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Al-Sakkaf MK, Basfer I, Iddrisu M, Bahadi SA, Nasser MS, Abussaud B, Drmosh QA, Onaizi SA. An Up-to-Date Review on the Remediation of Dyes and Phenolic Compounds from Wastewaters Using Enzymes Immobilized on Emerging and Nanostructured Materials: Promises and Challenges. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2152. [PMID: 37570470 PMCID: PMC10420689 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the critical issue of water pollution, this review article emphasizes the need to remove hazardous dyes and phenolic compounds from wastewater. These pollutants pose severe risks due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. The study explores various techniques for the remediation of organic contaminants from wastewater, including an enzymatic approach. A significant challenge in enzymatic wastewater treatment is the loss of enzyme activity and difficulty in recovery post-treatment. To mitigate these issues, this review examines the strategy of immobilizing enzymes on newly developed nanostructured materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These materials offer high surface areas, excellent porosity, and ample anchoring sites for effective enzyme immobilization. The review evaluates recent research on enzyme immobilization on these supports and their applications in biocatalytic nanoparticles. It also analyzes the impact of operational factors (e.g., time, pH, and temperature) on dye and phenolic compound removal from wastewater using these enzymes. Despite promising outcomes, this review acknowledges the challenges for large-scale implementation and offers recommendations for future research to tackle these obstacles. This review concludes by suggesting that enzyme immobilization on these emerging materials could present a sustainable, environmentally friendly solution to the escalating water pollution crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K. Al-Sakkaf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Basfer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustapha Iddrisu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem A. Bahadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa S. Nasser
- Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Basim Abussaud
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qasem A. Drmosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sagheer A. Onaizi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Wenrui Z, Fanxing M, Yanan Q, Fei C, Haitao Y, Minwei Z. Fabrication and Specific Functionalisation of Carbon Fibers for Advanced Flexible Biosensors. Front Chem 2020; 8:582490. [PMID: 33173769 PMCID: PMC7539698 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.582490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims at offering an up-to-date comprehensive summary of carbon fibers (CFs)-based composites, with the emphasis on smart assembly and purpose-driven specific functionalization for their critical applications associated with flexible sensors. We first give a brief introduction to CFs as a versatile building block for preparation of mutil-fountional materials and the current status of research studies on CFs. This is followed by addressing some crucial methods of preparation of CFs. We then summarize multiple possibilities of functionalising CFs, an evaluation of some key applications of CFs in the areas of flexible biosensors was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wenrui
- College Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Meng Fanxing
- College Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qin Yanan
- College Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chen Fei
- College Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yue Haitao
- College Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhang Minwei
- College Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
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3
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Toward an ideal platform structure based on MgO-templated carbon for flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase-Os polymer-hydrogel electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Wang X, Kim JH, Choi YB, Kim HH, Kim CJ. Fabrication of optimally configured layers of SWCNTs, gold nanoparticles, and glucose oxidase on ITO electrodes for high-power enzymatic biofuel cells. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-019-0278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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Biochemical Characteristics of Microbial Enzymes and Their Significance from Industrial Perspectives. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:579-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Carbon Nanoelectrodes for the Electrochemical Detection of Neurotransmitters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2018; 2018. [PMID: 34306762 PMCID: PMC8301601 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3679627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based electrodes have been developed for the detection of neurotransmitters over the past 30 years using voltammetry and amperometry. The traditional electrode for neurotransmitter detection is the carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME). The carbon-based electrode is suitable for in vivo neurotransmitter detection due to the fact that it is biocompatible and relatively small in surface area. The advent of nanoscale electrodes is in high demand due to smaller surface areas required to target specific brain regions that are also minimally invasive and cause relatively low tissue damage when implanted into living organisms. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers, carbon nanospikes, and carbon nanopetals among others have all been utilized for this purpose. Novel electrode materials have also required novel insulations such as glass, epoxy, and polyimide coated fused silica capillaries for their construction and usage. Recent research developments have yielded a wide array of carbon nanoelectrodes with superior properties and performances in comparison to traditional electrode materials. These electrodes have thoroughly enhanced neurotransmitter detection allowing for the sensing of biological compounds at lower limits of detection, fast temporal resolution, and without surface fouling. This will allow for greater understanding of several neurological disease states based on the detection of neurotransmitters.
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Abstract
The continuous flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients, value-added chemicals, and materials has grown tremendously over the past ten years. This revolution in chemical manufacturing has resulted from innovations in both new methodology and technology. This field, however, has been predominantly focused on synthetic organic chemistry, and the use of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems is only now becoming popular. Although immobilized enzymes and whole cells in batch systems are common, their continuous flow counterparts have grown rapidly over the past two years. With continuous flow systems offering improved mixing, mass transfer, thermal control, pressurized processing, decreased variation, automation, process analytical technology, and in-line purification, the combination of biocatalysis and flow chemistry opens powerful new process windows. This Review explores continuous flow biocatalysts with emphasis on new technology, enzymes, whole cells, co-factor recycling, and immobilization methods for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, value-added chemicals, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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8
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Yasujima R, Yasueda K, Horiba T, Komaba S. Multi-Enzyme Immobilized Anodes Utilizing Maltose Fuel for Biofuel Cell Applications. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiho Yasujima
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokyo University of Science; 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Kengo Yasueda
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokyo University of Science; 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Horiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokyo University of Science; 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Shinichi Komaba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokyo University of Science; 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
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9
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ul Haque S, Inamuddin, Nasar A, Asiri AM. Fabrication and characterization of electrochemically prepared bioanode (polyaniline/ferritin/glucose oxidase) for biofuel cell application. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Kreuzer L, Männel MJ, Schubert J, Höller RPM, Chanana M. Enzymatic Catalysis at Nanoscale: Enzyme-Coated Nanoparticles as Colloidal Biocatalysts for Polymerization Reactions. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7305-7312. [PMID: 30023545 PMCID: PMC6044838 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-catalyzed controlled radical polymerization represents a powerful approach for the polymerization of a wide variety of water-soluble monomers. However, in such an enzyme-based polymerization system, the macromolecular catalyst (i.e., enzyme) has to be separated from the polymer product. Here, we present a compelling approach for the separation of the two macromolecular species, by taking the catalyst out of the molecular domain and locating it in the colloidal domain, ensuring quasi-homogeneous catalysis as well as easy separation of precious biocatalysts. We report on gold nanoparticles coated with horseradish peroxidase that can catalyze the polymerization of various monomers (e.g., N-isopropylacrylamide), yielding thermoresponsive polymers. Strikingly, these biocatalyst-coated nanoparticles can be recovered completely and reused in more than three independent polymerization cycles, without significant loss of their catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas
Philipp Kreuzer
- Physical
Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Max Julius Männel
- Physical
Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Polymer Research, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Schubert
- Physical
Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Polymer Research, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Physical
Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Technische
Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Roland P. M. Höller
- Physical
Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Polymer Research, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Physical
Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Technische
Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Munish Chanana
- Physical
Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Institute
of Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Applied Wood Materials, EMPA Dübendorf, Ueberlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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11
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Suzuki A, Mano N, Tsujimura S. Lowering the potential of electroenzymatic glucose oxidation on redox hydrogel-modified porous carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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13
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Recent Advances in Biosensing for Neurotransmitters and Disease Biomarkers using Microelectrodes. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Sirisha VL, Jain A, Jain A. Enzyme Immobilization: An Overview on Methods, Support Material, and Applications of Immobilized Enzymes. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 79:179-211. [PMID: 27770861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized enzymes can be used in a wide range of processes. In recent years, a variety of new approaches have emerged for the immobilization of enzymes that have greater efficiency and wider usage. During the course of the last two decades, this area has rapidly expanded into a multidisciplinary field. This current study is a comprehensive review of a variety of literature produced on the different enzymes that have been immobilized on various supporting materials. These immobilized enzymes have a wide range of applications. These include applications in the sugar, fish, and wine industries, where they are used for removing organic compounds from waste water. This study also reviews their use in sophisticated biosensors for metabolite control and in situ measurements of environmental pollutants. Immobilized enzymes also find significant application in drug metabolism, biodiesel and antibiotic production, bioremediation, and the food industry. The widespread usage of immobilized enzymes is largely due to the fact that they are cheaper, environment friendly, and much easier to use when compared to equivalent technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Sirisha
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India.
| | - Ankita Jain
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India; University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Amita Jain
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India; D.Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai, India
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15
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Optimization and characterization of covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase for bioelectronic devices. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Ullah MW, Khattak WA, Ul-Islam M, Khan S, Park JK. Metabolic engineering of synthetic cell-free systems: Strategies and applications. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Krzyczmonik P, Socha E, Skrzypek S. Immobilization of glucose oxidase on modified electrodes with composite layers based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 101:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Rajendran L, Saravanakumar K. Analytical expression of transient and steady-state catalytic current of mediated bioelectrocatalysis. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Tsujimura S, Murata K, Akatsuka W. Exceptionally high glucose current on a hierarchically structured porous carbon electrode with "wired" flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14432-7. [PMID: 25244161 DOI: 10.1021/ja5053736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces a carbon electrode designed to achieve efficient enzymatic electrolysis by exploiting a hierarchical pore structure based on macropores for efficient mass transfer and mesopores for high enzyme loading. Magnesium oxide-templated mesoporous carbon (MgOC, mean pore diameter 38 nm) was used to increase the effective specific surface area for enzyme immobilization. MgOC particles were deposited on a current collector by an electrophoretic deposition method to generate micrometer-scale macropores to improve the mass transfer of glucose and electrolyte (buffer) ions. To create a glucose bioanode, the porous-carbon-modified electrode was further coated with a biocatalytic hydrogel composed of a conductive redox polymer, deglycosylated flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (d-FAD-GDH), and a cross-linker. Carbohydrate chains on the peripheral surfaces of the FAD-GDH molecules were removed by periodate oxidation before cross-linking. The current density for the oxidation of glucose was 100 mA cm(-2) at 25 °C and pH 7, with a hydrogel loading of 1.0 mg cm(-2). For the same hydrogel composition and loading, the current density on the MgOC-modified electrode was more than 30 times higher than that on a flat carbon electrode. On increasing the solution temperature to 45 °C, the catalytic current increased to 300 mA cm(-2), with a hydrogel loading of 1.6 mg cm(-2). Furthermore, the stability of the hydrogel electrode was improved by using the mesoporous carbon materials; more than 95% of the initial catalytic current remained after a 220-day storage test in 4 °C phosphate buffer, and 80% was observed after 7 days of continuous operation at 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Tsujimura
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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20
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Murata K, Akatsuka W, Sadakane T, Matsunaga A, Tsujimura S. Glucose oxidation catalyzed by FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase within Os complex-tethered redox polymer hydrogel. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Li H, Li R, Worden RM, Barton SC. Facilitation of high-rate NADH electrocatalysis using electrochemically activated carbon materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6687-6696. [PMID: 24780505 DOI: 10.1021/am500087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical activation of glassy carbon, carbon paper and functionalized carbon nanotubes via high-applied-potential cyclic voltammetry leads to the formation of adsorbed, redox active functional groups and increased active surface area. Electrochemically activated carbon electrodes display enhanced activity toward nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation, and more importantly, dramatically improved adsorption of bioelectrochemically active azine dyes. Adsorption of methylene green on an electroactivated carbon electrode yields a catalyst layer that is 1.8-fold more active toward NADH oxidation than an electrode prepared using electropolymerized methylene green. Stability studies using cyclic voltammetry indicate 70% activity retention after 4000 cycles. This work further facilitates the electrocatalysis of NADH oxidation for bioconversion, biosensor and bioenergy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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22
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Handa Y, Yamagiwa K, Ikeda Y, Yanagisawa Y, Watanabe S, Yabuuchi N, Komaba S. Fabrication of Carbon-Felt-Based Multi-Enzyme Immobilized Anodes to Oxidize Sucrose for Biofuel Cells. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2145-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201400058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Highly sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide at a carbon nanotube fiber microelectrode coated with palladium nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Responsive polymers for analytical applications: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 789:17-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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MacAodha D, Conghaile PÓ, Egan B, Kavanagh P, Leech D. Membraneless Glucose/Oxygen Enzymatic Fuel Cells Using Redox Hydrogel Films Containing Carbon Nanotubes. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2302-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Datta S, Christena LR, Rajaram YRS. Enzyme immobilization: an overview on techniques and support materials. 3 Biotech 2013; 3:1-9. [PMID: 28324347 PMCID: PMC3563746 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current demands of the world’s biotechnological industries are enhancement in enzyme productivity and development of novel techniques for increasing their shelf life. These requirements are inevitable to facilitate large-scale and economic formulation. Enzyme immobilization provides an excellent base for increasing availability of enzyme to the substrate with greater turnover over a considerable period of time. Several natural and synthetic supports have been assessed for their efficiency for enzyme immobilization. Nowadays, immobilized enzymes are preferred over their free counterpart due to their prolonged availability that curtails redundant downstream and purification processes. Future investigations should endeavor at adopting logistic and sensible entrapment techniques along with innovatively modified supports to improve the state of enzyme immobilization and provide new perspectives to the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Datta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmuga Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - L Rene Christena
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmuga Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Yamuna Rani Sriramulu Rajaram
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmuga Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamilnadu, India
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27
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Heat and drying time modulate the O2 reduction current of modified glassy carbon electrodes with bilirubin oxidases. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 88:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Wang GX, Qian Y, Cao XX, Xia XH. Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c on a graphene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite modified electrode. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Wen H, Bambhania HM, Calabrese Barton S. Carbon nanotube-modified biocatalytic microelectrodes with multiscale porosity. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-012-0381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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