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Ahmad F, Ahmad S, Husain A, Pandey N, Khubaib M, Sharma R. Role of inflammatory cytokine burst in neuro-invasion of Japanese Encephalitis virus infection: an immunotherapeutic approaches. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:251-265. [PMID: 38842651 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis remains a significant global health concern, contributing to millions of deaths annually worldwide. Microglial cells, as key innate immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS), exhibit intricate cellular structures and possess molecular phenotypic plasticity, playing pivotal roles in immune responses during CNS viral infections. Particularly under viral inflammatory conditions, microglial cells orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to mitigate viral invasion and dampen inflammatory reactions. This review article comprehensively summarizes the pathophysiology of viral invasion into the CNS and the cellular interactions involved, elucidating the roles of various immune mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, in neuroinflammation. Leveraging this knowledge, strategies for modulating inflammatory responses and attenuating hyperactivation of glial cells to mitigate viral replication within the brain are discussed. Furthermore, current chemotherapeutic and antiviral drugs are examined, elucidating their mechanisms of action against viral replication. This review aims to provide insights into therapeutic interventions for Japanese Encephalitis and related viral infections, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmad
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shad Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, 224001 Uttar Pradesh, India., 224001, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adil Husain
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niharika Pandey
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Khubaib
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rolee Sharma
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, CSJM University, Kanpur, 228024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Adetunji SA, Smolensky D, Mitzel DN, Owens JL, Chitko-McKown CG, Cernicchiaro N, Noronha LE. In Vitro Infection Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Established Porcine Cell Lines. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111468. [PMID: 34832623 PMCID: PMC8618157 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that regularly causes severe neurological disease in humans in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region. Pigs are one of the main amplifying hosts of JEV and play a central role in the virus transmission cycle. The objective of this study was to identify in vitro cell systems to investigate early effects of JEV infection including viral replication and host cell death. Here, we demonstrate the susceptibility of several porcine cell lines to the attenuated genotype III JEV strain SA14-14-2. Monolayers of porcine nasal turbinate (PT-K75), kidney (SK-RST), testis (ST), and monocyte-derived macrophage (CΔ2+) cells were infected with SA14-14-2 for up to five days at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. The hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, previously shown to be susceptible to SA14-14-2, was used as a positive control. Culture supernatants and cells were collected between 0 and 120 h post infection (hpi), and monolayers were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) using brightfield microscopy. The number of infectious virus particles was quantified by plaque assay and cell viability was determined using trypan blue staining. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of JEV NS1 antigens in cells infected at 1 MOI. All four porcine cell lines demonstrated susceptibility to SA14-14-2 and produced infectious virus by 12 hpi. Virus titers peaked at 48 hpi in CΔ2+, BHK-21, and SK-RST cells, at 72 hpi in PT-K75, and at 120 hpi in ST cells. CPE was visible in infected CΔ2+ and BHK-21 cells, but not the other three cell lines. The proportion of viable cells, as measured by trypan blue exclusion, declined after 24 hpi in BHK-21 and 48 hpi in CΔ2+ cells, but did not substantially decline in SK-RST, PT-K75 or ST cells. At 48 hpi, JEV NS1 was detected in all infected cell lines by fluorescence microscopy. These findings demonstrate several porcine cell lines which have the potential to serve as useful research tools for investigating JEV infection dynamics and host cell mechanisms in a natural amplifying host species, such as pigs, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakirat A. Adetunji
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.A.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Dmitriy Smolensky
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Dana N. Mitzel
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.N.M.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Jeana L. Owens
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.N.M.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Carol G. Chitko-McKown
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA;
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.A.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Leela E. Noronha
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.N.M.); (J.L.O.)
- Correspondence:
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García-Nicolás O, Lewandowska M, Ricklin ME, Summerfield A. Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells as Model to Evaluate Species Tropism of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:5. [PMID: 30746342 PMCID: PMC6360178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several mosquito-borne Flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Dengue Virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause severe clinical disease. Being zoonotic, Flaviviruses infect a wide variety of terrestrial vertebrates, which dependent of the virus-host interactions, can enhance ongoing epidemics and maintain the virus in the environment for prolonged periods. Targeted species can vary from amphibians, birds to various mammals, dependent on the virus. For many mosquito-borne flaviviruses the spectrum of targeted species is incompletely understood, in particular with respect to their contribution to the maintenance of virus in certain geographical regions. Furthermore, little is known about virus and host factors contributing to species tropism. The present study utilized human and porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) as a cell culture model to better understand Flavivirus species tropism and innate immune responses. MoDC were selected based on their presence in the skin and their role as an early target cell for several Flaviviruses and their role as immune sentinels. While differences in viral infectivity and replication were minor when comparing porcine with human MoDC for some of the tested Flaviviruses, a particularly strong replication in human MoDC was found with USUV, while JEV appeared to have a stronger tropism for porcine MoDC. With respect to innate immune responses we found high induction of TNF and IFN-β in both human and porcine MoDC after infection with JEV, WNV, and USUV, but not with DENV, ZIKV, and Wesselsbron virus. Spondweni virus induced these cytokine responses only in porcine MoDC. Overall, innate immune responses correlated with early infectivity and cytokine production. In conclusion, we demonstrate Flavivirus-dependent differences in the interaction with MoDC. These may play a role in pathogenesis but appear to only partially reflect the expected species tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marta Lewandowska
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Lannes N, Summerfield A, Filgueira L. Regulation of inflammation in Japanese encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:158. [PMID: 28807053 PMCID: PMC5557552 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uncontrolled inflammatory response of the central nervous system is a hallmark of severe Japanese encephalitis (JE). Although inflammation is necessary to mount an efficient immune response against virus infections, exacerbated inflammatory response is often detrimental. In this context, cells of the monocytic lineage appear to be important forces driving JE pathogenesis. Main body Brain-infiltrating monocytes, macrophages and microglia play a major role in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation during JE. Moreover, the role of inflammatory monocytes in viral neuroinvasion during JE and mechanisms of cell entry into the CNS remains unclear. The identification of cellular and molecular actors in JE inflammatory responses may help to understand the mechanisms behind excessive inflammation and to develop therapeutics to treat JE patients. This review addresses the current knowledge about mechanisms of virus neuroinvasion, neuroinflammation and therapeutics critical for JE outcome. Conclusion Understanding the regulation of inflammation in JE is challenging. Elucidation of the remaining open questions will help to the development of therapeutic approaches avoiding detrimental inflammatory responses in JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langassstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Interactions of human microglia cells with Japanese encephalitis virus. Virol J 2017; 14:8. [PMID: 28088249 PMCID: PMC5237516 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neurotropic flavivirus causing mortality and morbidity in humans. Severe Japanese encephalitis cases display strong inflammatory responses in the central nervous system and an accumulation of viral particles in specific brain regions. Microglia cells are the unique brain-resident immune cell population with potent migratory functions and have been proposed to act as a viral reservoir for JEV. Animal models suggest that the targeting of microglia by JEV is partially responsible for inflammatory reactions in the brain. Nevertheless, the interactions between human microglia and JEV are poorly documented. Methods Using human primary microglia and a new model of human blood monocyte-derived microglia, the present study explores the interaction between human microglia and JEV as well as the role of these cells in viral transmission to susceptible cells. To achieve this work, vaccine-containing inactivated JEV and two live JEV strains were applied on human microglia. Results Live JEV was non-cytopathogenic to human microglia but increased levels of CCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in such cultures. Furthermore, human microglia up-regulated the expression of the fraktalkine receptor CX3CR1 upon exposure to both JEV vaccine and live JEV. Although JEV vaccine enhanced MHC class II on all microglia, live JEV enhanced MHC class II mainly on CX3CR1+ microglia cells. Importantly, human microglia supported JEV replication, but infectivity was only transmitted to neighbouring cells in a contact-dependent manner. Conclusion Our findings suggest that human microglia may be a source of neuronal infection and sustain JEV brain pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0675-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Monocytes and B cells support active replication of Chandipura virus. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:487. [PMID: 27628855 PMCID: PMC5024506 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction between immune system and Chandipura virus (CHPV) during different stages of its life cycle remain poorly understood. The exact route of virus entry into the blood and CNS invasion has not been clearly defined. The present study was undertaken to assess the population in PBMC that supports the growth of virus and to detect active virus replication in PBMC as well as its subsets. METHODS PBMC subsets viz.: CD3(+), CD14(+), CD19(+), CD56(+)cells were separated and infected with CHPV. The infected cells were then assessed for transcription (N gene primer) and replication (NP gene primer) of CHPV by PCR. The supernatant collected from infected cells were titrated in Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cells to assess virus release. The cytokine and chemokine expression was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS Amplification of N and NP gene was detected in CD14(+) (monocyte) and CD19(+) (B cell), significant increase in virus titre was also observed in these subsets. It was observed that, although the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated in CD14(+) cells as compared to CD19(+)cells, the differences were not significant. However the levels of TNFα and IL-8 were significantly elevated in CD14(+) cells than in CD19(+)cells. The levels of chemokine (CXCL9, CCL5, CCL2, CXCL10) were significantly elevated in CHPV infected PBMC as compared to uninfected cells. CCL2 and CXCL9 were significantly increased in CHPV infected CD14(+)cells as compared to CD19(+) cells. CONCLUSION CD14(+)and CD19(+)cells support active replication of CHPV. High viral load was detected in CD14(+) cells infected with CHPV hence it might be the primary target cells for active replication of CHPV. An elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines observed in CD14(+) cells may help in predicting the pathogenecity of CHPV and possible entry into the central nervous system.
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Ricklin ME, Garcìa-Nicolàs O, Brechbühl D, Python S, Zumkehr B, Posthaus H, Oevermann A, Summerfield A. Japanese encephalitis virus tropism in experimentally infected pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:34. [PMID: 26911997 PMCID: PMC4765024 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are considered to be the main amplifying host for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and their infection can correlate with human cases of disease. Despite their importance in the ecology of the virus as it relates to human cases of encephalitis, the pathogenesis of JEV in pigs remains obscure. In the present study, the localization and kinetics of virus replication were investigated in various tissues after experimental intravenous infection of pigs. The data demonstrate a rapid and broad spreading of the virus to the central nervous system (CNS) and various other organs. A particular tropism of JEV in pigs not only to the CNS but also for secondary lymphoid tissue, in particular the tonsils with the overall highest viral loads, was observed. In this organ, even 11 days post infection, the latest time point of the experiment, no apparent decrease in viral RNA loads and live virus was found despite the presence of a neutralizing antibody response. This was also well beyond the clinical and viremic phase. These results are of significance for the pathogenesis of JEV, and call for further experimental studies focusing on the cellular source and duration of virus replication in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Daniel Brechbühl
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Beatrice Zumkehr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, DCR-VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Bhullar D, Jalodia R, Kalia M, Vrati S. Cytoplasmic translocation of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein and its binding to viral RNA during Japanese encephalitis virus infection inhibits virus replication. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114931. [PMID: 25545659 PMCID: PMC4278868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome containing a single open reading frame flanked by the 5′- and 3′-non-coding regions (NCRs). The virus genome replicates via a negative-sense RNA intermediate. The NCRs and their complementary sequences in the negative-sense RNA are the sites for assembly of the RNA replicase complex thereby regulating the RNA synthesis and virus replication. In this study, we show that the 55-kDa polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) interacts in vitro with both the 5′-NCR of the positive-sense genomic RNA - 5NCR(+), and its complementary sequence in the negative-sense replication intermediate RNA - 3NCR(-). The interaction of viral RNA with PTB was validated in infected cells by JEV RNA co-immunoprecipitation and JEV RNA-PTB colocalization experiments. Interestingly, we observed phosphorylation-coupled translocation of nuclear PTB to cytoplasmic foci that co-localized with JEV RNA early during JEV infection. Our studies employing the PTB silencing and over-expression in cultured cells established an inhibitory role of PTB in JEV replication. Using RNA-protein binding assay we show that PTB competitively inhibits association of JEV 3NCR(-) RNA with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5 protein), an event required for the synthesis of the plus-sense genomic RNA. cAMP is known to promote the Protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated PTB phosphorylation. We show that cells treated with a cAMP analogue had an enhanced level of phosphorylated PTB in the cytoplasm and a significantly suppressed JEV replication. Data presented here show a novel, cAMP-induced, PTB-mediated, innate host response that could effectively suppress JEV replication in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manjula Kalia
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
- * E-mail:
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Gromowski GD, Firestone CY, Bustos-Arriaga J, Whitehead SS. Genetic and phenotypic properties of vero cell-adapted Japanese encephalitis virus SA14-14-2 vaccine strain variants and a recombinant clone, which demonstrates attenuation and immunogenicity in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:98-107. [PMID: 25311701 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) SA14-14-2 vaccine, produced in primary hamster kidney cells, is safe and effective. Past attempts to adapt this virus to replicate in cells that are more favorable for vaccine production resulted in mutations that significantly reduced immunogenicity. In this study, 10 genetically distinct Vero cell-adapted JEV SA14-14-2 variants were isolated and a recombinant wild-type JEV clone, modified to contain the JEV SA14-14-2 polyprotein amino acid sequence, was recovered in Vero cells. A single capsid protein mutation (S66L) was important for Vero cell-adaptation. Mutations were also identified that modulated virus sensitivity to type I interferon-stimulation in Vero cells. A subset of JEV SA14-14-2 variants and the recombinant clone were evaluated in vivo and exhibited levels of attenuation that varied significantly in suckling mice, but were avirulent and highly immunogenic in weanling mice and are promising candidates for the development of a second-generation, recombinant vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Gromowski
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cai-Yen Firestone
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - José Bustos-Arriaga
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Development of a small animal peripheral challenge model of Japanese encephalitis virus using interferon deficient AG129 mice and the SA14-14-2 vaccine virus strain. Vaccine 2013; 32:258-64. [PMID: 24252694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, and it is increasingly a global public health concern due to its recent geographic expansion. While commercial vaccines are available and used in some endemic countries, JEV continues to be a public health problem, with 50,000 cases reported annually. Research with virulent JEV in mouse models to develop new methods of prevention and treatment is restricted to BSL-3 containment facilities, confining these studies to investigators with access to these facilities. We have developed an adult small animal peripheral challenge model using interferon-deficient AG129 mice and the JEV live-attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2, thus requiring only BSL-2 containment. A low dose of virus (10PFU/0.1ml) induced 100% morbidity in infected mice. Increased body temperatures measured by implantable temperature transponders correlated with an increase in infectious virus and viral RNA in serum, spleen and brain as well as an increase in pro-inflammatory markers measured by a 58-biomarker multi-analyte profile (MAP) constructed during the course of infection. In the future, the MAP measurements can be used as a baseline for comparison in order to better assess the inhibition of disease progression by other prophylactic and therapeutic agents. The use of the AG129/JEV SA14-14-2 animal model makes vaccine and therapeutic studies feasible for laboratories with limited biocontainment facilities.
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