define patients who are at high risk of recurrence of urolithiasis, to delineate diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for each type of stone, and to clarify general guidelines and recommendations for prevention of recurrence. METHODS A professional research librarian carried out literature searches for all sections of the urolithiasis guidelines, covering the timeframe between 1976 and June 2023. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS For every patient with urolithiasis, an attempt should be made to analyse the stone. Patients should be given general instructions on how to prevent recurrence, including adequate fluid and calcium intake, and low consumption of sodium and protein. Identifying and correcting the causative factors is a cornerstone in preventing the recurrence of urolithiasis. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms by stone composition are available. Every patient should undergo baseline metabolic screening, while patients with calcium stones, who are at high risk of relapse and complications, should undergo extensive metabolic screening with two 24-h urine collections and should receive targeted therapy. Patients with uric acid, infection, or cystine stones are at high risk of relapse. All patients at high risk of recurrence should be closely monitored, especially those not complying with therapy in the long term. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Metabolic stone evaluation and patient follow-up are highly recommended to prevent urolithiasis recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Skolarikos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Urology, Sismanogleio Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Bhaskar Somani
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Andreas Neisius
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Brothers of Mercy Trier, Medical Campus University Mainz, Trier, Germany
| | - Helene Jung
- Urinvejskirurgisk Afdeling, Sygehus Lillebælt, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Alec Petřík
- Department of Urology, Region Hospital, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Thomas Tailly
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Gante, Gante, Belgium
| | - Niall Davis
- Department of Urology, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lazaros Tzelves
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Urology, Sismanogleio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Rob Geraghty
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Carla Bezuidenhout
- European Association of Urology Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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2
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Oh GJ, Butani L. Nephrocalcinosis in Neonates. Neoreviews 2024; 25:e88-e98. [PMID: 38296790 DOI: 10.1542/neo.25-2-e88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Nephrocalcinosis occurs in as many as 40% of preterm neonates. Many causes and contributors predispose neonates to develop nephrocalcinosis, including metabolic, genetic, and iatrogenic factors. Because nephrocalcinosis can be a manifestation of an underlying genetic disorder, neonates with nephrocalcinosis must undergo an evaluation to identify and address contributors, to prevent further renal calcium deposition that can potentially lead to renal dysfunction. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and evaluation of nephrocalcinosis in neonates. We also summarize the natural history of nephrocalcinosis of prematurity as well as the management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia J Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of California, Davis, Children's Hospital, Sacramento, CA
| | - Lavjay Butani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of California, Davis, Children's Hospital, Sacramento, CA
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3
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Rajalakshmi K, Deng T, Muthusamy S, Xie M, Xie J, Lee KB, Xu Y. Prostate cancer biomarker citrate detection using triaminoguanidinium carbon dots, its applications in live cells and human urine samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120622. [PMID: 34865974 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Citrate is a tricarboxylate, plays vital role in prostate cancer (PC) and the level of citrate is an indicator for PC identification. Herein, triaminoguanidine carbon dots (TAG-CDs) prepared by one step hydrothermal method and used as a citrate receptor. Notably the TAG-CDs without alkaline treatment were highly fluorescent at pH 7 with high quantum yield (11.3%). TAG-CDs were characterized through TEM, XRD, FT-IR, UV-vis and spectrofluorimetry. It is noted that the average size was of 2.8 nm, the presence of highly disordered carbon, retain the functionality of TAG. The absorbance maxima obtained at 294 nm and good emitting response observed at 396 nm. The Y-aromaticity of receptor guanidinium moiety acts as Lewis acid and have peculiar interaction with Lewis base citrate via electrostatic interaction and also protons in the TAG participate hydrogen bonds with citrate, which causes quenching of TAG-CDs. From the obtained linear quenching equation the LOD was found to be 4 nM. The probe expressed high selectivity, high interference tolerance (500 - fold), fast response in 15 mins and good biocompatible. Finally, TAG-CDs utilized for the intracellular imaging of citrate in live MCF-7 cells, it showed good cytotoxicity and delivered contrast images in presence, absence of citrate. TAG-CDs detected the citrate level in human urine samples, the obtained results are validated with HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Rajalakshmi
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Tongtong Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Selvaraj Muthusamy
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Meng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Jimin Xie
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Kang-Bong Lee
- National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuanguo Xu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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4
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Yu B, Wang Y, Sun M, Luo Y, Yu H, Zhang L. Preparation of carbon dots-doped terbium phosphonate coordination polymers as ratiometric fluorescent probe for citrate detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120656. [PMID: 34857466 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, carbon dots-doped terbium phosphonate coordination polymers (CDs-GMP/Tb) were designed and prepared as ratiometric fluorescent probes for the detection of citrate. The as-prepared CDs-GMP/Tb are prepared and have the merits of high photostability, low toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. The as-prepared CDs-GMP/Tb as ratiometric fluorescent probes also have better anti-interference ability and stability compared with the traditional single fluorescent probe. The surface morphology, fabrication, and spectroscopy were characterized through a variety of instruments. It confirms that the probes exhibited network structure doping carbon dots. With the addition of citrate, the fluorescence of GMP/Tb at 545 nm was significantly quenched, contrasting to the enhancement of fluorescence of CDs at 454 nm. Under optimum conditions, the detection limit for citrate was 0.47 μM, with a linear range of 0-200 μM between citrate concentrations and I545/I454. It has high sensitivity, selective, and rapid detection for citrate. The as-prepared CDs-GMP/Tb as ratiometric fluorescent probes were also used for imaging citrate in living cells. These experiment results showed that CDs-GMP/Tb as ratiometric fluorescent probes could be applied to trace citrate detection in the environmental and biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Mengyao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yongquan Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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5
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Shaban SM, Lee JY, Kim DH. Dual-Surfactant-Capped Ag Nanoparticles as a Highly Selective and Sensitive Colorimetric Sensor for Citrate Detection. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10696-10703. [PMID: 32455188 PMCID: PMC7240824 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A colorimetric sensor for the detection of citrate ions is reported here using dual-surfactant-capped Ag nanoparticles (dual-AgNP sensor). A mixture of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and a newly prepared gemini nonionic (GFEO) surfactant was used as a capping agent to synthesize dual-surfactant-capped Ag NPs for selective and sensitive citrate detection. The GFEO surfactant was designed with a specific chemical structure to provide strong binding with citrate for selective and sensitive detection. The developed dual-AgNP sensor showed extremely high selectivity toward citrate even in the presence of interfering species. Quantitative detection of citrate was carried out based on the changes in UV-vis absorbance and naked-eye readout. After optimization, the dual-AgNP sensor exhibited a visual detection limit of 25 μM and a low limit of detection of 4.05 nM with a UV-vis spectrometer. The developed citrate sensor performed well with a urine sample, with a high recovery of 99.6%. The prepared solution sensor was constructed on a paper-based analytical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy M. Shaban
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical
Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical
Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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6
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Fukushima Y, Aikawa S. Colorimetric chemosensor based on a Ni2+ complex of a pyridylazo dye for detection of citrate in aqueous solution. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Fabrication of Fluorescence Turn-off-on Sensor Based on g-C3N4 Quantum Dots and MgFe Layered Double Hydroxide for the Detection of Citrate. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:719-726. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Wang P, Yao K, Fu J, Chang Y, Li B, Xu K. Novel fluorescent probes for relay detection copper/citrate ion and application in cell imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 211:9-17. [PMID: 30502583 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two novel fluorescent probes, 2‑(2'‑hydroxyphenyl)‑4‑(2'‑hydroxymethyl‑8‑quinolinamino)methyloxazole (L1), and 2‑(2'‑hydroxyphenyl)‑4‑(2'‑methyl‑8‑quinolinamino)methyloxazole (L2), exhibited colorimetric and "turn off" fluorometric response to Cu2+ ion in DMSO/H2O solution (v/v = 1/1, 0.01 M, Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.20) and the corresponding detection limit were found to be 2.14 × 10-8 and 2.70 × 10-8 M, which were much lower than drinking water permission concentrations by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO). The L1-Cu2+ and L2-Cu2+ complexes ensemble detected citrate anions (CA) sequentially through fluorescence recovery response due to the extrusion of Cu2+ ion from the complexes. The binding processes were investigated by UV-vis, fluorescence, IR and DFT calculation. Furthermore, the vivo sensitivity experiments of Cu2+ ion and CA was demonstrated through fluorescence imaging in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jiaxin Fu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yongxin Chang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Bai Li
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Kuoxi Xu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Engineering Laboratory for Flame Retardant and Functional Materials of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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9
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Liu C, Hang Y, Jiang T, Yang J, Zhang X, Hua J. A light-up fluorescent probe for citrate detection based on bispyridinum amides with aggregation-induced emission feature. Talanta 2018; 178:847-853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Highly selective and sensitive macrocycle-based dinuclear foldamer for fluorometric and colorimetric sensing of citrate in water. Sci Rep 2018; 8:286. [PMID: 29321505 PMCID: PMC5762659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective detection of citrate anions is essential for various biological functions in living systems. A quantitative assessment of citrate is required for the diagnosis of various diseases in the human body; however, it is extremely challenging to develop efficient fluorescence and color-detecting molecular probes for sensing citrate in water. Herein, we report a macrocycle-based dinuclear foldamer (1) assembled with eosin Y (EY) that has been studied for anion binding by fluorescence and colorimetric techniques in water at neutral pH. Results from the fluorescence titrations reveal that the 1·EY ensemble strongly binds citrate anions, showing remarkable selectivity over a wide range of inorganic and carboxylate anions. The addition of citrate anions to the 1·EY adduct led to a large fluorescence enhancement, displaying a detectable color change under both visible and UV light in water up to 2 μmol. The biocompatibility of 1·EY as an intracellular carrier in a biological system was evaluated on primary human foreskin fibroblast (HF) cells, showing an excellent cell viability. The strong binding properties of the ensemble allow it to be used as a highly sensitive, detective probe for biologically relevant citrate anions in various applications.
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11
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Choudhury R, Purkayastha A, Debnath D, Misra TK. Synthesis and study of aggregation kinetics of fluorescence active N -(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediammonium cations functionalized silver nanoparticles for a chemo-sensor probe. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neonatal proteinuria and hematuria while not common can have potentially devastating consequences if left undiagnosed and untreated. It is important to distinguish between inherited and acquired causes of proteinuria to initiate appropriate and timely treatment. With regards to hematuria, it is critical to identify true hematuria from pseudo-hematuria to balance between thorough investigation and unnecessary laboratory work up. This review provides an overview of the common causes of hematuria and proteinuria in a neonate. RECENT FINDINGS The identification of genetic mutations in nephrotic syndrome has improved our understanding of the role of various proteins that play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier. With the advancement in our ability to provide care for extreme premature neonates, the incidence of acute kidney injury has increased in these neonates along with proteinuria and hematuria. SUMMARY Persistent proteinuria after neonatal acute kidney injury would be of interest in regards to the risk of developing future chronic kidney disease and hypertension.
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13
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Hang Y, Wang J, Jiang T, Lu N, Hua J. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Ratiometric/Turn-on Fluorescent Chemosensors for Citrate Detection in the Near-Infrared Region by an Aggregation-Induced Emission Mechanism. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1696-703. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yandi Hang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Niannian Lu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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14
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Lee H, Shim SY, Park EA, Cho SJ. The Clinical Features and Prognosis of Nephrocalcinosis in Preterm Neonates : A Single Center Study in Korea. NEONATAL MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.5385/nm.2016.23.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ae Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Akdeniz A, Caglayan MG, Anzenbacher P. A tri-serine tri-lactone scaffold for the quantification of citrate in urine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1827-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08759g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tri-serine tri-lactone based fluorescent sensors can discriminate structurally similar anions, including mono-, di- and tri-carboxylates with 100% correct classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akdeniz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- USA
| | - Mehmet Gokhan Caglayan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- USA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- USA
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16
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Phillips R, Hanchanale VS, Myatt A, Somani B, Nabi G, Biyani CS. Citrate salts for preventing and treating calcium containing kidney stones in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD010057. [PMID: 26439475 PMCID: PMC9578669 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010057.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney stones affect people worldwide and have a high rate of recurrence even with treatment. Recurrences are particularly prevalent in people with low urinary citrate levels. These people have a higher incidence of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate stones. Oral citrate therapy increases the urinary citrate levels, which in turn binds with calcium and inhibits the crystallisation thus reduces stone formation. Despite the widespread use of oral citrate therapy for prevention and treatment of calcium oxalate stones, the evidence to support its clinical efficacy remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to determine the efficacy and adverse events associated with citrate salts for the treatment and prevention of calcium containing kidney stones. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register to 29 July 2015 through contact with the Trials' Search Co-ordinator using search terms relevant to this review. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy and adverse events associated with citrate salts for the treatment and prevention of calcium containing kidney stones in adults treated for a minimum of six months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors assessed studies for inclusion in this review. Data were extracted according to predetermined criteria. Summary estimates of effect were obtained using a random-effects model, and results were expressed as risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean difference (MD) and 95% CI for continuous outcomes. MAIN RESULTS We included seven studies that included a total of 477 participants, most of whom had oxalate stones. Of these, three studies (247 participants) compared potassium citrate with placebo or no intervention; three (166 participants) compared potassium-sodium citrate with no intervention; and one (64 participants) compared potassium-magnesium citrate with placebo. Overall, quality of the reporting of the included studies was considered moderate to poor, and there was a high risk of attrition bias in two studies.Compared with placebo or no intervention, citrate therapy significantly reduced the stone size (4 studies, 160 participants: RR 2.35, 95% CI 1.36 to 4.05). New stone formation was significantly lower with citrate therapy compared to control (7 studies, 324 participants: RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.68). The beneficial effect on stone size stability was also evident (4 studies, 160 participants: RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.26). Adverse events were reported in four studies, with the main side effects being upper gastrointestinal disturbance and one patient reported a rash. There were more gastrointestinal adverse events in the citrate group; however this was not significant (4 studies, 271 participants: RR 2.55, 95% CI 0.71 to 9.16). There were significantly more dropouts due to adverse events with citrate therapy compared to control (4 studies, 271 participants: RR 4.45, 95% CI 1.28 to 15.50). The need for retreatment was significantly less with citrate therapy compared to control (2 studies, 157 participants: RR 0.22, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.89). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Citrate salts prevent new stone formation and reduce further stone growth in patients with residual stones that predominantly contain oxalate. The quality of reported literature remains moderate to poor; hence a well-designed statistically powered multi-centre RCT is needed in order to answer relevant questions concerning the efficacy of citrate salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Phillips
- Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Castle Hill HospitalDepartment of UrologyCastle RdCottinghamUKHU16 5JQ
| | | | - Andy Myatt
- Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Castle Hill HospitalDepartment of UrologyCastle RdCottinghamUKHU16 5JQ
| | - Bhaskar Somani
- University Hospitals Southampton NHS TrustDepartment of UrologySouthamptonUK
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- University of DundeeSection of Academic Urology, Division of Imaging and TechnologyDundeeScotlandUKDD1 9SY
| | - C Shekhar Biyani
- St James's University HospitalDepartment of UrologyLeedsUKLS9 7TF
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17
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Skolarikos A, Straub M, Knoll T, Sarica K, Seitz C, Petřík A, Türk C. Metabolic Evaluation and Recurrence Prevention for Urinary Stone Patients: EAU Guidelines. Eur Urol 2015; 67:750-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Gao Y, Huang G, Ou Z, Wang Z, Ju B, Li Y, Wang X, Yin S. Selective sensing of citrate by a supramolecular ensemble formed by a phenazine copper(i) complex and a perylene diimide derivative. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01694k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A PET based “off–on” fluorescent sensor for citrate has been developed, displaying low interference by other α-hydroxycarboxylates, dicarboxylates and monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - Gan Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - Zhize Ou
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - Zichao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - Baolong Ju
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - Yi Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an City
- People's Republic of China
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19
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González MDC, Otón F, Espinosa A, Tárraga A, Molina P. Tris(triazole) tripodal receptors as selective probes for citrate anion recognition and multichannel transition and heavy metal cation sensing. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:1429-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and binding properties towards citrate anions and cations of two three-armed triazole based receptors are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Otón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
- Spain
| | - Arturo Espinosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
- Spain
| | - Alberto Tárraga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
- Spain
| | - Pedro Molina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
- Spain
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20
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Abstract
Microscopic and gross hematuria, while rare in healthy newborns, is more common in premature infants, particularly those cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit. Hematuria may be transient, but may require evaluation, investigation, and intervention in a timely manner. This article discusses the causes, workup, and treatment of the more common forms of newborn hematuria.
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21
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Pouessel J, Abada S, Le Bris N, Elhabiri M, Charbonnière LJ, Tripier R. A new bis-tetraamine ligand with a chromophoric 4-(9-anthracenyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridinyl linker for glyphosate and ATP sensing. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:4859-72. [PMID: 23370614 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32325k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new linear bis-tetraamine ligand L1, based on two 1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane units grafted at the 2 and 6 positions of a pyridinyl linker substituted by an anthracenyl fluorophore in the para position, is described and anion complexation studies of L1 with anionic substrates are reported. The protonation pattern and the study of the binding properties of L1 in an aqueous medium with two anionic substrates, the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the herbicide glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, PMG), were investigated by means of potentiometry, NMR spectroscopy and absorption and emission spectroscopic techniques. To decipher the impact of the chromophoric linker on the complexation process and to highlight its optical properties, a comparison is established with its previously reported analog L2 devoid of the anthracenyl group. The results unambiguously show that the protonation and complexation properties are preserved despite the presence of the bulky linker, allowing for the use of L1 as a fluorescent sensor for ATP and PMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Pouessel
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique, UMR 6521 CNRS/Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
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22
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Li CY, Zhou Y, Li YF, Kong XF, Zou CX, Weng C. Colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor for citrate based on a rhodamine and Pb2+ complex in aqueous solution. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 774:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Mishra A, Lee S, Kim H, Cook TR, Stang PJ, Chi KW. Selective detection of multicarboxylate anions based on "turn on" electron transfer by self-assembled molecular rectangles. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2592-9. [PMID: 22927301 PMCID: PMC3481858 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two new large molecular rectangles (4 and 5) were obtained by the reaction of two different dinuclear arene ruthenium complexes [Ru(2)(arene)(2)(OOOO)(2)Cl(2)] (arene = p-cymene; OOOO = 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonato (2), 6,11-dihydroxy-5,12-naphthacene dionato (3)) with the unsymmetrical amide NN (N-[4-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide) donor ligand 1 in methanol in the presence of AgO(3)SCF(3), forming tetranuclear cations of the general formula [Ru(4)(arene)(4)(NN)(2)(OOO O)(2)](4+). Both rectangles were isolated in good yields as triflate salts and were characterized by multinuclear NMR, ESI-MS, UV/Vis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The crystal structure of 5 was determined by X-ray diffraction. Luminescent rectangle 5 was used for anion sensing with an amide ligand as a hydrogen-bond donor and an arene-ruthenium acceptor as a signaling unit. Rectangle 5 strongly bound multicarboxylate anions, such as oxalate, tartrate, and citrate, in UV/Vis titration experiments in 1:1 ratios, in contrast to monoanions, such as F(-), Cl(-), NO(3)(-), PF(6)(-), CH(3)COO(-), and C(6)H(5)COO(-). The fluorescence titration experiment showed a large fluorescence enhancement of 5 upon binding to multicarboxylate anions, which could be attributed to blocking of the photoinduced electron transfer process from the arene-ruthenium moiety to the amidic donor in 5; this was likely to be a result of hydrogen bonding between the ligand and the anion. On the other hand, rectangle 5 was not selective towards any other anions. To the naked eye, multicarboxylate anions in a solution of 5 in methanol appear greenish upon irradiation with UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunuk Kim
- Energy Materials and Convergence Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy R. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A
| | - Ki-Whan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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Pouessel J, Le Bris N, Bencini A, Giorgi C, Handel H, Tripier R. Selective Binding of Glyphosate by a Ditopic Cyclic-Open-Chain Polyazaligand in Aqueous Solution. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Vajpayee V, Song YH, Lee MH, Kim H, Wang M, Stang PJ, Chi KW. Self-assembled arene-ruthenium-based rectangles for the selective sensing of multi-carboxylate anions. Chemistry 2011; 17:7837-44. [PMID: 21611989 PMCID: PMC3358929 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Novel arene-ruthenium [2+2] metalla-rectangles 4 and 5 have been synthesized by self-assembly using dipyridyl amide ligand 3 and arene-ruthenium acceptors (arene: benzoquinone (1), naphthacenedione (2)) and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. The solid-state structure of 5 was determined by X-ray diffraction and shows encapsulated diethyl ether molecule in the rectangular cavity of 5. The luminescent 5 was further used for anion sensing with the amidic linkage serving as a hydrogen-bond donor site for anions and the ruthenium moiety serving as a signaling unit. A UV/Vis titration study demonstrated that although 5 interacts very weakly with common monoanions as well as with flexible dicarboxylate anions such as malonate and succinate, it displays significant binding affinity (K>10(3) in MeOH) for rigid multi-carboxylate anions such as oxalate, citrate, and tartrate, exhibiting a 1:1 stoichiometry. It has been suggested that 1:1 bidentate hydrogen bonding assisted by appropriate geometrical complementarity is mainly responsible for the increased affinity of 5 towards such anions. A fluorescence titration study revealed a large fluorescence enhancement of 5 upon binding to multi-carboxylate anions, which can be attributed to the blocking of the photoinduced electron-transfer process from the arene-Ru moiety to the amidic donor in 5 as a result of hydrogen bonding between the donor and the anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Vajpayee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea, Fax: (+) 82-52-259-2348
| | - Young Ho Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea, Fax: (+) 82-52-259-2348
| | - Min Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea, Fax: (+) 82-52-259-2348
| | - Hyunuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A
| | - Ki-Whan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea, Fax: (+) 82-52-259-2348
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26
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Chang HY, Hsu CH, Tsai JD, Li ST, Hung HY, Kao HA, Chang JH, Chung HY, Wang HK. Renal calcification in very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Neonatol 2011; 52:145-9. [PMID: 21703556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal calcification in preterm infants has been described frequently. The etiologic factors have not yet been fully clarified. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for renal calcification in our population. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the charts of very low birth weight preterm infants during a 1-year period. Renal ultrasound scans were performed at term or before discharge and at a corrected age of 1 year. RESULTS Six infants (6%) had renal calcification at term or before discharge compared with 96 who did not. Factors significantly associated with renal calcification included gestational age (26 weeks vs. 29 weeks, p=0.006), birth weight (851 g vs. 1141 g, p=0.004), duration of mechanical ventilation (69 days vs. 29 days, p=0.002), length of intensive care (72 days vs. 41 days, p=0.013), furosemide therapy (33% vs. 3%, p=0.027), and dexamethasone therapy (50% vs. 2% p=0.001). Birth weight and dexamethasone therapy had significant independent association after stepwise logistic regression analysis. Sex, oliguria, acidosis, duration of oxygen therapy, length of hospital stay, nutrition status, and nephrotoxic drugs did not differ between the two groups. Three of the six infants had spontaneous remission of renal calcification, whereas two patients without the finding in neonatal stage had renal calcification at a corrected age of 1 year. CONCLUSION The incidence of renal calcification in very low birth weight infants in this study was relatively low, and the calcification was transient in one-half of the infants. Extremely premature, sick infants requiring long-term ventilation, and those receiving furosemide or dexamethasone were more likely to have renal calcification. Clinicians should be aware that renal calcification may develop beyond the neonatal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yang Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.
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Ghosh K, Ranjan Sarkar A. Pyridinium-based symmetrical diamides as chemosensors in visual sensing of citrate through indicator displacement assay (IDA) and gel formation. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6551-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05707c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Gimpel C, Krause A, Franck P, Krueger M, von Schnakenburg C. Exposure to furosemide as the strongest risk factor for nephrocalcinosis in preterm infants. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:51-6. [PMID: 19460127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2009.02886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine which of the many risk factors for nephrocalcinosis (NC) in preterm infants are most relevant. METHODS In 55 neonates born before 32 completed weeks of gestation, parameters relevant to NC were analyzed. Median birthweight was 1010 g (range 500-2070 g). Fifteen (27%) asymptomatic children had ultrasonographic NC. RESULTS In multivariate analysis the strongest independent risk factor was furosemide therapy above 10 mg per kg bodyweight cumulative dose, with a 48-fold increased risk of NC (odds ratio confidence interval 4.0-585, P < 0.01). The risk of NC was 1.65-fold higher per 100 g lower weight (1.07-2.56, P= 0.02) and 4.5-fold higher per mmol/l of urinary calcium concentration (1.14-17.7, P= 0.03). Many other risk factors were only significant in univariate analysis (gestational age, mechanical ventilation, infection, broncho-pulmonary dysplasia, blood transfusions, intraventricular hemorrhage, surfactant therapy, vasopressors, phenobarbital or caffeine, duration of hospital stay), indicating an indirect effect only. Other parameters of calcium and phosphate homeostasis were not significant, possibly due to standardized supplementation. CONCLUSION We suggest that in preterm infants, furosemide should be prescribed with caution and close monitoring of calcium excretions is advisable. Some guidelines for infant respiratory distress syndrome now favor calcium-sparing thiazides if diuretics are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gimpel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Schell-Feith EA, Kist-van Holthe JE, van der Heijden AJ. Nephrocalcinosis in preterm neonates. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:221-30. [PMID: 18797936 PMCID: PMC6941622 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-008-0908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of nephrocalcinosis (NC) in preterm neonates in recent reports is 7-41%. The wide range in prevalence is a consequence of different study populations and ultrasound equipment and criteria, in addition to a moderate interobserver variation. NC in preterm neonates has a multifactorial aetiology, consisting of low gestational age and birth weight, often in combination with severe respiratory disease, and occurs as a result of an imbalance between stone-promoting and stone-inhibiting factors. A limited number of histological studies suggest that calcium oxalate crystals play an important role in NC in premature neonates. In 85% of children resolution of NC occurs in the first years of life. Prematurity, per se, is associated with high blood pressure, relatively small kidneys, and (distal) tubular dysfunction. In addition, NC in preterm neonates can have long-term sequelae for glomerular and tubular function. Long-term follow-up of blood pressure and renal function of prematurely born children, especially with neonatal NC, is recommended. Prevention of NC with (low) oral doses of citrate has not resulted in a significant decrease in the prevalence of NC; a higher citrate dosage deserves further study. Future research pertaining to prevention of NC in preterm neonates is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana E. Kist-van Holthe
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Pal R, Parker D, Costello LC. A europium luminescence assay of lactate and citrate in biological fluids. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1525-8. [PMID: 19343236 PMCID: PMC3724753 DOI: 10.1039/b901251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ratiometric methods of analysis have been developed for the selective determination of lactate or citrate in microlitre samples of human serum, urine or prostate fluids following comparison of anion binding affinities for a family of nine luminescent europium(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, U.K. DH1 3LE.
| | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, U.K. DH1 3LE.
| | - Leslie C. Costello
- Division of Oncology/Dental School and The Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore Md., USA
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