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Ding M, Xiao X, Yang Y, Yao Z, Dong Z, Gao Q, Tian B. AND-Logic Cascade Rolling Circle Amplification for Optomagnetic Detection of Dual Target SARS-CoV-2 Sequences. Anal Chem 2024; 96:455-462. [PMID: 38123506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA logic operations are accurate and specific molecular strategies that are appreciated in target multiplexing and intelligent diagnostics. However, most of the reported DNA logic operation-based assays lack amplifiers prior to logic operation, resulting in detection limits at the subpicomolar to nanomolar level. Herein, a homogeneous and isothermal AND-logic cascade amplification strategy is demonstrated for optomagnetic biosensing of two different DNA inputs corresponding to a variant of concern sequence (containing spike L452R) and a highly conserved sequence from SARS-CoV-2. With an "amplifiers-before-operator" configuration, two input sequences are recognized by different padlock probes for amplification reactions, which generate amplicons used, respectively, as primers and templates for secondary amplification, achieving the AND-logic operation. Cascade amplification products can hybridize with detection probes grafted onto magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), leading to hydrodynamic size increases and/or aggregation of MNPs. Real-time optomagnetic MNP analysis offers a detection limit of 8.6 fM with a dynamic detection range spanning more than 3 orders of magnitude. The accuracy, stability, and specificity of the system are validated by testing samples containing serum, salmon sperm, a single-nucleotide variant, and biases of the inputs. Clinical samples are tested with both quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and our approach, showing highly consistent measurement results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiaozhou Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ziyang Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhuxin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, China
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2
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Liu CW, Tsutsui H. Sample-to-answer sensing technologies for nucleic acid preparation and detection in the field. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:302-323. [PMID: 37302751 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient sample preparation and accurate disease diagnosis under field conditions are of great importance for the early intervention of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, in-field preparation of high-quality nucleic acids from various specimens for downstream analyses, such as amplification and sequencing, is challenging. Thus, developing and adapting sample lysis and nucleic acid extraction protocols suitable for portable formats have drawn significant attention. Similarly, various nucleic acid amplification techniques and detection methods have also been explored. Combining these functions in an integrated platform has resulted in emergent sample-to-answer sensing systems that allow effective disease detection and analyses outside a laboratory. Such devices have a vast potential to improve healthcare in resource-limited settings, low-cost and distributed surveillance of diseases in food and agriculture industries, environmental monitoring, and defense against biological warfare and terrorism. This paper reviews recent advances in portable sample preparation technologies and facile detection methods that have been / or could be adopted into novel sample-to-answer devices. In addition, recent developments and challenges of commercial kits and devices targeting on-site diagnosis of various plant diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Azeem MM, Shafa M, Aamir M, Zubair M, Souayeh B, Alam MW. Nucleotide detection mechanism and comparison based on low-dimensional materials: A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1117871. [PMID: 36937765 PMCID: PMC10018150 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1117871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic has led to the fabrication of new nucleic acid sensors that can detect infinitesimal limits immediately and effectively. Therefore, various techniques have been demonstrated using low-dimensional materials that exhibit ultrahigh detection and accuracy. Numerous detection approaches have been reported, and new methods for impulse sensing are being explored. All ongoing research converges at one unique point, that is, an impetus: the enhanced limit of detection of sensors. There are several reviews on the detection of viruses and other proteins related to disease control point of care; however, to the best of our knowledge, none summarizes the various nucleotide sensors and describes their limits of detection and mechanisms. To understand the far-reaching impact of this discipline, we briefly discussed conventional and nanomaterial-based sensors, and then proposed the feature prospects of these devices. Two types of sensing mechanisms were further divided into their sub-branches: polymerase chain reaction and photospectrometric-based sensors. The nanomaterial-based sensor was further subdivided into optical and electrical sensors. The optical sensors included fluorescence (FL), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), while electrical sensors included electrochemical luminescence (ECL), microfluidic chip, and field-effect transistor (FET). A synopsis of sensing materials, mechanisms, detection limits, and ranges has been provided. The sensing mechanism and materials used were discussed for each category in terms of length, collectively forming a fusing platform to highlight the ultrahigh detection technique of nucleotide sensors. We discussed potential trends in improving the fabrication of nucleotide nanosensors based on low-dimensional materials. In this area, particular aspects, including sensitivity, detection mechanism, stability, and challenges, were addressed. The optimization of the sensing performance and selection of the best sensor were concluded. Recent trends in the atomic-scale simulation of the development of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sensors using 2D materials were highlighted. A critical overview of the challenges and opportunities of deoxyribonucleic acid sensors was explored, and progress made in deoxyribonucleic acid detection over the past decade with a family of deoxyribonucleic acid sensors was described. Areas in which further research is needed were included in the future scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mustafa Azeem
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: M. Mustafa Azeem, ; Muhammad Aamir,
| | - Muhammad Shafa
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Department of Basic Science, Deanship of Preparatory Year, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: M. Mustafa Azeem, ; Muhammad Aamir,
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basma Souayeh
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mir Waqas Alam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang Z, Ma P, Ahmed R, Wang J, Akin D, Soto F, Liu BF, Li P, Demirci U. Advanced Point-of-Care Testing Technologies for Human Acute Respiratory Virus Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103646. [PMID: 34623709 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing global threats to human life caused by the human acute respiratory virus (RV) infections have cost billions of lives, created a significant economic burden, and shaped society for centuries. The timely response to emerging RVs could save human lives and reduce the medical care burden. The development of RV detection technologies is essential for potentially preventing RV pandemic and epidemics. However, commonly used detection technologies lack sensitivity, specificity, and speed, thus often failing to provide the rapid turnaround times. To address this problem, new technologies are devised to address the performance inadequacies of the traditional methods. These emerging technologies offer improvements in convenience, speed, flexibility, and portability of point-of-care test (POCT). Herein, recent developments in POCT are comprehensively reviewed for eight typical acute respiratory viruses. This review discusses the challenges and opportunities of various recognition and detection strategies and discusses these according to their detection principles, including nucleic acid amplification, optical POCT, electrochemistry, lateral flow assays, microfluidics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and microarrays. The importance of limits of detection, throughput, portability, and specificity when testing clinical samples in resource-limited settings is emphasized. Finally, the evaluation of commercial POCT kits for both essential RV diagnosis and clinical-oriented practices is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Peng Ma
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rajib Ahmed
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Fernando Soto
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Segal E. Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Point-of-Care Medical Diagnostics. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [PMID: 32435872 DOI: 10.1007/10_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The recent coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has underscored the need to move from traditional lab-centralized diagnostics to point-of-care (PoC) settings. Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) platforms facilitate the translation to PoC settings via the miniaturization, portability, integration, and automation of multiple assay functions onto a single chip. For this purpose, paper-based assays and microfluidic platforms are currently being extensively studied, and much focus is being directed towards simplifying their design while simultaneously improving multiplexing and automation capabilities. Signal amplification strategies are being applied to improve the performance of assays with respect to both sensitivity and selectivity, while smartphones are being integrated to expand the analytical power of the technology and promote its accessibility. In this chapter, we review the main technologies in the field of LoC platforms for PoC medical diagnostics and survey recent approaches for improving these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Yang L, Yi W, Sun F, Xu M, Zeng Z, Bi X, Dong J, Xie Y, Li M. Application of Lab-on-Chip for Detection of Microbial Nucleic Acid in Food and Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765375. [PMID: 34803990 PMCID: PMC8600318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various diseases caused by food-borne or environmental pathogenic microorganisms have been a persistent threat to public health and global economies. It is necessary to regularly detect microorganisms in food and environment to prevent infection of pathogenic microorganisms. However, most traditional detection methods are expensive, time-consuming, and unfeasible in practice in the absence of sophisticated instruments and trained operators. Point-of-care testing (POCT) can be used to detect microorganisms rapidly on site and greatly improve the efficiency of microbial detection. Lab-on-chip (LOC) is an emerging POCT technology with great potential by integrating most of the experimental steps carried out in the laboratory into a single monolithic device. This review will primarily focus on principles and techniques of LOC for detection of microbial nucleic acid in food and environment, including sample preparation, nucleic acid amplification and sample detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Sun
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Zeng
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Bi
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Dong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
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Tian B, Fock J, Minero GAS, Hansen MF. Nicking-assisted on-loop and off-loop enzymatic cascade amplification for optomagnetic detection of a highly conserved dengue virus sequence. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 160:112219. [PMID: 32339155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Applications of conventional linear ligation-rolling circle amplification (RCA) are restricted by the sophisticated operation steps and unsatisfactory picomolar-level detection limits. We herein demonstrate an RCA-based cascade amplification reaction that converts a side-reaction to secondary amplification, which improves the detection limit and simplifies the operation compared to linear ligation-RCA assays. The proposed nicking-assisted enzymatic cascade amplification (NECA) comprises an on-loop amplification reaction using circular templates to generate intermediate amplicons, and an off-loop amplification reaction using intermediate amplicons as primers for end amplicons. The whole NECA reaction is homogeneous and isothermal. Amplicons anneal to detection probes that are grafted onto magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), such that MNP clusters form and can be detected in real-time using optomagnetic measurements. The optomagnetic sensor detects the presence and size increase of MNP clusters by optical transmission measurements in an oscillating magnetic field. A detection limit of 2 fM was achieved with a total assay time of ca. 70 min. By combining optomagnetic readouts of signal phase lag and hydrodynamic size increase of MNPs, NECA-based target quantification provided a wide dynamic detection range of ca. 4.5 orders of magnitude. Moreover, the specificity and the serum detection capability of the proposed method were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Health Tech, Building 345C, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jeppe Fock
- Blusense Diagnostics ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Antonio S Minero
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Health Tech, Building 345C, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Fougt Hansen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Health Tech, Building 345C, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Minero GAS, Bagnasco M, Fock J, Tian B, Garbarino F, Hansen MF. Automated on-chip analysis of tuberculosis drug-resistance mutation with integrated DNA ligation and amplification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2705-2710. [PMID: 32157358 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Detection of a single base mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA can provide fast and highly specific diagnosis of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis. Mutation-specific ligation of padlock probes (PLPs) on the target followed by rolling circle amplification (RCA) is highly specific, but challenging to integrate in a simple microfluidic device due to the low temperature stability of the phi29 polymerase and the interference of phi29 with the PLP annealing and ligation. Here, we utilized the higher operation temperature and temperature stability of Equiphi29 polymerase to simplify the integration of the PLP ligation and RCA steps of an RCA assay in two different strategies performed at uniform temperature. In strategy I, PLP annealing took place off-chip and the PLP ligation and RCA were performed in one pot and the two reactions were clocked by a change of the temperature. For a total assay time of about 1.5 h, we obtained a limit of detection of 2 pM. In strategy II, the DNA ligation mixture and the RCA mixture were separated into two chambers on a microfluidic disc. After on-disc PLP annealing and ligation, the disc was spun to mix reagents and initiate RCA. For a total assay time of about 2 h, we obtained a limit of detection of 5 pM. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Antonio S Minero
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345C, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Martina Bagnasco
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345C, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Fock
- BluSense Diagnostics ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345C, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francesca Garbarino
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345C, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel F Hansen
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345C, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Segal E. Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Point-of-Care Medical Diagnostics. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 179:247-265. [PMID: 32435872 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has underscored the need to move from traditional lab-centralized diagnostics to point-of-care (PoC) settings. Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) platforms facilitate the translation to PoC settings via the miniaturization, portability, integration, and automation of multiple assay functions onto a single chip. For this purpose, paper-based assays and microfluidic platforms are currently being extensively studied, and much focus is being directed towards simplifying their design while simultaneously improving multiplexing and automation capabilities. Signal amplification strategies are being applied to improve the performance of assays with respect to both sensitivity and selectivity, while smartphones are being integrated to expand the analytical power of the technology and promote its accessibility. In this chapter, we review the main technologies in the field of LoC platforms for PoC medical diagnostics and survey recent approaches for improving these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. .,The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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10
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Garbarino F, Minero GAS, Rizzi G, Fock J, Hansen MF. Integration of rolling circle amplification and optomagnetic detection on a polymer chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 142:111485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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