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Akram M, Kamaal N, Pratap A, Kumar D, Muin A, Sabale PR, Aidbhavi R, Sunani SK, Rathore M, Gupta S, Singh NP, Dey N, Dixit GP, Nair RM. Exploring distribution and genomic diversity of begomoviruses associated with yellow mosaic disease of legume crops from India, highlighting the dominance of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1451986. [PMID: 39257616 PMCID: PMC11385007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1451986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) caused by several begomoviruses is one of the major constraints of over a dozen leguminous crops worldwide, particularly in Asian and Southeast Asian countries. The present study aimed to investigate the distribution, diversity and prevalence of begomoviruses associated with YMD in leguminous hosts in five agro-climatic zones of India, to assess the extent of their geographical presence and develop location and crop-specific distribution maps. One hundred and seventy-four leguminous plant samples were tested from 32 locations in India to detect YMD-causing viruses. Additionally, publicly available data were incorporated into this study to provide a comprehensive overview of their distribution in India. This resulted in 581 reports on the DNA-A component representing 119 locations, which were also utilized to depict the distribution of YMD-causing viruses on a map of India. In this study, 117 full-length DNA-A and 103 DNA-B components were successfully characterized, representing the detected mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV), mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), and horsegram yellow mosaic virus in the collected samples. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates of these species showed no differentiation based on location in India. Diversity indices revealed the abundance (55.9%) and dominance (0.56) of MYMIV across 119 locations. These findings hold significant implications for legume researchers, offering insights into disease prevalence and geographic distribution. Furthermore, the distribution of YMD-causing viruses in different agro-climatic zones will help researchers in developing zone-specific YMD-resistant cultivars of the legume crops and would facilitate effective disease management options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aditya Pratap
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | | | - Abdul Muin
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - P R Sabale
- ICAR-IIPR Regional Research Station, Dharwad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - N P Singh
- Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, India
| | - N Dey
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - G P Dixit
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
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Wang X, Wang M, Wang L, Feng H, He X, Chang S, Wang D, Wang L, Yang J, An G, Wang X, Kong L, Geng Z, Wang E. Whole-plant microbiome profiling reveals a novel geminivirus associated with soybean stay-green disease. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2159-2173. [PMID: 35869670 PMCID: PMC9616524 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota colonize every accessible plant tissue and play fundamental roles in plant growth and health. Soybean stay-green syndrome (SGS), a condition that causes delayed leaf senescence (stay-green), flat pods and abnormal seeds of soybean, has become the most serious disease of soybean in China. However, the direct cause of SGS is highly debated, and little is known about how SGS affect soybean microbiome dynamics, particularly the seed microbiome. We studied the bacterial, fungal, and viral communities associated with different soybean tissues with and without SGS using a multi-omics approach, and investigated the possible pathogenic agents associated with SGS and how SGS affects the assembly and functions of plant-associated microbiomes. We obtained a comprehensive view of the composition, function, loads, diversity, and dynamics of soybean microbiomes in the rhizosphere, root, stem, leaf, pod, and seed compartments, and discovered that soybean SGS was associated with dramatically increased microbial loads and dysbiosis of the bacterial microbiota in seeds. Furthermore, we identified a novel geminivirus that was strongly associated with soybean SGS, regardless of plant cultivar, sampling location, or harvest year. This whole-plant microbiome profiling of soybean provides the first demonstration of geminivirus infection associated with microbiota dysbiosis, which might represent a general microbiological symptom of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Mingxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Like Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huan Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of AgricultureHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Shihao Chang
- Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhoukouChina
| | - Dapeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of AgricultureHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Guoyong An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of AgricultureHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | | | - Lingrang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Zhen Geng
- Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhoukouChina
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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Guevara-Rivera EA, Rodríguez-Negrete EA, Aréchiga-Carvajal ET, Leyva-López NE, Méndez-Lozano J. From Metagenomics to Discovery of New Viral Species: Galium Leaf Distortion Virus, a Monopartite Begomovirus Endemic in Mexico. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:843035. [PMID: 35547137 PMCID: PMC9083202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.843035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses (Family Geminiviridae) are a major group of emerging plant viruses worldwide. The knowledge of begomoviruses is mostly restricted to crop plant systems. Nevertheless, it has been described that non-cultivated plants are important reservoirs and vessels of viral evolution that leads to the emergence of new diseases. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has provided a powerful tool for speeding up the understanding of molecular ecology and epidemiology of plant virome and for discovery of new viral species. In this study, by performing earlier metagenomics library data mining, followed by geminivirus-related signature single plant searching and RCA-based full-length viral genome cloning, and based on phylogenetic analysis, genomes of two isolates of a novel monopartite begomovirus species tentatively named Galium leaf distortion virus (GLDV), which infects non-cultivated endemic plant Galium mexicanum, were identified in Colima, Mexico. Analysis of the genetic structure of both isolates (GLDV-1 and GLDV-2) revealed that the GLDV genome displays a DNA-A-like structure shared with the new world (NW) bipartite begomoviruses. Nonetheless, phylogenetic analysis using representative members of the main begomovirus American clades for tree construction grouped both GLDV isolates in a clade of the monopartite NW begomovirus, Tomato leaf deformation virus (ToLDeV). A comparative analysis of viral replication regulatory elements showed that the GLDV-1 isolate possesses an array and sequence conservation of iterons typical of NW begomovirus infecting the Solanaceae and Fabaceae families. Interestingly, GLDV-2 showed iteron sequences described only in monopartite begomovirus from OW belonging to a sweepovirus clade that infects plants of the Convolvulaceae family. In addition, the rep iteron related-domain (IRD) of both isolates display FRVQ or FRIS amino acid sequences corresponding to NW and sweepobegomovirus clades for GMV-1 and GMV-2, respectively. Finally, the lack of the GLDV DNA-B segment (tested by molecular detection and biological assays using GLDV-1/2 infectious clones) confirmed the monopartite nature of GLDV. This is the first time that a monopartite begomovirus is described in Mexican ecosystems, and “in silico” geometagenomics analysis indicates that it is restricted to a specific region. These data revealed additional complexity in monopartite begomovirus genetics and geographic distribution and highlighted the importance of metagenomic approaches in understanding global virome ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A Guevara-Rivera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Edgar A Rodríguez-Negrete
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Elva T Aréchiga-Carvajal
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología-Unidad de Manipulación Genética, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Norma E Leyva-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Jesús Méndez-Lozano
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave, Mexico
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Rojas MR, Macedo MA, Maliano MR, Soto-Aguilar M, Souza JO, Briddon RW, Kenyon L, Rivera Bustamante RF, Zerbini FM, Adkins S, Legg JP, Kvarnheden A, Wintermantel WM, Sudarshana MR, Peterschmitt M, Lapidot M, Martin DP, Moriones E, Inoue-Nagata AK, Gilbertson RL. World Management of Geminiviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:637-677. [PMID: 30149794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Management of geminiviruses is a worldwide challenge because of the widespread distribution of economically important diseases caused by these viruses. Regardless of the type of agriculture, management is most effective with an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that involves measures before, during, and after the growing season. This includes starting with resistant cultivars and virus- and vector-free transplants and propagative plants. For high value vegetables, protected culture (e.g., greenhouses and screenhouses) allows for effective management but is limited owing to high cost. Protection of young plants in open fields is provided by row covers, but other measures are typically required. Measures that are used for crops in open fields include roguing infected plants and insect vector management. Application of insecticide to manage vectors (whiteflies and leafhoppers) is the most widely used measure but can cause undesirable environmental and human health issues. For annual crops, these measures can be more effective when combined with host-free periods of two to three months. Finally, given the great diversity of the viruses, their insect vectors, and the crops affected, IPM approaches need to be based on the biology and ecology of the virus and vector and the crop production system. Here, we present the general measures that can be used in an IPM program for geminivirus diseases, specific case studies, and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Rojas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Monica A Macedo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Minor R Maliano
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Maria Soto-Aguilar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Juliana O Souza
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Rob W Briddon
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rafael F Rivera Bustamante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico 36821
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Scott Adkins
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945, USA
| | - James P Legg
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anders Kvarnheden
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter and Linnean Center for Plant Biology in Uppsala, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William M Wintermantel
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, California 93905, USA
| | - Mysore R Sudarshana
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Michel Peterschmitt
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Moshe Lapidot
- Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora," Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
| | | | - Robert L Gilbertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
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Mollel HG, Sseruwagi P, Ndunguru J, Alicai T, Colvin J, Navas-Castillo J, Fiallo-Olivé E. Desmodium mottle virus, the first legumovirus (genus Begomovirus) from East Africa. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1799-1803. [PMID: 28243802 PMCID: PMC5425491 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel bipartite legumovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), that naturally infects the wild leguminous plant Desmodium sp. in Uganda, was molecularly characterized and named Desmodium mottle virus. The highest nucleotide identities for DNA-A, obtained from two field-collected samples, were 79.9% and 80.1% with the legumovirus, soybean mild mottle virus. DNA-B had the highest nucleotide identities (65.4% and 66.4%) with a typical non-legumovirus Old World begomovirus, African cassava mosaic virus. This is the first report of a legumovirus in East Africa and extends the known diversity of begomoviruses found infecting wild plants in this continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happyness G Mollel
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Titus Alicai
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
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Leke WN, Khatabi B, Fondong VN, Brown JK. Complete genome sequence of a new bipartite begomovirus infecting fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) plants in Cameroon. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2347-50. [PMID: 27262944 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence was determined and characterized for a previously unreported bipartite begomovirus from fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis, family Cucurbitaceae) plants displaying mosaic symptoms in Cameroon. The DNA-A and DNA-B components were ~2.7 kb and ~2.6 kb in size, and the arrangement of viral coding regions on the genomic components was like those characteristic of other known bipartite begomoviruses originating in the Old World. While the DNA-A component was more closely related to that of chayote yellow mosaic virus (ChaYMV), at 78 %, the DNA-B component was more closely related to that of soybean chlorotic blotch virus (SbCBV), at 64 %. This newly discovered bipartite Old World virus is herein named telfairia mosaic virus (TelMV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter N Leke
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 2123, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover, DE, 19901-2277, USA.
| | - Behnam Khatabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover, DE, 19901-2277, USA
| | - Vincent N Fondong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover, DE, 19901-2277, USA
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Hema M, Sreenivasulu P, Patil BL, Kumar PL, Reddy DVR. Tropical food legumes: virus diseases of economic importance and their control. Adv Virus Res 2015; 90:431-505. [PMID: 25410108 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801246-8.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diverse array of food legume crops (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) have been adopted worldwide for their protein-rich seed. Choice of legumes and their importance vary in different parts of the world. The economically important legumes are severely affected by a range of virus diseases causing significant economic losses due to reduction in grain production, poor quality seed, and costs incurred in phytosanitation and disease control. The majority of the viruses infecting legumes are vectored by insects, and several of them are also seed transmitted, thus assuming importance in the quarantine and in the epidemiology. This review is focused on the economically important viruses of soybean, groundnut, common bean, cowpea, pigeonpea, mungbean, urdbean, chickpea, pea, faba bean, and lentil and begomovirus diseases of three minor tropical food legumes (hyacinth bean, horse gram, and lima bean). Aspects included are geographic distribution, impact on crop growth and yields, virus characteristics, diagnosis of causal viruses, disease epidemiology, and options for control. Effectiveness of selection and planting with virus-free seed, phytosanitation, manipulation of crop cultural and agronomic practices, control of virus vectors and host plant resistance, and potential of transgenic resistance for legume virus disease control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masarapu Hema
- Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Pothur Sreenivasulu
- Formerly Professor of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Basavaprabhu L Patil
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - P Lava Kumar
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Dodla V R Reddy
- Formerly Principal Virologist, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India.
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Kumar PL, Hanna R, Alabi OJ, Soko MM, Oben TT, Vangu GHP, Naidu RA. Banana bunchy top virus in sub-Saharan Africa: investigations on virus distribution and diversity. Virus Res 2011; 159:171-82. [PMID: 21549775 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) was first reported from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the 1950s, has become invasive and spread into 11 countries in the region. To determine the potential threat of BBTV to the production of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) in the sub-region, field surveys were conducted for the presence of banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) in the DRC, Angola, Cameroon, Gabon and Malawi. Using the DNA-S and DNA-R segments of the virus genome, the genetic diversity of BBTV isolates was also determined from these countries relative to virus isolates across the banana-growing regions around the world. The results established that BBTD is widely prevalent in all parts of DRC, Malawi, Angola and Gabon, in south and western part of Cameroon. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of DNA-S and DNA-R indicate that BBTV isolates from these countries are genetically identical forming a unique clade within the 'South Pacific' phylogroup that includes isolates from Australia, Egypt, South Asia and South Pacific. These results imply that farmers' traditional practice of transferring vegetative propagules within and between countries, together with virus spread by the widely prevalent banana aphid vector, Pentalonia nigronervosa, could have contributed to the geographic expansion of BBTV in SSA. The results provided a baseline to explore sanitary measures and other 'clean' plant programs for sustainable management of BBTV and its vector in regions where the disease has already been established and prevent the spread of the virus to as yet unaffected regions in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lava Kumar
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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