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Gao J, Chen L, Wang J, Zhao W, Zhang J, Qin Z, Wang M, Chen X, Li M, Yang Q. Response of the Symbiotic Microbial Community of Dioscorea opposita Cultivar Tiegun to Root-Knot Nematode Infection. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2472-2483. [PMID: 38549276 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-24-0169-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Yam is an important medicinal and edible dual-purpose plant with high economic value. However, nematode damage severely affects its yield and quality. One of the major effects of nematode infestations is the secondary infection of pathogenic bacteria or fungi through entry wounds made by the nematodes. Understanding the response of the symbiotic microbial community of yam plants to nematodes is crucial for controlling such a disease. In this study, we investigated the rhizosphere and how endophytic microbiomes shift after nematode infection during the tuber expansion stage in the Dioscorea opposita Thunb. cultivar Tiegun. Our results revealed that soil depth affected the abundance of nematodes, and the relative number of Meloidogyne incognita was higher in the diseased soil at a depth of 16 to 40 cm than those at a depth of 0 to 15 and 41 to 70 cm. The abundance of and interactions among soil microbiota members were significantly correlated with root-knot nematode (RKN) parasitism at various soil depths. However, the comparison of the microbial α-diversity and composition between healthy and diseased rhizosphere soil showed no difference. Compared with healthy soils, the co-occurrence networks of M. incognita-infested soils included a higher ratio of positive correlations linked to plant health. In addition, we detected a higher abundance of certain taxonomic groups belonging to Chitinophagaceae and Xanthobacteraceae in the rhizosphere of RKN-infested plants. The nematodes, besides causing direct damage to plants, also possess the ability to act synergistically with other pathogens, especially Ramicandelaber and Fusarium, leading to the development of disease complexes. In contrast to soil samples, RKN parasitism specifically had a significant effect on the composition and assembly of the root endophytic microbiota. The RKN colonization impacted a wide variety of endophytic microbiomes, including Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Rhizobium, Neocosmospora, and Fusarium. This study revealed the relationship between RKN disease and changes in the rhizosphere and endophytic microbial community, which may provide novel insights that help improve biological management of yam RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Liting Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Weichao Zhao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jiangli Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhao Qin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Mingjun Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qingxiang Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Opitz MW, Díaz-Manzano FE, Ruiz-Ferrer V, Daneshkhah R, Ludwig R, Lorenz C, Escobar C, Steinkellner S, Wieczorek K. The other side of the coin: systemic effects of Serendipita indica root colonization on development of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2024; 259:121. [PMID: 38615288 PMCID: PMC11016515 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Upon systemic S. indica colonization in split-root system cyst and root-knot nematodes benefit from endophyte-triggered carbon allocation and altered defense responses what significantly facilitates their development in A. thaliana. Serendipita indica is an endophytic fungus that establishes mutualistic relationships with different plants including Arabidopsis thaliana. It enhances host's growth and resistance to different abiotic and biotic stresses such as infestation by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii (CN). In this work, we show that S. indica also triggers similar direct reduction in development of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (RKN) in A. thaliana. Further, to mimick the natural situation occurring frequently in soil where roots are unequally colonized by endophytes we used an in vitro split-root system with one half of A. thaliana root inoculated with S. indica and the other half infected with CN or RKN, respectively. Interestingly, in contrast to direct effects, systemic effects led to an increase in number of both nematodes. To elucidate this phenomenon, we focused on sugar metabolism and defense responses in systemic non-colonized roots of plants colonized by S. indica. We analyzed the expression of several SUSs and INVs as well as defense-related genes and measured sugar pools. The results show a significant downregulation of PDF1.2 as well as slightly increased sucrose levels in the non-colonized half of the root in three-chamber dish. Thus, we speculate that, in contrast to direct effects, both nematode species benefit from endophyte-triggered carbon allocation and altered defense responses in the systemic part of the root, which promotes their development. With this work, we highlight the complexity of this multilayered tripartite relationship and deliver new insights into sugar metabolism and plant defense responses during S. indica-nematode-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Opitz
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Fernando Evaristo Díaz-Manzano
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Ruiz-Ferrer
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Roshanak Daneshkhah
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cindy Lorenz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Siegrid Steinkellner
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Shafiei F, Shahidi-Noghabi S, Sedaghati E, Smagghe G. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inducing Tomato Plant Resistance and Its Role in Control of Bemisia tabaci Under Greenhouse Conditions. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:424-438. [PMID: 38356097 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are one of the environment-friendly organisms that enhance plant performance. AMF affect the herbivorous insect community by indirectly modifying host plant nutrient uptake, growth, and defense, also known as priming. In the current study, under greenhouse conditions, the effects of inoculating tomato seedlings with four species of AMF, i.e., Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Rhizophagus irregularis, and Glomus iranicus, were studied in relation to tomato plant growth parameters, plant defense enzymes, and total phenol content, and additionally, the life table of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) feeding on these plants was determined. The results demonstrated that the growth parameters of tomato plants, including plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root volume, leaf surface area, weight of the root, and aerial organs (containing the leaves and stem), were greater and larger in the AMF-inoculated plants compared to the non-inoculated plants. Furthermore, there were higher defense enzyme activities, including peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and polyphenol oxidase, and also higher total phenol contents in the AMF-inoculated plants. The whitefly life table characteristics were decreased in the group feeding on the AMF-inoculated plants. All together, the AMF colonization made the tomato plants more resistant against B. tabaci by improving plant growth and increasing defense enzymes. The degree of priming observed here suggests the potential of AMF to have expansive applications, including their implementation in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Shafiei
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Shahidi-Noghabi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Sedaghati
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Malviya D, Singh P, Singh UB, Paul S, Kumar Bisen P, Rai JP, Verma RL, Fiyaz RA, Kumar A, Kumari P, Dei S, Ahmed MR, Bagyaraj DJ, Singh HV. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated activation of plant defense responses in direct seeded rice ( Oryza sativa L.) against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1104490. [PMID: 37200920 PMCID: PMC10185796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere is the battlefield of beneficial and harmful (so called phytopathogens) microorganisms. Moreover, these microbial communities are struggling for their existence in the soil and playing key roles in plant growth, mineralization, nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. In the last few decades, some consistent pattern have been detected so far that link soil community composition and functions with plant growth and development; however, it has not been studied in detail. AM fungi are model organisms, besides potential role in nutrient cycling; they modulate biochemical pathways directly or indirectly which lead to better plant growth under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In the present investigations, we have elucidated the AM fungi-mediated activation of plant defense responses against Meloidogyne graminicola causing root-knot disease in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study describes the multifarious effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus fasciculatus, and Rhizophagus intraradices inoculated individually or in combination under glasshouse conditions in rice plants. It was found that F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices when applied individually or in combination modulated the biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the susceptible and resistant inbred lines of rice. AM inoculation significantly increased various plant growth attributes in plants with simultaneous decrease in the root-knot intensity. Among these, the combined application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus, and R. intraradices was found to enhance the accumulation and activities of biomolecules and enzymes related to defense priming as well as antioxidation in the susceptible and resistant inbred lines of rice pre-challenged with M. graminicola. The application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices, induced the key genes involved in plant defense and signaling and it has been demonstrated for the first time. Results of the present investigation advocated that the application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices, particularly a combination of all three, not only helped in the control of root-knot nematodes but also increased plant growth as well as enhances the gene expression in rice. Thus, it proved to be an excellent biocontrol as well as plant growth-promoting agent in rice even when the crop is under biotic stress of the root-knot nematode, M. graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Malviya
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Prakash Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Bihar Agricultural University, Dumraon, India
| | - Udai B Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Surinder Paul
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | | | - Jai P Rai
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ram Lakhan Verma
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - R Abdul Fiyaz
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Kumar
- Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | | | - Mohd Reyaz Ahmed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Bihar Agricultural University, Dumraon, India
| | - D J Bagyaraj
- Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harsh V Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
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Lax P, Passone MA, Becerra AG, Sosa AL, Ciancio A, Finetti-Sialer MM, Rosso LC. Sustainable strategies for management of the "false root-knot nematode" Nacobbus spp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046315. [PMID: 36570909 PMCID: PMC9774502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The genus Nacobbus, known as the false root-knot nematode, is native to the American continent and comprises polyphagous species adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions. Alone or in combination with other biotic and abiotic factors, Nacobbus spp. can cause significant economic yield losses on main food crops such as potato, sugar beet, tomato, pepper and bean, in South and North America. Although the genus distribution is restricted to the American continent, it has quarantine importance and is subject to international legislation to prevent its spread to other regions, such as the European Union. The management of Nacobbus spp. remains unsatisfactory due to the lack of information related to different aspects of its life cycle, survival stages in the soil and in plant material, a rapid and reliable diagnostic method for its detection and the insufficient source of resistant plant genotypes. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, the search for alternatives has been intensified. Therefore, this review reports findings on the application of environmentally benign treatments to manage Nacobbus spp. Biological control strategies, such as the use of different organisms (mainly bacteria, fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes) and other eco-compatible approaches (such as metabolites, essential oils, plant extracts, phytohormones and amendments), either alone or as part of a combined control strategy, are discussed. Knowledge of potential sources of resistance for genetic improvement for crops susceptible to Nacobbus spp. are also reported. The sustainable strategies outlined here offer immediate benefits, not only to counter the pathogen, but also as good alternatives to improve crop health and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lax
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María A. Passone
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Ambiental (ECOMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Alejandra G. Becerra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana L. Sosa
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Ambiental (ECOMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Laura C. Rosso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
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Kafle A, Frank HER, Rose BD, Garcia K. Split down the middle: studying arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses using split-root assays. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1288-1300. [PMID: 34791191 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants symbiotically interact with soil-borne fungi to ensure nutrient acquisition and tolerance to various environmental stressors. Among these symbioses, arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations can be found in a large proportion of plants, including many crops. Split-root assays are widely used in plant research to study local and systemic signaling responses triggered by local treatments, including nutrient availability, interaction with soil microbes, or abiotic stresses. However, split-root approaches have only been occasionally used to tackle these questions with regard to mycorrhizal symbioses. This review compiles and discusses split-root assays developed to study arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses, with a particular emphasis on colonization by multiple beneficial symbionts, systemic resistance induced by mycorrhizal fungi, water and nutrient transport from fungi to colonized plants, and host photosynthate allocation from the host to fungal symbionts. In addition, we highlight how the use of split-root assays could result in a better understanding of mycorrhizal symbioses, particularly for a broader range of essential nutrients, and for multipartite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hannah E R Frank
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Benjamin D Rose
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Zhang X, Fu G, Xing S, Fu W, Liu X, Wu H, Zhou X, Ma Y, Zhang X, Chen B. Structure and diversity of fungal communities in long-term copper-contaminated agricultural soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151302. [PMID: 34743886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) contamination threatens the stability of soil ecosystems. As important moderators of biochemical processes and soil remediation, the fungal community in contaminated soils has attracted much research interest. In this study, soil fungal diversity and community composition under long-term Cu contamination were investigated based on high-throughput sequencing. The co-occurrence networks were also constructed to display the co-occurrence patterns of the soil fungal community. The results showed that the richness and Chao1 index both significantly increased at 50 mg kg-1 Cu and then significantly decreased at 1600 and 3200 mg kg-1 Cu. Soil fungal diversity was significantly and positively correlated with plant dry weight. Specific tolerant taxa under different Cu contamination gradients were illustrated by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). Soil Cu concentration and shoot dry weight were the strongest driving factors influencing fungal composition. The relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased first and then declined along with elevating Cu concentrations via FUNGuild analysis. The interactions among fungi were enhanced under light and moderate Cu contamination but weakened under heavy Cu contamination by random matrix theory (RMT)-based molecular ecological network analysis. Penicillium, identified as a keystone taxon in Cu-contaminated soils, had the function of removing heavy metals and detoxification, which might be vital to trigger the resistance of the fungal community to Cu contamination. The results may facilitate the identification of Cu pollution indicators and the development of in situ bioremediation technology for contaminated cultivated fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gengxue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yibing Ma
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Rodrigues E Silva MT, Calandrelli A, Miamoto A, Rinaldi LK, Pereira Moreno B, da Silva C, Dias-Arieira CR. Pre-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affects essential oil quality and the reproduction of root lesion nematode in Cymbopogon citratus. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:613-623. [PMID: 34510260 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant containing citral-rich essential oil, of which the quality and quantity may be affected by nematode infection. Research has shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may act as nematode biocontrol agents and improve the chemical composition of plants. Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of AMF inoculation on vegetative growth, essential oil composition, induction of defense-related proteins, and control of Pratylenchus brachyurus in C. citratus. Seedlings were transplanted into pots inoculated with one of two AMF species (Rhizophagus clarus or Claroideoglomus etunicatum). At 30 days after AMF inoculation, plants were inoculated with P. brachyurus. Evaluations were performed at 75 days after nematode inoculation. Although both AMF treatments led to effective root colonization (> 84%), fungus inoculation was not effective in reducing P. brachyurus population density. Nevertheless, C. etunicatum promoted an increase in shoot weight, and AMF treatments contributed to preserving essential oil composition in nematode-infected plants. In addition, both AMF treatments enhanced polyphenol oxidase activity and R. clarus increased peroxidase activity after nematode inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angélica Miamoto
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila da Silva
- Department of Technology, State University of Maringá, Umuarama, Parana, Brazil
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Functional Diversity of Soil Nematodes in Relation to the Impact of Agriculture—A Review. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the functional diversity of soil nematodes requires detailed knowledge on theoretical aspects of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship in natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Basic approaches applied are reviewed, focusing on the impact and value of soil nematode diversity in crop production and on the most consistent external drivers affecting their stability. The role of nematode trophic guilds in two intensively cultivated crops are examined in more detail, as representative of agriculture from tropical/subtropical (banana) and temperate (apple) climates. The multiple facets of nematode network analysis, for management of multitrophic interactions and restoration purposes, represent complex tasks that require the integration of different interdisciplinary expertise. Understanding the evolutionary basis of nematode diversity at the field level, and its response to current changes, will help to explain the observed community shifts. Integrating approaches based on evolutionary biology, population genetics and ecology can quantify the contribution of nematode fauna to fundamental soil functions. These include carbon transformation, nutrient cycling, pest control and disease transmission. In conclusion, different facets of nematode diversity such as trophic groups, life history traits, variability in body size and/or taxa identities in combination with DNA-based techniques are needed in order to disclose nematode–soil–ecosystem functioning relationships. Further experimental studies are required to define locally adapted and sustainable management practices, through ecosystem-based approaches and nature-based solutions.
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Kadam SB, Pable AA, Barvkar VT. Mycorrhiza induced resistance (MIR): a defence developed through synergistic engagement of phytohormones, metabolites and rhizosphere. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:880-890. [PMID: 32586416 DOI: 10.1071/fp20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants get phosphorus, water and other soil nutrients at the cost of sugar through mycorrhizal symbiotic association. A common mycorrhizal network (CMN) - a dense network of mycorrhizal hyphae - provides a passage for exchange of chemicals and signals between the plants sharing CMN. Mycorrhisation impact plants at hormonal, physiological and metabolic level and successful symbiosis also regulates ecology of the plant rhizosphere. Apart from nutritional benefits, mycorrhisation provides an induced resistance to the plants known as mycorrhiza induced resistance (MIR). MIR is effective against soil as well as foliar pathogens and pest insects. In this review, molecular mechanisms underlying MIR such as role of phytohormones, their cross talk and priming effect are discussed. Evidence of MIR against economically important pathogens and pest insects in different plants is summarised. Mycorrhiza induces many plant secondary metabolites, many of which have a role in plant defence. Involvement of these secondary metabolites in mycorrhisation and their putative role in MIR are further reviewed. Controversies about MIR are also briefly discussed in order to provide insights on the scope for research about MIR. We have further extended our review with an open ended discussion about the possibilities for transgenerational MIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil B Kadam
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Anupama A Pable
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India; and Corresponding authors. ;
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Gough EC, Owen KJ, Zwart RS, Thompson JP. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Root-Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:923. [PMID: 32765542 PMCID: PMC7381225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) occupy the same ecological niche in the phytobiome of many agriculturally important crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can enhance the resistance or tolerance of a plant to Pratylenchus and previous studies have been undertaken to investigate the relationship between these organisms. A restructuring of the AMF phylum Glomeromycota has reallocated the species into genera according to molecular analysis. A systematic review of the literature was synthesized to assess the interaction between Pratylenchus spp. and AMF using the revised classification. Plants inoculated with AMF generally exhibited greater tolerance as demonstrated by increased biomass under Pratylenchus pressure. Species of AMF from the order Diversisporales tended to increase Pratylenchus population densities compared to those from the order Glomerales. Species from the genera Funneliformis and Glomus had a reductive effect on Pratylenchus population densities. The interaction between AMF and Pratylenchus spp. showed variation in responses as a result of cultivar, crop species, and AMF species. Putative mechanisms involved in these interactions are discussed.
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Poveda J, Abril-Urias P, Escobar C. Biological Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes by Filamentous Fungi Inducers of Resistance: Trichoderma, Mycorrhizal and Endophytic Fungi. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:992. [PMID: 32523567 PMCID: PMC7261880 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic-nematodes represent a major threat to the agricultural production of different crops worldwide. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, it is necessary to develop new control strategies against nematodes. In this respect, filamentous fungi can be an interesting biocontrol alternative. The genus Trichoderma, mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi are the main groups of filamentous fungi studied and used as biological control agents (BCAs) against nematodes as resistance inducers. They are able to reduce the damage caused by plant-parasitic nematodes directly by parasitism, antibiosis, paralysis and by the production of lytic enzymes. But they also minimize harm by space and resource-competition, by providing higher nutrient and water uptake to the plant, or by modifying the root morphology, and/or rhizosphere interactions, that constitutes an advantage for the plant-growth. Besides, filamentous fungi are able to induce resistance against nematodes by activating hormone-mediated (salicylic and jasmonic acid, strigolactones among others) plant-defense mechanisms. Additionally, the alteration of the transport of chemical defense components through the plant or the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites and different enzymes can also contribute to enhancing plant defenses. Therefore, the use of filamentous fungi of the mentioned groups as BCAs is a promising durable biocontrol strategy in agriculture against plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biological Mission of Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Patricia Abril-Urias
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Research Advances of Beneficial Microbiota Associated with Crop Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051792. [PMID: 32150945 PMCID: PMC7084388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are associated with hundreds of thousands of microbes that are present outside on the surfaces or colonizing inside plant organs, such as leaves and roots. Plant-associated microbiota plays a vital role in regulating various biological processes and affects a wide range of traits involved in plant growth and development, as well as plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. An increasing number of studies have illustrated the important role of microbiota in crop plant growth and environmental stress resistance, which overall assists agricultural sustainability. Beneficial bacteria and fungi have been isolated and applied, which show potential applications in the improvement of agricultural technologies, as well as plant growth promotion and stress resistance, which all lead to enhanced crop yields. The symbioses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia and Frankia species with their host plants have been intensively studied to provide mechanistic insights into the mutual beneficial relationship of plant–microbe interactions. With the advances in second generation sequencing and omic technologies, a number of important mechanisms underlying plant–microbe interactions have been unraveled. However, the associations of microbes with their host plants are more complicated than expected, and many questions remain without proper answers. These include the influence of microbiota on the allelochemical effect caused by one plant upon another via the production of chemical compounds, or how the monoculture of crops influences their rhizosphere microbial community and diversity, which in turn affects the crop growth and responses to environmental stresses. In this review, first, we systematically illustrate the impacts of beneficial microbiota, particularly beneficial bacteria and fungi on crop plant growth and development and, then, discuss the correlations between the beneficial microbiota and their host plants. Finally, we provide some perspectives for future studies on plant–microbe interactions.
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Liu X, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Zhou S. Foliar fungal diseases respond differently to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in Tibetan alpine meadows. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Lanzhou University Lanzhou PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Yawen Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining PR China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai PR China
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Song Y, Wang M, Zeng R, Groten K, Baldwin IT. Priming and filtering of antiherbivore defences among Nicotiana attenuata plants connected by mycorrhizal networks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2945-2961. [PMID: 31348534 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with a majority of terrestrial plants to form underground common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) that connect neighbouring plants. Because Nicotiana attenuata plants do not respond to herbivory-elicited volatiles from neighbours, we used this ecological model system to evaluate if CMNs function in interplant transmission of herbivory-elicited responses. A mesocosm system was designed to establish and remove CMNs linking N. attenuata plants to examine the herbivory-elicited metabolic and hormone responses in CMNs-connected "receiver" plants after the elicitation of "donor" plants by wounding (W) treated with Manduca sexta larval oral secretions (OS). AMF colonization increased constitutive jasmonate (JA and JA-Ile) levels in N. attenuata roots but did not affect well-characterized JAs-regulated defensive metabolites in systemic leaves. Interestingly, larger JAs bursts, and higher levels of several amino acids and particular sectors of hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside metabolism were elevated in the leaves of W + OS-elicited "receivers" with CMN connections with "donors" that had been W + OS-elicited 6 hr previously. Our results demonstrate that AMF colonization alone does not enhance systemic defence responses but that sectors of systemic responses in leaves can be primed by CMNs, suggesting that CMNs can transmit and even filter defence signalling among connected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Balestrini R, Rosso LC, Veronico P, Melillo MT, De Luca F, Fanelli E, Colagiero M, di Fossalunga AS, Ciancio A, Pentimone I. Transcriptomic Responses to Water Deficit and Nematode Infection in Mycorrhizal Tomato Roots. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1807. [PMID: 31456765 PMCID: PMC6700261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate changes include the intensification of drought in many parts of the world, increasing its frequency, severity and duration. However, under natural conditions, environmental stresses do not occur alone, and, in addition, more stressed plants may become more susceptible to attacks by pests and pathogens. Studies on the impact of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis on tomato response to water deficit showed that several drought-responsive genes are differentially regulated in AM-colonized tomato plants (roots and leaves) during water deficit. To date, global changes in mycorrhizal tomato root transcripts under water stress conditions have not been yet investigated. Here, changes in root transcriptome in the presence of an AM fungus, with or without water stress (WS) application, have been evaluated in a commercial tomato cultivar already investigated for the water stress response during AM symbiosis. Since root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne incognita) are obligate endoparasites and cause severe yield losses in tomato, the impact of the AM fungal colonization on RKN infection at 7 days post-inoculation was also evaluated. Results offer new information about the response to AM symbiosis, highlighting a functional redundancy for several tomato gene families, as well as on the tomato and fungal genes involved in WS response during symbiosis, underlying the role of the AM fungus. Changes in the expression of tomato genes related to nematode infection during AM symbiosis highlight a role of AM colonization in triggering defense responses against RKN in tomato. Overall, new datasets on the tomato response to an abiotic and biotic stress during AM symbiosis have been obtained, providing useful data for further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura C Rosso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Turin, Italy
| | - Pasqua Veronico
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Melillo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca De Luca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Fanelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Turin, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Colagiero
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Turin, Italy
| | - Isabella Pentimone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Turin, Italy
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Kokkoris V, Li Y, Hamel C, Hanson K, Hart M. Site specificity in establishment of a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:1135-1143. [PMID: 30743909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
While establishment and persistence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal inoculants in agricultural fields are critical to their success, little is known about how farming practices can affect their establishment in field. We developed a probe assay specific to a commercial AM fungal inoculant (Rhizoglomus irregulare DAOM197198) and tested its establishment among different grain cropping practices in the field. Establishment of the fungus was not related to cropping, or inoculation practices. Instead, establishment was site specific over the two growing seasons. Our results show that it is not yet possible to predict inoculation success in the field and use of biofertilizers requires further research under field conditions to identify key factors involved in establishment and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Kokkoris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Yunliang Li
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Chantal Hamel
- Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560 Hochelaga, Boulevard, Quebec, QC G1 V 2J3, Canada
| | - Keith Hanson
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Miranda Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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Jin N, Liu SM, Peng H, Huang WK, Kong LA, Wu YH, Chen YP, Ge FY, Jian H, Peng DL. Isolation and characterization of Aspergillus niger NBC001 underlying suppression against Heterodera glycines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:591. [PMID: 30679719 PMCID: PMC6345943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodera glycines is the most pervasive soybean pests worldwide. Biocontrol provides a strategy to sustainably control nematodes. In this study, 22 fungal isolates were obtained and identified from cysts of Heterodera spp. Among them, Aspergillus niger NBC001 showed high nematicidal activity against H. glycines. The 2-fold dilution of NBC001 culture filtrate caused 89% mortality of second-stage juveniles and inhibited more than 98% of egg hatching in vitro. In both pot and field experiments, the numbers of H. glycines cysts in soybean seedlings dressed with the the 5-fold concentrated culture filtrate of NBC001 were significantly reduced by 43% and 28%, respectively. In addition, application of NBC001 remarkably reduced the penetration of nematodes into the roots. Histochemical and fluorometric staining analyses indicate that application of NBC001 stimulated hydrogen peroxide activity in the roots and triggered callose deposition in the leaves and roots. Transcription of the PR1a and EREBP genes in the salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways was upregulated in soybean plants treated with NBC001. However, the application of concentrated culture filtrate of NBC001 had no significant impacts on the soil microbial community based on next generation DNA sequencing technology. In summary, NBC001 may be a good biocontrol agent against H. glycines via stimulation of the immunity/defense of the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-An Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Huan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Pan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Yong Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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19
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Mycorrhizal colonization and phosphorus uptake in presence of PGPRs along with nematode infection. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-018-0576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Selvakumar G, Shagol CC, Kang Y, Chung BN, Han SG, Sa TM. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore propagation using single spore as starter inoculum and a plant host. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1556-1565. [PMID: 29392800 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The propagation of pure cultures of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) is an essential requirement for their large-scale agricultural application and commercialization as biofertilizers. The present study aimed to propagate AMF using the single-spore inoculation technique and compare their propagation ability with the known reference spores. METHODS AND RESULTS Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores were collected from salt-affected Saemangeum reclaimed soil in South Korea. The technique involved inoculation of sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L.) seedlings with single, healthy spores on filter paper followed by the transfer of successfully colonized seedlings to 1-kg capacity pots containing sterilized soil. After the first plant cycle, the contents were transferred to 2·5-kg capacity pots containing sterilized soil. Among the 150 inoculated seedlings, only 27 seedlings were colonized by AMF spores. After 240 days, among the 27 seedlings, five inoculants resulted in the production of over 500 spores. The 18S rDNA sequencing of spores revealed that the spores produced through single-spore inoculation method belonged to Gigaspora margarita, Claroideoglomus lamellosum and Funneliformis mosseae. Furthermore, indigenous spore F. mosseae M-1 reported a higher spore count than the reference spores. CONCLUSIONS The AMF spores produced using the single-spore inoculation technique may serve as potential bio-inoculants with an advantage of being more readily adopted by farmers due to the lack of requirement of a skilled technique in spore propagation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of the current study describe the feasible and cost-effective method to mass produce AMF spores for large-scale application. The AMF spores obtained from this method can effectively colonize plant roots and may be easily introduced to the new environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Selvakumar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.,Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - C C Shagol
- Department of Agronomy, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines
| | - Y Kang
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - B N Chung
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - S G Han
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - T M Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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Chen D, Wang D, Xu C, Chen C, Li J, Wu W, Huang X, Xie H. Nematicidal protease genes screened from a soil metagenomic library to control Radopholus similis mediated by Pseudomonas fluorescens pf36. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3301-3314. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Zhao A, Liu L, Xu T, Shi L, Xie W, Zhang W, Fu S, Feng H, Chen B. Influences of Canopy Nitrogen and Water Addition on AM Fungal Biodiversity and Community Composition in a Mixed Deciduous Forest of China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1842. [PMID: 30619411 PMCID: PMC6297361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition and precipitation could profoundly influence the structure and function of forest ecosystems. However, conventional studies with understory additions of nitrogen and water largely ignored canopy-associated ecological processes and may have not accurately reflected the natural situations. Additionally, most studies only made sampling at one time point, overlooked temporal dynamics of ecosystem response to environmental changes. Here we carried out a field trial in a mixed deciduous forest of China with canopy addition of N and water for 4 years to investigate the effects of increased N deposition and precipitation on the diversity and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, the ubiquitous symbiotic fungi for the majority of terrestrial plants. We found that (1) in the 1st year, N addition, water addition and their interactions all exhibited significant influences on AM fungal community composition; (2) in the 2nd year, only water addition significantly reduced AM fungal alpha-diversity (richness and Shannon index); (3) in the next 2 years, both N addition and water addition showed no significant effect on AM fungal community composition or alpha-diversity, with an exception that water addition significantly changed AM fungal community composition in the 4th year; (4) the increment of N or water tended to decrease the abundance and richness of the dominant genus Glomus and favored other AM fungi. (5) soil pH was marginally positively related with AM fungal community composition dissimilarity, soil NH4 +-N and N/P showed significant/marginal positive correlation with AM fungal alpha-diversity. We concluded that the effect of increased N deposition and precipitation on AM fungal community composition was time-dependent, mediated by soil factors, and possibly related to the sensitivity and resilience of forest ecosystem to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Global Ecology Unit, Facultat de Biociencies, CREAF-CSIS-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tianle Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Shi
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenglei Fu
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haiyan Feng
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Baodong Chen,
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Martínez-Medina A, Fernandez I, Lok GB, Pozo MJ, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Shifting from priming of salicylic acid- to jasmonic acid-regulated defences by Trichoderma protects tomato against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1363-1377. [PMID: 27801946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial root endophytes such as Trichoderma spp. can reduce infections by parasitic nematodes through triggering host defences. Little is currently known about the complex hormone signalling underlying the induction of resistance. In this study, we investigated whether Trichoderma modulates the hormone signalling network in the host to induce resistance to nematodes. We investigated the role and the timing of the jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defensive pathways in Trichoderma-induced resistance to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. A split-root system of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used to study local and systemic induced defences by analysing nematode performance, defence gene expression, responsiveness to exogenous hormone application, and dependence on SA and JA signalling of Trichoderma-induced resistance. Root colonization by Trichoderma impeded nematode performance both locally and systemically at multiple stages of the parasitism, that is, invasion, galling and reproduction. First, Trichoderma primed SA-regulated defences, which limited nematode root invasion. Then, Trichoderma enhanced JA-regulated defences, thereby antagonizing the deregulation of JA-dependent immunity by the nematodes, which compromised galling and fecundity. Our results show that Trichoderma primes SA- and JA-dependent defences in roots, and that the priming of responsiveness to these hormones upon nematode attack is plastic and adaptive to the parasitism stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Fernandez
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit B Lok
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
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Gebremikael MT, Steel H, Buchan D, Bert W, De Neve S. Nematodes enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake under C and N-rich conditions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32862. [PMID: 27605154 PMCID: PMC5015107 DOI: 10.1038/srep32862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of soil fauna in crucial ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling remains poorly quantified, mainly because of the overly reductionistic approach adopted in most experimental studies. Given that increasing nitrogen inputs in various ecosystems influence the structure and functioning of soil microbes and the activity of fauna, we aimed to quantify the role of the entire soil nematode community in nutrient mineralization in an experimental set-up emulating nutrient-rich field conditions and accounting for crucial interactions amongst the soil microbial communities and plants. To this end, we reconstructed a complex soil foodweb in mesocosms that comprised largely undisturbed native microflora and the entire nematode community added into defaunated soil, planted with Lolium perenne as a model plant, and amended with fresh grass-clover residues. We determined N and P availability and plant uptake, plant biomass and abundance and structure of the microbial and nematode communities during a three-month incubation. The presence of nematodes significantly increased plant biomass production (+9%), net N (+25%) and net P (+23%) availability compared to their absence, demonstrating that nematodes link below- and above-ground processes, primarily through increasing nutrient availability. The experimental set-up presented allows to realistically quantify the crucial ecosystem services provided by the soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanne Steel
- Department of Biology, Nematology Research Unit, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Buchan
- Department of Soil Management, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Bert
- Department of Biology, Nematology Research Unit, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Neve
- Department of Soil Management, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Sharma IP, Sharma AK. Physiological and biochemical changes in tomato cultivar PT-3 with dual inoculation of mycorrhiza and PGPR against root-knot nematode. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Schouteden N, De Waele D, Panis B, Vos CM. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for the Biocontrol of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: A Review of the Mechanisms Involved. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1280. [PMID: 26635750 PMCID: PMC4646980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate root symbionts that can protect their host plant against biotic stress factors such as plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) infection. PPN consist of a wide range of species with different life styles that can cause major damage in many important crops worldwide. Various mechanisms have been proposed to play a role in the biocontrol effect of AMF against PPN. This review presents an overview of the different mechanisms that have been proposed, and discusses into more detail the plausibility of their involvement in the biocontrol against PPN specifically. The proposed mechanisms include enhanced plant tolerance, direct competition for nutrients and space, induced systemic resistance (ISR) and altered rhizosphere interactions. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of ISR in biocontrol and are increasingly placing rhizosphere effects on the foreground as well, both of which will be the focal point of this review. Though AMF are not yet widely used in conventional agriculture, recent data help to develop a better insight into the modes of action, which will eventually lead toward future field applications of AMF against PPN. The scientific community has entered an exciting era that provides the tools to actually unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms, making this a timely opportunity for a review of our current knowledge and the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Schouteden
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Waele
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Bart Panis
- Bioversity International, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christine M. Vos
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Gent, Belgium
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Song Y, Chen D, Lu K, Sun Z, Zeng R. Enhanced tomato disease resistance primed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:786. [PMID: 26442091 PMCID: PMC4585261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Roots of most terrestrial plants form symbiotic associations (mycorrhiza) with soil- borne arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Many studies show that mycorrhizal colonization enhances plant resistance against pathogenic fungi. However, the mechanism of mycorrhiza-induced disease resistance remains equivocal. In this study, we found that mycorrhizal inoculation with AMF Funneliformis mosseae significantly alleviated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani Sorauer. AMF pre-inoculation led to significant increases in activities of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and lipoxygenase (LOX) in tomato leaves upon pathogen inoculation. Mycorrhizal inoculation alone did not influence the transcripts of most genes tested. However, pathogen attack on AMF-inoculated plants provoked strong defense responses of three genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins, PR1, PR2, and PR3, as well as defense-related genes LOX, AOC, and PAL, in tomato leaves. The induction of defense responses in AMF pre-inoculated plants was much higher and more rapid than that in un-inoculated plants in present of pathogen infection. Three tomato genotypes: a Castlemart wild-type (WT) plant, a jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis mutant (spr2), and a prosystemin-overexpressing 35S::PS plant were used to examine the role of the JA signaling pathway in AMF-primed disease defense. Pathogen infection on mycorrhizal 35S::PS plants led to higher induction of defense-related genes and enzymes relative to WT plants. However, pathogen infection did not induce these genes and enzymes in mycorrhizal spr2 mutant plants. Bioassays showed that 35S::PS plants were more resistant and spr2 plants were more susceptible to early blight compared with WT plants. Our finding indicates that mycorrhizal colonization enhances tomato resistance to early blight by priming systemic defense response, and the JA signaling pathway is essential for mycorrhiza-primed disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
| | - Dongmei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Kai Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Zhongxiang Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Rensen Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
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Mycorrhiza-induced protection against pathogens is both genotype-specific and graft-transmissible. Symbiosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-015-0334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ishwar PS, A KS. Application of arbuscular mycorrhiza for managing root-knot disease in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) under glass-house conditions in Pantnagar, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2014.7356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zhang H, Franken P. Comparison of systemic and local interactions between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae and the root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches in Medicago truncatula. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:419-430. [PMID: 24419810 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown in a number of pathosystems that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi confer resistance against root pathogens, including in interactions between Medicago truncatula and the root rot-causing oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches. For the current study of these interactions, a split root system was established for plant marker gene analysis in order to study systemic defense responses and to compare them with local interactions in conventional pot cultures. It turned out, however, that split root systems and pot cultures were in different physiological stages. Genes for pathogenesis-related proteins and for enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were generally more highly expressed in split root systems, accompanied by changes in RNA accumulation for genes encoding enzymes involved in phytohormone biosynthesis. Against expectations, the pathogen showed increased activity in these split root systems when the AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae was present separately in the distal part of the roots. Gene expression analysis revealed that this is associated in the pathogen-infected compartment with a systemic down-regulation of a gene coding for isochorismate synthase (ICS), a key enzyme of salicylic acid biosynthesis. At the same time, transcripts of genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids accumulated to lower levels. In conventional pot cultures showing decreased A. euteiches activity in the presence of the AM fungus, the ICS gene was down regulated only if both the AM fungus and the pathogen were present in the root system. Such negative priming of salicylic acid biosynthesis could result in increased activities of jasmonate-regulated defense responses and could explain mycorrhiza-induced resistance. Altogether, this study shows that the split root system does not reflect a systemic interaction between F. mosseae and A. euteiches in M. truncatula and indicates the importance of testing such systems prior to the analysis of mycorrhiza-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Zhang
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany
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Song YY, Ye M, Li CY, Wang RL, Wei XC, Luo SM, Zeng RS. Priming of anti-herbivore defense in tomato by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and involvement of the jasmonate pathway. J Chem Ecol 2014; 39:1036-44. [PMID: 23797931 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizas play a vital role in soil fertility, plant nutrition, and resistance to environmental stresses. However, mycorrhizal effects on plant resistance to herbivorous insects and the related mechanisms are poorly understood. This study evaluated effects of root colonization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae on plant defense responses against a chewing caterpillar Helicoverpa arimigera. Mycorrhizal inoculation negatively affected larval performance. Real time RT-PCR analyses showed that mycorrhizal inoculation itself did not induce transcripts of most genes tested. However, insect feeding on AMF pre-inoculated plants resulted in much stronger defense response induction of four defense-related genes LOXD, AOC, PI-I, and PI-II in the leaves of tomato plants relative to non-inoculated plants. Four tomato genotypes: a wild-type (WT) plant, a jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis mutant (spr2), a JA-signaling perception mutant (jai1), and a JA-overexpressing 35S::PS plant were used to determine the role of the JA pathway in AMF-primed defense. Insect feeding on mycorrhizal 35S::PS plants led to higher induction of defense-related genes relative to WT plants. However, insect feeding on mycorrhizal spr2 and jai1 mutant plants did not induce transcripts of these genes. Bioassays showed that mycorrhizal inoculation on spr2 and jai1 mutants did not change plant resistance against H. arimigera. These results indicates that mycorrhizal colonization could prime systemic defense responses in tomato upon herbivore attack, and that the JA pathway is involved in defense priming by AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Daneshkhah R, Cabello S, Rozanska E, Sobczak M, Grundler FMW, Wieczorek K, Hofmann J. Piriformospora indica antagonizes cyst nematode infection and development in Arabidopsis roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3763-74. [PMID: 23956413 PMCID: PMC3745735 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica colonizes the roots of many plant species, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Its colonization promotes plant growth, development, and seed production as well as resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present work, P. indica was tested as potential antagonist of the sedentary plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii. This biotrophic cyst-forming nematode induces severe host plant damage by changing the morphogenesis and physiology of infected roots. Here it is shown that P. indica colonization, as well as the application of fungal exudates and cell-wall extracts, significantly affects the vitality, infectivity, development, and reproduction of H. schachtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Daneshkhah
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. Cabello
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - E. Rozanska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, Building 37, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, Building 37, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - F. M. W. Grundler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Molecular Phytomedicine, University Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Wieczorek
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J. Hofmann
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Microbial inoculants and their impact on soil microbial communities: a review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:863240. [PMID: 23957006 PMCID: PMC3728534 DOI: 10.1155/2013/863240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of the survival of inoculated fungal and bacterial strains in field and the effects of their release on the indigenous microbial communities has been of great interest since the practical use of selected natural or genetically modified microorganisms has been developed. Soil inoculation or seed bacterization may lead to changes in the structure of the indigenous microbial communities, which is important with regard to the safety of introduction of microbes into the environment. Many reports indicate that application of microbial inoculants can influence, at least temporarily, the resident microbial communities. However, the major concern remains regarding how the impact on taxonomic groups can be related to effects on functional capabilities of the soil microbial communities. These changes could be the result of direct effects resulting from trophic competitions and antagonistic/synergic interactions with the resident microbial populations, or indirect effects mediated by enhanced root growth and exudation. Combination of inoculants will not necessarily produce an additive or synergic effect, but rather a competitive process. The extent of the inoculation impact on the subsequent crops in relation to the buffering capacity of the plant-soil-biota is still not well documented and should be the focus of future research.
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Koffi MC, Vos C, Draye X, Declerck S. Effects of Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 on the reproduction of Radopholus similis in banana plantlets grown under in vitro culture conditions. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:279-88. [PMID: 23111398 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the control of migratory endoparasitic nematodes is nowadays largely admitted. Most studies were conducted under greenhouse conditions and a few used in vitro cultures with transgenic root organs. Here, we reported, for the first time, on the interaction between an AMF, Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 and Radopholus similis in roots of banana plantlets grown under in vitro culture conditions. The banana plantlets were pre-mycorrhized in an extraradical mycelium network arising from a Medicago truncatula donor seedling, before transfer to an autotrophic in vitro cultivation system and subsequent nematode inoculation. Both microorganisms were able to complete their life cycle in the absence as well as in presence of each other. The total R. similis population (i.e., summed over the roots and growth medium) as well as the surface of root necrosis was significantly reduced by 60 and 56 %, respectively, in the AMF-colonized banana plantlets. By contrast, nematodes had no visible impact on root colonization (i.e., percentage of arbuscules, intraradical spores/vesicles, and hyphae) by AMF and on the number of spores and hyphal length produced in the medium. These results clearly demonstrated that pre-mycorrhized banana plants could outcompete R. similis, while root colonization was not affected by the nematodes. They underline the interest of the novel in vitro cultivation system as a promising tool to investigate the biochemical factors and molecular mechanisms involved in the bio-protection conferred by AMF to a major root pathogen of banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chantal Koffi
- Earth and Life Institute-Mycology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Akhtar MS, Panwar J. Efficacy of root-associated fungi and PGPR on the growth of Pisum sativum (cv. Arkil) and reproduction of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 53:318-26. [PMID: 22915081 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of root-associated fungi (Aspergillus awamori and Glomus mosseae) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Paenibacillus polymyxa) were studied alone and in combination in glasshouse experiments on the growth of pea, enzyme activity (peroxidase and catalase) and reproduction of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Application of A. awamori, G. mosseae and PGPR caused a significant increase in pea growth and enzyme activities of both nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants. A. awamori was more effective in reducing galling and improving the growth of nematode inoculated plants than P. alcaligenes or P. polymyxa. The greatest increase in growth, enzyme activities of nematode-inoculated plants and reduction in galling and nematode multiplication was observed when A. awamori was used with P. putida or G. mosseae as compared to the other combinations tested. Percentage root colonization was higher when AM fungus inoculated plants were treated with P. putida both in presence and absence of nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sayeed Akhtar
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Root Allies: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Help Plants to Cope with Biotic Stresses. SOIL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-39317-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Hao Z, Fayolle L, van Tuinen D, Chatagnier O, Li X, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Local and systemic mycorrhiza-induced protection against the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index involves priming of defence gene responses in grapevine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3657-72. [PMID: 22407649 PMCID: PMC3388824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic dagger nematode (Xiphinema index), vector of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), provokes gall formation and can cause severe damage to the root system of grapevines. Mycorrhiza formation by Glomus (syn. Rhizophagus) intraradices BEG141 reduced both gall formation on roots of the grapevine rootstock SO4 (Vitis berlandieri×V. riparia) and nematode number in the surrounding soil. Suppressive effects increased with time and were greater when the nematode was post-inoculated rather than co-inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. Using a split-root system, decreased X. index development was shown in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal parts of mycorrhizal root systems, indicating that both local and systemic induced bioprotection mechanisms were active against the ectoparasitic nematode. Expression analyses of ESTs (expressed sequence tags) generated in an SSH (subtractive suppressive hybridization) library, representing plant genes up-regulated during mycorrhiza-induced control of X. index, and of described grapevine defence genes showed activation of chitinase 1b, pathogenesis-related 10, glutathione S-transferase, stilbene synthase 1, 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and a heat shock proein 70-interacting protein in association with the observed local and/or systemic induced bioprotection against the nematode. Overall, the data suggest priming of grapevine defence responses by the AM fungus and transmission of a plant-mediated signal to non-mycorrhizal tissues. Grapevine gene responses during AM-induced local and systemic bioprotection against X. index point to biological processes that are related either to direct effects on the nematode or to protection against nematode-imposed stress to maintain root tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Hao
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, PR China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Léon Fayolle
- UMR INRA 1229/Université de Bourgogne Microbiologie du Sol et de l’Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Odile Chatagnier
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, PR China
| | - Silvio Gianinazzi
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Jung SC, Martinez-Medina A, Lopez-Raez JA, Pozo MJ. Mycorrhiza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses. J Chem Ecol 2012. [PMID: 22623151 DOI: 10.1007/s10886‐012‐0134‐6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Symbioses between plants and beneficial soil microorganisms like arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to promote plant growth and help plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Profound physiological changes take place in the host plant upon root colonization by AMF affecting the interactions with a wide range of organisms below- and above-ground. Protective effects of the symbiosis against pathogens, pests, and parasitic plants have been described for many plant species, including agriculturally important crop varieties. Besides mechanisms such as improved plant nutrition and competition, experimental evidence supports a major role of plant defenses in the observed protection. During mycorrhiza establishment, modulation of plant defense responses occurs thus achieving a functional symbiosis. As a consequence of this modulation, a mild, but effective activation of the plant immune responses seems to occur, not only locally but also systemically. This activation leads to a primed state of the plant that allows a more efficient activation of defense mechanisms in response to attack by potential enemies. Here, we give an overview of the impact on interactions between mycorrhizal plants and pathogens, herbivores, and parasitic plants, and we summarize the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. We focus on the priming of jasmonate-regulated plant defense mechanisms that play a central role in the induction of resistance by arbuscular mycorrhizas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C Jung
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Jung SC, Martinez-Medina A, Lopez-Raez JA, Pozo MJ. Mycorrhiza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:651-64. [PMID: 22623151 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Symbioses between plants and beneficial soil microorganisms like arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to promote plant growth and help plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Profound physiological changes take place in the host plant upon root colonization by AMF affecting the interactions with a wide range of organisms below- and above-ground. Protective effects of the symbiosis against pathogens, pests, and parasitic plants have been described for many plant species, including agriculturally important crop varieties. Besides mechanisms such as improved plant nutrition and competition, experimental evidence supports a major role of plant defenses in the observed protection. During mycorrhiza establishment, modulation of plant defense responses occurs thus achieving a functional symbiosis. As a consequence of this modulation, a mild, but effective activation of the plant immune responses seems to occur, not only locally but also systemically. This activation leads to a primed state of the plant that allows a more efficient activation of defense mechanisms in response to attack by potential enemies. Here, we give an overview of the impact on interactions between mycorrhizal plants and pathogens, herbivores, and parasitic plants, and we summarize the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. We focus on the priming of jasmonate-regulated plant defense mechanisms that play a central role in the induction of resistance by arbuscular mycorrhizas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C Jung
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Liu R, Dai M, Wu X, Li M, Liu X. Suppression of the root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] on tomato by dual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:289-96. [PMID: 21755407 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have potential for the biocontrol of soil-borne diseases. The objectives of this study were to quantify the interactions between AM fungi [Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe] and PGPR [Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski) Mace and Bacillus sp.] during colonization of roots and rhizosphere of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants (cultivar Jinguan), and to determine their combined effects on the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, and on tomato growth. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted. PGPR increased colonization of roots by AM fungi, and AM fungi increased numbers of PGPR in the rhizosphere. Dual inoculations of AM fungi plus PGPR provided greater control of M. incognita and greater promotion of plant growth than single inoculations, and the best combination was G. mosseae plus Bacillus sp. The results indicate that specific AM fungi and PGPR can stimulate each other and that specific combinations of AM fungi and PGPR can interact to suppress M. incognita and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjin Liu
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Vos C, Geerinckx K, Mkandawire R, Panis B, De Waele D, Elsen A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect both penetration and further life stage development of root-knot nematodes in tomato. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:157-163. [PMID: 22147206 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita poses a worldwide threat to agriculture, with an increasing demand for alternative control options since most common nematicides are being withdrawn due to environmental concerns. The biocontrol potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against plant-parasitic nematodes has been demonstrated, but the modes of action remain to be unraveled. In this study, M. incognita penetration of second-stage juveniles at 4, 8 and 12 days after inoculation was compared in tomato roots (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Marmande) pre-colonized or not by the AMF Glomus mosseae. Further life stage development of the juveniles was also observed in both control and mycorrhizal roots at 12 days, 3 weeks and 4 weeks after inoculation by means of acid fuchsin staining. Penetration was significantly lower in mycorrhizal roots, with a reduction up to 32%. Significantly lower numbers of third- and fourth-stage juveniles and females accumulated in mycorrhizal roots, at a slower rate than in control roots. The results show for the first time that G. mosseae continuously suppresses root-knot nematodes throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration and subsequent life stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Vos
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven), Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, Leuven, Belgium.
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Partida-Martínez LP, Heil M. The microbe-free plant: fact or artifact? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:100. [PMID: 22639622 PMCID: PMC3355587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions are ubiquitous. Plants are threatened by pathogens, but they are even more commonly engaged in neutral or mutualistic interactions with microbes: belowground microbial plant associates are mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizobia, and plant-growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria, aboveground plant parts are colonized by internally living bacteria and fungi (endophytes) and by microbes in the phyllosphere (epiphytes). We emphasize here that a completely microbe-free plant is an exotic exception rather than the biologically relevant rule. The complex interplay of such microbial communities with the host-plant affects multiple vital parameters such as plant nutrition, growth rate, resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, and plant survival and distribution. The mechanisms involved reach from direct ones such as nutrient acquisition, the production of plant hormones, or direct antibiosis, to indirect ones that are mediated by effects on host resistance genes or via interactions at higher trophic levels. Plant-associated microbes are heterotrophic and cause costs to their host plant, whereas the benefits depend on the current environment. Thus, the outcome of the interaction for the plant host is highly context dependent. We argue that considering the microbe-free plant as the "normal" or control stage significantly impairs research into important phenomena such as (1) phenotypic and epigenetic plasticity, (2) the "normal" ecological outcome of a given interaction, and (3) the evolution of plants. For the future, we suggest cultivation-independent screening methods using direct PCR from plant tissue of more than one fungal and bacterial gene to collect data on the true microbial diversity in wild plants. The patterns found could be correlated to host species and environmental conditions, in order to formulate testable hypotheses on the biological roles of plant endophytes in nature. Experimental approaches should compare different host-endophyte combinations under various relevant environmental conditions and study at the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, and physiological level the parameters that cause the interaction to shift along the mutualism-parasitism continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila P. Partida-Martínez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados – IrapuatoIrapuato, México
| | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados – IrapuatoIrapuato, México
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Alguacil MDM, Torrecillas E, Lozano Z, Roldán A. Evidence of differences between the communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing galls and roots of Prunus persica infected by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8656-61. [PMID: 21984233 PMCID: PMC3233079 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05577-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles as plant protection agents, reducing or suppressing nematode colonization. However, it has never been investigated whether the galls produced in roots by nematode infection are colonized by AMF. This study tested whether galls produced by Meloidogyne incognita infection in Prunus persica roots are colonized by AMF. We also determined the changes in AMF composition and biodiversity mediated by infection with this root-knot nematode. DNA from galls and roots of plants infected by M. incognita and from roots of noninfected plants was extracted, amplified, cloned, and sequenced using AMF-specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis using the small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) data set revealed 22 different AMF sequence types (17 Glomus sequence types, 3 Paraglomus sequence types, 1 Scutellospora sequence type, and 1 Acaulospora sequence type). The highest AMF diversity was found in uninfected roots, followed by infected roots and galls. This study indicates that the galls produced in P. persica roots due to infection with M. incognita were colonized extensively by a community of AMF, belonging to the families Paraglomeraceae and Glomeraceae, that was different from the community detected in roots. Although the function of the AMF in the galls is still unknown, we hypothesize that they act as protection agents against opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Alguacil
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Song YY, Cao M, Xie LJ, Liang XT, Zeng RS, Su YJ, Huang JH, Wang RL, Luo SM. Induction of DIMBOA accumulation and systemic defense responses as a mechanism of enhanced resistance of mycorrhizal corn (Zea mays L.) to sheath blight. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:721-731. [PMID: 21484338 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas are the most important symbioses in terrestrial ecosystems and they enhance the plant defense against numerous soil-borne pathogenic fungi and nematodes. Two corn (Zea mays) varieties, Gaoyou-115 that is susceptible to sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Yuenong-9 that is resistant, were used for mycorrhizal inoculation in this study. Pre-inoculation of susceptible Gaoyou-115 with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae significantly reduced the disease incidence and disease severity of sheath blight of corn. HPLC analysis showed that AMF inoculation led to significant increase in 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2 H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4 H)-one (DIMBOA) accumulation in the roots of both corn varieties and in leaves of resistant Yuenong-9. R. solani inoculation alone did not result in accumulation of DIMBOA in both roots and leaves of the two corn varieties. Our previous study showed that DIMBOA strongly inhibited mycelial growth of R. solani in vitro. Real-time PCR analysis showed that mycorrhizal inoculation itself did not affect the transcripts of most genes tested. However, pre-inoculation with G. mosseae induced strong responses of three defense-related genes PR2a, PAL, and AOS, as well as BX9, one of the key genes in DIMBOA biosynthesis pathway, in the leaves of corn plants of both Yuenong-9 and Gaoyou-115 after the pathogen attack. Induction of defense responses in pre-inoculated plants was much higher and quicker than that in non-inoculated plants upon R. solani infection. These results indicate that induction of accumulation of DIMBOA, an important phytoalexin in corn, and systemic defense responses by AMF, plays a vital role in enhanced disease resistance of mycorrhizal plants of corn against sheath blight. This study also suggests that priming is an important mechanism in mycorrhiza-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren Sen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Juan Su
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hua Huang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
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Veresoglou SD, Rillig MC. Suppression of fungal and nematode plant pathogens through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Biol Lett 2011; 8:214-7. [PMID: 22012951 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi represent ubiquitous mutualists of terrestrial plants. Through the symbiosis, plant hosts, among other benefits, receive protection from pathogens. A meta-analysis was conducted on 106 articles to determine whether, following pathogen infection of AM-colonized plants, the identity of the organisms involved (pathogens, AM fungi and host plants) had implications for the extent of the AM-induced pathogen suppression. Data on fungal and nematode pathogens were analysed separately. Although we found no differences in AM effectiveness with respect to the identity of the plant pathogen, the identity of the AM isolate had a dramatic effect on the level of pathogen protection. AM efficiency differences with respect to nematode pathogens were mainly limited to the number of AM isolates present; by contrast, modification of the ability to suppress fungal pathogens could occur even through changing the identity of the Glomeraceae isolate applied. N-fixing plants received more protection from fungal pathogens than non-N-fixing dicotyledons; this was attributed to the more intense AM colonization in N-fixing plants. Results have implications for understanding mycorrhizal ecology and agronomic applications.
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Solís-Domínguez FA, Valentín-Vargas A, Chorover J, Maier RM. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant biomass and the rhizosphere microbial community structure of mesquite grown in acidic lead/zinc mine tailings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1009-16. [PMID: 21211826 PMCID: PMC3030643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Mine tailings in arid and semi-arid environments are barren of vegetation and subject to eolian dispersion and water erosion. Revegetation is a cost-effective strategy to reduce erosion processes and has wide public acceptance. A major cost of revegetation is the addition of amendments, such as compost, to allow plant establishment. In this paper we explore whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can help support plant growth in tailings at a reduced compost concentration. A greenhouse experiment was performed to determine the effects of three AMF inocula on biomass, shoot accumulation of heavy metals, and changes in the rhizosphere microbial community structure of the native plant Prosopis juliflora (mesquite). Plants were grown in an acidic lead/zinc mine tailings amended with 10% (w/w) compost amendment, which is slightly sub-optimal for plant growth in these tailings. After two months, AMF-inoculated plants showed increased dry biomass and root length (p<0.05) and effective AMF colonization compared to controls grown in uninoculated compost-amended tailings. Mesquite shoot tissue lead and zinc concentrations did not exceed domestic animal toxicity limits regardless of whether AMF inoculation was used. The rhizosphere microbial community structure was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of the small subunit RNA gene for bacteria and fungi. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of DGGE profiles showed that the rhizosphere fungal community structure at the end of the experiment was significantly different from the community structure in the tailings, compost, and AMF inocula prior to planting. Further, CCA showed that AMF inoculation significantly influenced the development of both the fungal and bacterial rhizosphere community structures after two months. The changes observed in the rhizosphere microbial community structure may be either a direct effect of the AMF inocula, caused by changes in plant physiology induced by AMF, or a combination of both mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Solís-Domínguez
- Department of Soil Water and Environmental Science. The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg. Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Alexis Valentín-Vargas
- Department of Soil Water and Environmental Science. The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg. Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Soil Water and Environmental Science. The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg. Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Raina M. Maier
- Department of Soil Water and Environmental Science. The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg. Tucson Arizona 85721
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Raviv M. The use of mycorrhiza in organically-grown crops under semi arid conditions: a review of benefits, constraints and future challenges. Symbiosis 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-010-0089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Haegeman A, Elsen A, De Waele D, Gheysen G. Emerging molecular knowledge on Radopholus similis, an important nematode pest of banana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:315-23. [PMID: 20447280 PMCID: PMC6640332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Superkingdom Eukaryota; Kingdom Metazoa; Phylum Nematoda; Class Chromadorea; Order Rhabditida; Suborder Tylenchina; Infraorder Tylenchomorpha; Superfamily Tylenchoidea; Family Pratylenchidae; Subfamily Radopholinae; Genus Radopholus. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Microscopic unsegmented worm; migratory endoparasite of plants. Strong sexual dimorphism; reproduction both by amphimixis and self-fertilization. HOSTS Over 250 different plant species, including citrus, black pepper and banana (main host plant). SYMPTOMS Purple to black lesions and extensive cavities in plant roots, leading to reduced uptake of water and nutrients. In banana, this may result in poor vegetative growth, reduced bunch weight and toppling of plants. DISEASE CONTROL Nematicides, alternative cropping systems, nematode-free planting material, some resistant cultivars. AGRONOMIC IMPORTANCE Major problem in banana plantations in tropical regions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Haegeman
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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50
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de Carvalho AMX, de Castro Tavares R, Cardoso IM, Kuyper TW. Mycorrhizal Associations in Agroforestry Systems. SOIL BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-05076-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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