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Leau SA, Marin M, Toader AM, Anastasescu M, Matei C, Lete C, Lupu S. MeNPs-PEDOT Composite-Based Detection Platforms for Epinephrine and Quercetin. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:320. [PMID: 39056596 PMCID: PMC11274438 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of low-cost, sensitive, and simple analytical tools for biomolecule detection in health status monitoring is nowadays a growing research topic. Sensing platforms integrating nanocomposite materials as recognition elements in the monitoring of various biomolecules and biomarkers are addressing this challenging objective. Herein, we have developed electrochemical sensing platforms by means of a novel fabrication procedure for biomolecule detection. The platforms are based on commercially available low-cost conductive substrates like glassy carbon and/or screen-printed carbon electrodes selectively functionalized with nanocomposite materials composed of Ag and Au metallic nanoparticles and an organic polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The novel fabrication method made use of alternating currents with controlled amplitude and frequency. The frequency of the applied alternating current was 100 mHz for the polymer deposition, while a frequency value of 50 mHz was used for the in situ electrodeposition of Ag and Au nanoparticles. The selected frequency values ensured the successful preparation of the composite materials. The use of readily available composite materials is intended to produce cost-effective analytical tools. The judicious modification of the organic conductive matrix by various metallic nanoparticles, such as Ag and Au, extends the potential applications of the sensing platform toward a range of biomolecules like quercetin and epinephrine, chosen as benchmark analytes for proof-of-concept antioxidant and neurotransmitter detection. The sensing platforms were tested successfully for quercetin and epinephrine determination on synthetic and real samples. Wide linear response ranges and low limit-of-detection values were obtained for epinephrine and quercetin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Alexandra Leau
- Department of Electrochemistry and Corrosion, Institute of Physical Chemistry–Ilie Murgulescu of the Romanian Academy, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (S.A.L.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Gheorghe, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Electrochemistry and Corrosion, Institute of Physical Chemistry–Ilie Murgulescu of the Romanian Academy, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (S.A.L.)
| | - Ana Maria Toader
- Department of Electrochemistry and Corrosion, Institute of Physical Chemistry–Ilie Murgulescu of the Romanian Academy, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (S.A.L.)
| | - Mihai Anastasescu
- Department of Electrochemistry and Corrosion, Institute of Physical Chemistry–Ilie Murgulescu of the Romanian Academy, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (S.A.L.)
| | - Cristian Matei
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Gheorghe, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cecilia Lete
- Department of Electrochemistry and Corrosion, Institute of Physical Chemistry–Ilie Murgulescu of the Romanian Academy, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (S.A.L.)
| | - Stelian Lupu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Gheorghe, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Geana EI, Baracu AM, Stoian MC, Brincoveanu O, Pachiu C, Dinu LA. Hybrid nanomaterial-based indirect electrochemical sensing of glyphosate in surface water: a promising approach for environmental monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2057-2066. [PMID: 37870161 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00355h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY), a widely utilized pesticide, poses a significant threat to human health even at minute concentrations. In this study, we propose an innovative electrochemical sensor for the indirect detection of GLY in surface water samples. The sensor incorporates a nanohybrid material composed of multi-layer graphene decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), synthesized in a single-step electrochemical process. To ensure portability and on-site measurements, the sensor is developed on a screen-printed electrode, chosen for its integration and miniaturization capabilities. The proposed sensor demonstrates remarkable sensitivity and selectivity for GLY detection in surface water samples, with an exceptional limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 parts per billion (ppb) in both buffer and surface water matrices. Moreover, it exhibits a remarkably high sensitivity of 0.15 μA ppb-1. This electrochemical sensor offers a promising approach for accurate GLY monitoring, addressing the urgent need for reliable pesticide detection in environmental samples. The proposed sensor showed high selectivity towards GLY, when analysed in the presence of other pesticides such as phosmet, chlorpyrifos and glufosinate-ammonium. The recovery percentages of GLY from spiked surface water samples were between 93.8 and 98.9%. The study's broader implications extend to revolutionizing the way environmental chemistry addresses pesticide contamination, water quality assessment, and sustainable management of environmental pollutants. By pushing the boundaries of detection capabilities and offering practical solutions, this research contributes to the advancement of knowledge and practices that are essential for preserving and protecting our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeta-Irina Geana
- National Institute for Research and Development for Isotopic and Cryogenic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street 240002, Râmnicu-Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Angela Mihaela Baracu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Marius C Stoian
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Oana Brincoveanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Cristina Pachiu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Livia Alexandra Dinu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
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Mansour FR, Abdallah IA, Bedair A, Hamed M. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Quercetin and Quercetin Glycosides in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37898879 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2269421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant-derived compounds that have several health benefits, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic effects. Quercetin is a flavonoid that is widely present in various fruits, vegetables, and drinks. Accurate determination of quercetin in different samples is of great importance for its potential health benefits. This review, is an overview of sample preparation and determination methods for quercetin in diverse matrices. Previous research on sample preparation and determination methods for quercetin are summarized, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each method and providing insights into recent developments in quercetin sample treatment. Various analytical techniques are discussed including spectroscopic, chromatographic, electrophoretic, and electrochemical methods for the determination of quercetin and its derivatives in different samples. UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-visible) spectrophotometry is simple and inexpensive but lacks selectivity. Chromatographic techniques (HPLC, GC) offer selectivity and sensitivity, while electrophoretic and electrochemical methods provide high resolution and low detection limits, respectively. The aim of this review is to comprehensively explore the determination methods for quercetin and quercetin glycosides in diverse matrices, with emphasis on pharmaceutical and biological samples. The review also provides a theoretical basis for method development and application for the analysis of quercetin and quercetin glycosides in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotouh R Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Monufia, Egypt
| | - Alaa Bedair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Monufia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Hamed
- School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
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Sánchez-Tirado E, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Carbon-Based Enzyme Mimetics for Electrochemical Biosensing. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1746. [PMID: 37763909 PMCID: PMC10538133 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Natural enzymes are used as special reagents for the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors due to their ability to catalyze processes, improving the selectivity of detection. However, some drawbacks, such as denaturation in harsh experimental conditions and their rapid de- gradation, as well as the high cost and difficulties in recycling them, restrict their practical applications. Nowadays, the use of artificial enzymes, mostly based on nanomaterials, mimicking the functions of natural products, has been growing. These so-called nanozymes present several advantages over natural enzymes, such as enhanced stability, low cost, easy production, and rapid activity. These outstanding features are responsible for their widespread use in areas such as catalysis, energy, imaging, sensing, or biomedicine. These materials can be divided into two main groups: metal and carbon-based nanozymes. The latter provides additional advantages compared to metal nanozymes, i.e., stable and tuneable activity and good biocompatibility, mimicking enzyme activities such as those of peroxidase, catalase, oxidase, superoxide dismutase, nuclease, or phosphatase. In this review article, we have focused on the use of carbon-based nanozymes for the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors. The main features of the most recent applications have been revised and illustrated with examples selected from the literature over the last four years (since 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.S.-T.); (J.M.P.)
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Wu F, Wang H, Lv J, Shi X, Wu L, Niu X. Colorimetric sensor array based on Au 2Pt nanozymes for antioxidant nutrition quality evaluation in food. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 236:115417. [PMID: 37244084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) has become an important index to evaluate the food quality. Effective antioxidant detection has been the research hotspot of scientists. In this work, a novel three-channel colorimetric sensor array founded on Au2Pt bimetallic nanozymes for the discrimination of antioxidants in food was constructed. Benefiting from the unique bimetallic doping structure, Au2Pt nanospheres exhibited the excellent peroxidase-like activity with Km of 0.044 mM and Vmax of 19.37 × 10-8 M s-1 toward TMB. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that Pt atom in the doping system was active sites and there was no energy barrier in catalytic reaction which made Au2Pt nanospheres had excellent catalytic activity. Accordingly, a multifunctional colorimetric sensor array was constructed based on Au2Pt bimetallic nanozymes for rapid and sensitive detection of five antioxidants. Based on the different reduction ability of antioxidants, oxidized TMB could be reduced in different degrees. In the presence of H2O2, the colorimetric sensor array could generate differential colorimetric signals (fingerprints) by using TMB as the chromogenic substrate, which could be accurately discriminated through linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with a detection limit of <0.2 μM. The sensor array was able to the evaluate TAC in three actual samples (milk, green tea and orange juice). Furthermore, we prepared a rapid detection strip to meet the needs of practical application, making a positive contribution to food quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
| | - Hongsu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
| | - Jianhui Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Lifang Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
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Vinothkumar V, Sakthivel R, Chen SM, Kim TH. Facile design of wolframite type CoWO4 nanoparticles: A selective and simultaneous electrochemical detection of quercetin and rutin. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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AuNPs-/c-MWCNT-/GQDs-modified electrode-based genosensor for early diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Petrucci R, Bortolami M, Di Matteo P, Curulli A. Gold Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Phenolic Antioxidants Detection: Recent Advances. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:959. [PMID: 35335772 PMCID: PMC8950254 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants play a central role in the development and production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, to reduce oxidative processes in the human body. Among them, phenolic antioxidants are considered even more efficient than other antioxidants. They are divided into natural and synthetic. The natural antioxidants are generally found in plants and their synthetic counterparts are generally added as preventing agents of lipid oxidation during the processing and storage of fats, oils, and lipid-containing foods: All of them can exhibit different effects on human health, which are not always beneficial. Because of their relevant bioactivity and importance in several sectors, such as agro-food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic, it is crucial to have fast and reliable analysis Rmethods available. In this review, different examples of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors used for the rapid and selective detection of phenolic compounds are analyzed and discussed, evidencing the important role of gold nanomaterials, and including systems with or without specific recognition elements, such as biomolecules, enzymes, etc. Moreover, a selection of gold nanomaterials involved in the designing of this kind of (bio)sensor is reported and critically analyzed. Finally, advantages, limitations, and potentialities for practical applications of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for detecting phenolic antioxidants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Petrucci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences of Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences of Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Paola Di Matteo
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences of Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Antonella Curulli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Unità Operativa di Support, Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Ali HM, Alhagri IA, Ibrahim H. Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on gold nanoparticle-functionalized nanocarbon black hybrid nanocomposite for sensitive detection of anti-cancer drug formestane in biological and pharmaceutical samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Cheng S, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Zhang Y. One-step synthesis of N, S-doped carbon dots with orange emission and their application in tetracycline antibiotics, quercetin sensing, and cell imaging. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:325. [PMID: 34490491 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Water soluble N, S-doped carbon dots (N, S-CDs) with orange emission were synthesized from basic fuchsin and sulfosalicylic acid by the typical hydrothermal route. Based on the inner filter effect (IFE), the prepared N, S-CDs can be innovatively developed as an effective "signal-off" multifunctional sensing platform for sensitive determination of tetracycline antibiotics (for example, chlortetracycline (CTC)) and quercetin. The proposed sensor was utilized to realize the determination of CTC in water and milk samples and quercetin in beer sample (λex = 375 nm, λem = 605 nm) with satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSD). The linear range and detection limit (LOD) of CTC is 1.24-165 μM and 32.36 nM, respectively. For quercetin, the linear ranges are 0.98-34 μM and 34-165 μΜ, and the LOD is 6.87 nM (3σ/m). By virtue of the good biocompatibility and long-wavelength emission, N, S-CDs were also used in the imaging of oocystis cells and yeast cells, which demonstrated promising applicability for bio-imaging and sensing. In this paper, N, S-doped carbon dots (N, S-CDs) with orange emission (λem = 605 nm) were synthesized from basic fuchsin and sulfosalicylic acid. Based on the inner filter effect (IFE), the prepared N, S-CDs can be innovatively developed as an effective "signal-off" multifunctional sensing platform for the sensing of tetracycline antibiotics (for example: chlortetracycline (CTC)) and quercetin. The sensor has been successfully applied to the determination of CTC in water and milk samples and quercetin in beer sample (λex = 375 nm, λem = 605 nm). The linear range and detection limit (LOD) of CTC is 1.24-165 μM and 32.36 nM respectively. For quercetin, the linear ranges are 0.98-34 μM and 34-165 μΜ, and the LOD is 6.87 nM (3σ/m). In addition, due to the characteristics of good biocompatibility and long-wavelength emission, the N, S-CDs were also used in the imaging of oocystis cells and yeast cells, which demonstrated promising applicability for bioimaging and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaoming Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yingte Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanteng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
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Fan Y, Yao J, Huang M, Linghu C, Guo J, Li Y. Non-conjugated polymer dots for fluorometric and colorimetric dual-mode detection of quercetin. Food Chem 2021; 359:129962. [PMID: 33945984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to the biochemical and pharmacological activities, the convenient and effective detection of quercetin (Qc) is very important for biochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry and clinical medicine. A kind of non-conjugated polymer dots (NCPDs) was used as a versatile and sensitive dual-mode optical output for Qc detection, which was synthesized by hyperbranched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) and l-threonine via environmentallyfriendly way. The dual-mode method proposed in this work had high sensitivity and definiteselectivity for Qc detection. Additionally, it was convenient for the naked eyes to observe the fluorescence brightness and color change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jie Yao
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Mengke Huang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chenxi Linghu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Sun Y, Wang B, He X, Wang Y, Chen L, Zhu Y, Li G, Sun W. Fabrication of a Ti 3C 2T x modified glassy carbon electrode for the sensitive electrochemical detection of quercetin. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of MXene/GCE for the electrochemical determination of quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Guangjiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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