Unusual variant of left paraduodenal hernia herniated into the mesocolic fossa leading to jejunal strangulation

Extensive small bowel necrosis due to congenital para duodenal hernia: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge: Case Report

INTRODUCTION

A paraduodenal hernia is a rare variety of hernia, however it is the most usual type of internal hernias. Clinical presentation is nonspecific. The clinical presentation is variable: indeed, the patient can be completely asymptomatic or present with symptoms which severity is variable according to the mechanism. The most common cause is an acute intestinal occlusion that could progress even to ischemia and intestinal necrosis. Depending on the clinical presentation and the suspected diagnosis, computed tomography can be of considerable help in demonstrating a para duodenal hernia.

CASE PRESENTATION

We describe the case of a young man aged 18 years, who presented to the emergency unit with severe abdominal pain associated with incoercible vomiting. The surgical exploration had confirmed a para duodenal hernia responsible for an extensive necrosis of the small intestine allowing viable 90 cm only.

CASE DISCUSSION

Paraduodenal hernias are rare and their diagnosis is not always easy. Therefore, they should be considered especially in the case of an occlusive syndrome occurring in a young patient who has never been operated on. If no treatment is undertaken, the evolution is drastic and the mortality rate is significant.

CONCLUSION

Successful surgical management requires knowledge of the intra-abdominal peritoneal spaces and management of suggestive clinical situations in order to reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality resulting from delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Paraduodenal Hernia With Massive Intestinal Gangrene and Its Surgical Management: A Case Report

Paraduonenal hernia constitutes more than 50% of internal hernia cases. It can result in perilous sequelae like gut ischemia and perforation. We report a case of a patient who presented with acute intestinal obstruction and peritonitis and was diagnosed as a case of complicated paraduodenal as an incidental finding on laparotomy.  A 26-year-old male patient presented with three days history of continuous severe incapacitating diffuse abdominal pain. The pain was associated with multiple episodes of bilious vomiting and absolute constipation. Patient had signs and symptoms of shock. Abdomen examination showed generalized peritonitis. Patient had deranged laboratory investigations. Abdominal X-ray showed acute intestinal obstruction. Patient was resuscitated and taken up for emergency laparotomy. Intraoperatively there was a long segment of gangrenous small bowel entrapped in the paraduodenal sac. Gangrenous gut was released from the sac and excised with proximal and distal ends fashioned as stoma through separate sites. Patient was managed with intravenous fluids with total parental nutrition. Patient gradually started on oral diet and jejunostomy output was refed through the distal stoma. Patient was discharged on postoperative day 14. Patient had uneventful early stoma closure at postoperative day 45 and now is on regular follow-up in the outdoor department. Paraduodenal hernias are one of the rare causes of intestinal obstruction that is difficult to diagnose. Radiologic investigation like abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan can aid in diagnosis of paraduodenal hernia. Surgeons should have clear knowledge about abnormal anatomy of internal hernias and complications they can face during surgery.

Treitz Hernia: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

INTRODUCTION

Congenital hernias are rare findings, and their diagnosis is often delayed due to an incorrect interpretation of the clinical symptoms and/or images. We present a rare case of left-sided paraduodenal hernia at the ligament of Treitz, followed by a review of the literature.

CASE PRESENTATION

We report the case of a 20-year-old patient with unusual, recurring abdominal pain in the past 3 months. There were no previous operations or past illnesses in the patient's history. The computed tomographic scan showed a misplacement of small bowel into the lesser sack. With high suspicion of an internal hernia, we performed a diagnostic laparoscopy, which revealed a Treitz hernia. The reduction and fixation could be carried out fully with minimally invasive surgery with an uneventful postoperative course and complete recovery.

CONCLUSION

A Treitz hernia is a rare cause of unspecific abdominal pain and the clinical signs are difficult to interpret. However, its knowledge may help to avoid emergency procedures and provide quick recovery of the patients. We recommend the laparoscopic approach as the first choice of treatment in all cases of internal hernia in the absence of peritoneal irritation or severe bowel obstruction.

Paraduodenal hernias: a systematic review of the literature

PURPOSE

Paraduodenal hernias (PDH), also called mesocolic hernias, account for up to 53% of all internal hernias, but they cause only 0.2-0.9% of all cases of intestinal obstruction. This is the first systematic review of all reported cases so far, investigating their clinical presentation, radiological imaging, and treatment outcomes.

METHODS

After a detailed search in PubMed and Medline, using the keywords "paraduodenal hernia", 115 studies matched our criteria. A review of these reports was conducted and the full texts were examined.

RESULTS

A total of 159 patients were included in our analysis, with 69.8% and 30.2% of them suffering from either a left or a right PDH, respectively. Mean age at diagnosis was 44.1 years, with a 2/1 male/female ratio. PDH were associated with non-specific symptoms and signs; abdominal pain being the most common. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen was the most frequently used diagnostic modality. Regardless of PDH localization, all patients were operated on, with approximately one-third of them undergoing a laparoscopic operation, which was associated with a significantly decreased morbidity rate as well as length of hospital stay, compared with the open repair.

CONCLUSIONS

PDH are not usually associated with specific symptoms and signs; thus, they constitute a diagnostic challenge, requiring a high level of knowledge and clinical suspicion. Undoubtedly, CT scan of the abdomen is the gold standard diagnostic tool. Their operative repair is mandatory, with the laparoscopic approach demonstrating significant advantages over the open repair, seeming to be the optimum treatment strategy.

Clinical importance of duodenal recesses with special reference to internal hernias

INTRODUCTION

The detailed knowledge of the peritoneal recesses has great significance with respect to internal hernias. The recesses are usually related to rotation and adhesion of abdominal viscera to the posterior abdominal wall and/or the presence of retroperitoneal vessels which raises the serosal fold. The duodenal recesses are usually related to the 3^rd and 4^th parts of the duodenum. Internal hernias with respect to these recesses are difficult to diagnose clinically and usually noticed at the time of laparotomy. So, the knowledge of these recesses can be valuable to abdominal surgeons.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present study was conducted in 100 cases including 10 cadavers, 45 post mortem cases and 45 cases undergoing laparotomy.

RESULTS

We found superior and inferior duodenal recesses in 28% and 52% respectively, paraduodenal in 12%, mesentericoparietal in 3%, retroduodenal in 2% and duodenojejunal in 18% of cases. Two abnormal duodenojejunal recesses were found, one on the right (instead of the left) of the abdominal aorta, and in the other the opening was directed upwards instead of downwards. The incidence of internal hernias was 3%.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus it was observed that there is low incidence of superior and inferior duodenal recesses, and high incidence of paraduodenal recess. The abnormal recesses might be due to malrotation of the gut. In laparotomy cases, the internal hernia was noticed when the abdomen was opened for intestinal obstruction. The incidence of internal hernia was found to be high.

Recycling of jejunal effluent to enable enteral nutrition in short bowel syndrome

A 41-year-old woman developed severe abdominal pain, distension and faeculent vomiting. CT of abdomen and pelvis revealed small bowel malrotation with a right paraduodenal hernia. At emergency laparotomy, a right paraduodenal hernia containing jejunum and ileum was identified. She had a viable duodenum with 50 cm of ischaemic proximal jejunum which was exteriorised as an end jejunostomy; 180 cm of infarcted jejunum and ileum was resected. The proximal end of 150 cm of healthy ileum was exteriorised as a closed mucous fistula and 50 cm distally a feeding ileostomy was constructed. On day 5 postoperatively, jejunal effluent began to be recycled via her feeding ileostomy and she never required parenteral nutrition. Despite having only 50 cm of jejunum proximal to her stoma, recycling of effluent enabled her electrolytes to remain normal. She put on weight postoperatively and proceeded to closure of her stomas at 6 months, not requiring laparotomy.

Left paraduodenal hernia combined with acute cholecystitis

Paraduodenal hernia is a rare congenital malformation. Management consists of reduction of the herniated intestine and repair of the defect. A 74-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department with persistent right upper quadrant pain that began 3 hours ago. Physical examination revealed tenderness at right upper quadrant of abdomen. Computed tomography revealed multiple gallstones with gallbladder wall thickening, marked dilatation of stomach and duodenum and a sac-like mass of small bowel loops to left of ligament of Treitz suggesting acute cholecystitis and left paraduodenal hernia. Laparoscopic exploration of abdomen was performed and cholecystectomy, bowel reduction, and closure of defect with intracorporeal interrupted suturing were performed. For left paraduodenal hernia without bowel necrosis, laparoscopic reduction of incarcerated bowel and closure of hernial orifice are technically feasible and may be the surgical method of choice because of its minimal invasiveness and aesthetic advantage.

Spontaneous transmesenteric hernia: a rare cause of small bowel obstruction in an adult

The authors report a case of spontaneous transmesenteric hernia with strangulation in an adult. Transmesenteric hernia (TMH) is a rare cause of small bowel obstruction and is seldom diagnosed preoperatively, and most TMHs in adults are related to predisposing factors, such as previous surgery, abdominal trauma, and peritonitis. TMH are more likely to develop volvulus and strangulation or ischemia. A brief review of etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment is discussed.

Acute intestinal obstruction secondary to left paraduodenal hernia: a case report and literature review

Introduction

An internal hernia is a protrusion of bowel through a normal or abnormal orifice in the peritoneum or mesentery. Although they are considered as a rare cause of intestinal obstruction, paraduodenal hernias are the most common type of congenital hernias.

Methods

A literature search using PubMed was performed to identify all published cases of left paraduodenal hernia (LPDH).

Results

In Literature search between 1980 and 2012 using PubMed revealed only 44 case reports before the present one. Median age was 47 years (range 18 – 82 years). Nearly 50% reported previous mild symptoms. Two-third of patients required emergency surgery in form of laparotomy or laparoscopic repair. Reduction of hernia contents with widening or suture repair of the hernia orifice were the most common standards in surgical management of LPDH.

Conclusion

Intestinal obstruction secondary to internal hernias is a rare presentation. High index of suspicion and preoperative imaging are essential to make an early diagnosis in order to improve outcome.

Laparoscopic repair of a left paraduodenal hernia presenting with acute bowel obstruction: report of a case

An internal hernia is any protrusion of a solid organ or a hollow viscus through a defect within the abdominal cavity. Paraduodenal hernias (PDHs) are rare; however, they are the most common form of internal hernias. We present a case of a left PDH in a 59-year-old healthy woman who presented with acute bowel obstruction. The PDH was diagnosed preoperatively using computed tomography scan. Laparoscopic exploration of the abdomen was then performed for reduction of the hernia. Using this approach, we managed to close the defect with intracorporeal continuous suturing with the aim of avoiding future incarceration. The patient was discharged 60 hours postoperation in a good condition, compared with 3 to 28 days postoperation reported in most of the literature. Our search of the english language literature revealed only 16 reported cases of laparoscopic repair of PDH. We believe that laparoscopic treatment of PDH in experienced hands is recommended in selected cases as it decreases the morbidity and significantly shortens the hospital stay.

Left paraduodenal hernia incidentally diagnosed during operation for transverse colon cancer

We report the case of a patient with paraduodenal hernia diagnosed incidentally during an operation for transverse colon cancer. The patient was a 77-year-old woman who complained of dizziness. Laboratory data revealed no abnormal findings except slight anemia. Barium enema and colonoscopic examination revealed an irregular surfaced mass, about 5.0 cm in size, located near the flexure of the spleen of the transverse colon. A biopsy of the mass was performed, and a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. In April 2009, following the diagnosis of transverse colon cancer, laparotomy was performed, which revealed that a few loops of the jejunum were herniated through the orifice into the space posterior to the transverse mesocolon. Moreover, the jejunal loops were located right between a shifted left branch of the middle colic artery and ascending left colic artery. There were no ischemic changes in the jejunum. These findings were consistent with a left paraduodenal hernia associated with transverse colon cancer. The scheduled left hemicolectomy was performed in addition to a radical operation of the left paraduodenal hernia. The abdominal computed tomography (CT) images were reviewed postoperatively. The scan projection radiogram obtained by CT revealed a packing of jejunal loops in the middle of the abdomen. Abdominal CT revealed ascending left colic artery at the left edge of a packing of jejunal loops. The patient was discharged from our hospital 14 days after the surgery without any complications. Left paraduodenal hernias are rare and constitute less than 0.4% of all intestinal obstructions. Retrospectively reviewed, the preoperative CT is suggestive. In addition to the packing of jejunal loops in the middle of the abdomen, ascending left colic artery was clearly observed at the left edge of the packing of jejunal loops, which indicates left paraduodenal hernia.

An unusual variant of a left paraduodenal hernia diagnosed and treated by laparoscopic surgery: report of a case

An 80-year-old woman who had undergone both a cholecystectomy and an appendectomy presented with intermittent abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) revealed an encapsulated circumscribed cluster of jejunal loops in the left upper quadrant. The hernia orifice was adjacent to the left side of the superior mesenteric artery and vein. An upper gastrointestinal series also revealed a cluster of jejunal loops, suggesting the possibility of an internal hernia. Laparoscopic surgery was performed. The hernia orifice was found to be caused by abnormal adhesion between the transverse mesocolon and the jejunum mesentery. An adhesiotomy reduced the jejunum entrapped in the hernia. The hernia space was a large mesocolic fossa composed of transverse mesocolon and mesentery, continuing to the splenic flexure. The hernia was classified as a variant of paraduodenal hernia.

Treitz's hernia

Treitz's hernia is the eponymous name for a paraduodenal hernia. These are rare hernias that arise in the potential spaces and folds of the posterior parietal peritoneum adjacent to the ligament of Treitz. Presentation may be acute with small bowel obstruction or bowel ischaemia, or with chronic intermittent abdominal pain. Treatment is by surgery, due to the high (50%) lifetime risk of obstruction. Here, we present two cases from our own institution and review the literature regarding the embryology, anatomy, cross-sectional imaging and surgery of these fascinating hernias.

The complex arrangement of an "aorto-jejunal paraduodenal" fossa, as revealed by dissection of human posterior parietal peritoneum

Peritoneal fossae derive from normal or anomalous coalescence of the peritoneum during fetal development, or from the course of retroperitoneal vessels. Clinically, internal abdominal hernias may be housed inside these fossae. In this report from an autopsy, a singular peritoneal fossa was delimited superiorly by an arcuate serous fold, raised up by the inferior mesenteric vein, and infero-posteriorly by two (right and left) avascular folds, extending from the abdominal aorta to the jejunum. The right fold reached the duodeno-jejunal flexure, which was located on the right side of the aorta. The left fold subdivided into two, anterior and posterior, secondary folds. The anterior fold reached the superior edge of the first jejunal loop, and the posterior fold turned medially to connect with the inferior edge of the proximal limb of the same loop. This fossa consisted of three recesses: superior, Located behind the subserous vascular arch, antero-inferior and postero-inferior, separated by interposition of the left posterior secondary fold, between the jejunum and aorta. The complex arrangement of this fossa suggests that it might have originated from a coalescence arising beyond the duodeno-jejunal flexure and including the first jejunal loop, and from the subserous course of the inferior mesenteric vein. Because of displacement to the right of the flexure, processes of coalescence in a location normally occupied by the ascending duodenum might have occurred in a similar pattern for the jejunum, involving the mesoduodenum and the proximal part of the mesentery. Labyrinthine fossae like this might cause strangulation of internal abdominal hernias and hinder intraoperative maneuvers.

Left paraduodenal hernia in an adult complicated by ascending colon cancer: A case report

Paraduodenal hernia is the most common internal hernia. The clinical symptoms of paraduodenal hernia may be intermittent and nonspecific. Therefore, it is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan currently plays an important role in the evaluation and management of paraduodenal hernia before surgical operation. We report one unique case of preoperatively diagnosed left paraduodenal hernia complicated by advanced ascending colon cancer and reviews of Japanese literature.

Volvulus of the small intestine caused by right paraduodenal hernia: a case report

This report describes a very rare case of right paraduodenal hernia presenting as volvulus of nonherniated small intestine. A 12-year-old boy presented with sudden onset of lower abdominal pain, and emergency laparotomy was performed on a diagnosis of small intestinal obstruction. Laparotomy confirmed right paraduodenal hernia and volvulus of the small intestine out of the hernia sac.

Paramesocolic hernias: consequences of delayed diagnosis. Report of three new cases

BACKGROUND

If internal hernias account for less than 1% of the causes of intestinal obstruction, the paraduodenal or paramesocolic hernias (PMH) represent 50% of the 500 published as of the year 2000. Despite their congenital character, they are diagnosed more frequently in adulthood, with a mean age of 38 years at diagnosis. In the last few years, diagnoses are being made earlier. With the goal of increased early diagnosis and decreased mortality associated with these internal hernias, the authors report on 3 young patients with PMH.

METHODS

Three cases of paramesocolic hernias are reported, 2 right (RPMH) and 1 left (LPMH). They all had a history of symptoms of recurrent abdominal pain of variable frequency and intensity but of sufficient importance to justify previous diagnostic studies. The 2 patients with RPMH, a 3-year-old boy and a 17-year-old woman, presented symptoms of intestinal obstruction and had necrosis of the small intestine leading to short-bowel syndrome. The LPMH patient, a 13-year-old boy, suffered recurrent abdominal pain from the age of 3. Gastroesophageal reflux was diagnosed, and surgery was performed at the age of 4 years. A laparoscopy at 13 years of age found no pathology. A new upper gastrointestinal tract series found retroperitoneal and paraduodenal jejunum incarceration, partially obstructing the duodenum. During surgery, the adhered jejunal section was restored intraperitoneally, and the open Treitz arch was closed. The authors have not found the anatomic characteristics of this case in the literature.

CONCLUSIONS

Delays and errors in PMH diagnosis may result in irreparable damage. Differential diagnosis workups of patients with recurrent abdominal pain syndrome should always include PMH.