1
|
Katane M, Homma H. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Free D-Amino Acids and Their Physiological Roles in the Periphery and Endocrine Glands. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:562-579. [PMID: 38432912 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
It was long believed that D-amino acids were either unnatural isomers or laboratory artifacts, and that the important functions of amino acids were exerted only by L-amino acids. However, recent investigations have revealed a variety of D-amino acids in mammals that play important roles in physiological functions, including free D-serine and D-aspartate that are crucial in the central nervous system. The functions of several D-amino acids in the periphery and endocrine glands are also receiving increasing attention. Here, we present an overview of recent advances in elucidating the physiological roles of D-amino acids, especially in the periphery and endocrine glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Katane
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gonda Y, Matsuda A, Adachi K, Ishii C, Suzuki M, Osaki A, Mita M, Nishizaki N, Ohtomo Y, Shimizu T, Yasui M, Hamase K, Sasabe J. Mammals sustain amino acid homochirality against chiral conversion by symbiotic microbes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300817120. [PMID: 37014864 PMCID: PMC10104486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300817120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals exhibit systemic homochirality of amino acids in L-configurations. While ribosomal protein synthesis requires rigorous chiral selection for L-amino acids, both endogenous and microbial enzymes convert diverse L-amino acids to D-configurations in mammals. However, it is not clear how mammals manage such diverse D-enantiomers. Here, we show that mammals sustain systemic stereo dominance of L-amino acids through both enzymatic degradation and excretion of D-amino acids. Multidimensional high performance liquidchromatography analyses revealed that in blood, humans and mice maintain D-amino acids at less than several percent of the corresponding L-enantiomers, while D-amino acids comprise ten to fifty percent of the L-enantiomers in urine and feces. Germ-free experiments showed that vast majority of D-amino acids, except for D-serine, detected in mice are of microbial origin. Experiments involving mice that lack enzymatic activity to catabolize D-amino acids showed that catabolism is central to the elimination of diverse microbial D-amino acids, whereas excretion into urine is of minor importance under physiological conditions. Such active regulation of amino acid homochirality depends on maternal catabolism during the prenatal period, which switches developmentally to juvenile catabolism along with the growth of symbiotic microbes after birth. Thus, microbial symbiosis largely disturbs homochirality of amino acids in mice, whereas active host catabolism of microbial D-amino acids maintains systemic predominance of L-amino acids. Our findings provide fundamental insight into how the chiral balance of amino acids is governed in mammals and further expand the understanding of interdomain molecular homeostasis in host-microbial symbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Gonda
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 279-0021Chiba, Japan
| | - Akina Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo UniversityFaculty of Medicine, 113-8431Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Adachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Department of Drug Discovery and Evolution, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akina Osaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Nishizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 279-0021Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ohtomo
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 177-8521Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo UniversityFaculty of Medicine, 113-8431Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Department of Drug Discovery and Evolution, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Osaki A, Aoyama M, Mita M, Hamase K, Yasui M, Sasabe J. Endogenous d-serine exists in the mammalian brain independent of synthesis by serine racemase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 641:186-191. [PMID: 36535077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) requires binding of a co-agonist in addition to l-glutamate. d-serine binds to the co-agonist site on GluN1 subunits of NMDARs and modulates glutamatergic neurotransmission. While loss of GluN1 subunits in mice results in neonatal death due to respiratory failure, animals that lack a d-serine synthetic enzyme, serine racemase (SR), show grossly normal growth. However, SR-independent origins of d-serine in the brain remain unclarified. In the present study, we investigated the origin of brain d-serine in mice. Loss of SR significantly reduced d-serine in the cerebral cortex, but a portion of d-serine remained in both neonates and adults. Although d-serine was also produced by intestinal bacteria, germ-free experiments did not influence d-serine levels in the cerebral cortex. In addition, treatment of SR-knockout mice with antibiotics showed a significant reduction of intestinal d-serine, but no reduction in the brain. On the other hand, restriction of dietary intake reduced systemic circulation of d-serine and resulted in a slight decrease of d-serine in the cerebral cortex, but did not account for brain d-serine found in the SR-knockout mice. Therefore, our findings show that endogenous d-serine of non-SR origin exists in the brain. Such previously unrecognized, SR-independent, endogenous d-serine may contribute baseline activity of NMDARs, especially in developing brain, which has minimal SR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akina Osaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marie Aoyama
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
D-Amino Acids as a Biomarker in Schizophrenia. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10010009. [PMID: 35225861 PMCID: PMC8883943 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
D-amino acids may play key roles for specific physiological functions in different organs including the brain. Importantly, D-amino acids have been detected in several neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related disorders, reflecting the disease conditions. Relationships between D-amino acids and neurophysiology may involve the significant contribution of D-Serine or D-Aspartate to the synaptic function, including neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Gut-microbiota could play important roles in the brain-function, since bacteria in the gut provide a significant contribution to the host pool of D-amino acids. In addition, the alteration of the composition of the gut microbiota might lead to schizophrenia. Furthermore, D-amino acids are known as a physiologically active substance, constituting useful biomarkers of several brain disorders including schizophrenia. In this review, we wish to provide an outline of the roles of D-amino acids in brain health and neuropsychiatric disorders with a focus on schizophrenia, which may shed light on some of the superior diagnoses and/or treatments of schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
5
|
Calderón C, Lämmerhofer M. Enantioselective metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114430. [PMID: 34757254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics strives to capture the entirety of the metabolites in a biological system by comprehensive analysis, often by liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry. A particular challenge thereby is the differentiation of structural isomers. Common achiral targeted and untargeted assays do not distinguish between enantiomers. This may lead to information loss. An increasing number of publications demonstrate that the enantiomeric ratio of certain metabolites can be meaningful biomarkers of certain diseases emphasizing the importance of introducing enantioselective analytical procedures in metabolomics. In this work, the state-of-the-art in the field of LC-MS based metabolomics is summarized with focus on developments in the recent decade. Methodologies, tagging strategies, workflows and general concepts are outlined. Selected biological applications in which enantioselective metabolomics has documented its usefulness are briefly discussed. In general, targeted enantioselective metabolomics assays are often based on a direct approach using chiral stationary phases (CSP) with polysaccharide derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, chiral crown ethers, chiral ion exchangers, donor-acceptor phases as chiral selectors. Rarely, these targeted assays focus on more than 20 analytes and usually are restricted to a certain metabolite class. In a variety of cases, pre-column derivatization of metabolites has been performed, especially for amino acids, to improve separation and detection sensitivity. Triple quadrupole instruments are the detection methods of first choice in targeted assays. Here, issues like matrix effect, absence of blank matrix impair accuracy of results. In selected applications, multiple heart cutting 2D-LC (RP followed by chiral separation) has been pursued to overcome this problem and alleviate bias due to interferences. Non-targeted assays, on the other hand, are based on indirect approach involving tagging with a chiral derivatizing agent (CDA). Besides classical CDAs numerous innovative reagents and workflows have been proposed and are discussed. Thereby, a critical issue for the accuracy is often neglected, viz. the validation of the enantiomeric impurity in the CDA. The majority of applications focus on amino acids, hydroxy acids, oxidized fatty acids and oxylipins. Some potential clinical applications are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calderón
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang J, Serratrice N, Lee CJ, François F, Sweedler JV, Puel JL, Mothet JP, Ruel J. Physiopathological Relevance of D-Serine in the Mammalian Cochlea. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:733004. [PMID: 34975405 PMCID: PMC8718999 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.733004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) populate the complex between inner hair cell (IHC) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the developing and mature cochlea. However, in the mature cochlea, activation of NMDARs is thought to mainly occur under pathological conditions such as excitotoxicity. Ototoxic drugs such as aspirin enable cochlear arachidonic-acid-sensitive NMDAR responses, and induced chronic tinnitus was blocked by local application of NMDAR antagonists into the cochlear fluids. We largely ignore if other modulators are also engaged. In the brain, D-serine is the primary physiological co-agonist of synaptic NMDARs. Whether D-serine plays a role in the cochlea had remained unexplored. We now reveal the presence of D-serine and its metabolic enzymes prior to, and at hearing onset, in the sensory and non-neuronal cells of the cochlea of several vertebrate species. In vivo intracochlear perfusion of D-serine in guinea pigs reduces sound-evoked activity of auditory nerve fibers without affecting the receptor potentials, suggesting that D-serine acts specifically on the postsynaptic auditory neurons without altering the functional state of IHC or of the stria vascularis. Indeed, we demonstrate in vitro that agonist-induced activation of NMDARs produces robust calcium responses in rat SGN somata only in the presence of D-serine, but not of glycine. Surprisingly, genetic deletion in mice of serine racemase (SR), the enzyme that catalyzes D-serine, does not affect hearing function, but offers protection against noise-induced permanent hearing loss as measured 3 months after exposure. However, the mechanisms of activation of NMDA receptors in newborn rats may be different from those in adult guinea pigs. Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that the neuro-messenger D-serine has a pivotal role in the cochlea by promoting the activation of silent cochlear NMDAR in pathological situations. Thus, D-serine and its signaling pathway may represent a new druggable target for treating sensorineural hearing disorders (i.e., hearing loss, tinnitus).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France.,ENT Department, Hospital and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Serratrice
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France
| | - Cindy J Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Florence François
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Puel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Laboratoire LuMin, Biophotonics and Synapse Physiopathology Team, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ENS Paris Saclay, Centrale Supélec, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme Ruel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
TAKANO Y, TAKAHASHI M, KOBAYASHI M, UEMURA T, FURUCHI T. <i>N</i><sup>α</sup>-(5-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-leucinamide-Derivatized LC/MS/MS Analysis of Amino Acid Enantiomers in HepG2 Cells. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2021.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke TAKANO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sherwood MW, Oliet SHR, Panatier A. NMDARs, Coincidence Detectors of Astrocytic and Neuronal Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7258. [PMID: 34298875 PMCID: PMC8307462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is an extensively studied cellular correlate of learning and memory in which NMDARs play a starring role. One of the most interesting features of NMDARs is their ability to act as a co-incident detector. It is unique amongst neurotransmitter receptors in this respect. Co-incident detection is possible because the opening of NMDARs requires membrane depolarisation and the binding of glutamate. Opening of NMDARs also requires a co-agonist. Although the dynamic regulation of glutamate and membrane depolarization have been well studied in coincident detection, the role of the co-agonist site is unexplored. It turns out that non-neuronal glial cells, astrocytes, regulate co-agonist availability, giving them the ability to influence synaptic plasticity. The unique morphology and spatial arrangement of astrocytes at the synaptic level affords them the capacity to sample and integrate information originating from unrelated synapses, regardless of any pre-synaptic and post-synaptic commonality. As astrocytes are classically considered slow responders, their influence at the synapse is widely recognized as modulatory. The aim herein is to reconsider the potential of astrocytes to participate directly in ongoing synaptic NMDAR activity and co-incident detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Sherwood
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France;
| | | | - Aude Panatier
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lockridge A, Gustafson E, Wong A, Miller RF, Alejandro EU. Acute D-Serine Co-Agonism of β-Cell NMDA Receptors Potentiates Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Excitatory β-Cell Membrane Activity. Cells 2021; 10:E93. [PMID: 33430405 PMCID: PMC7826616 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells express proteins characteristic of D-serine regulated synapses, but the acute effect of D-serine co-agonism on its presumptive β-cell target, N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), is unclear. We used multiple models to evaluate glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in mice with a systemic increase in D-serine (intraperitoneal injection or DAAO mutants without D-serine catabolism) or tissue-specific loss of Grin1-encoded GluN1, the D-serine binding NMDAR subunit. We also investigated the effects of D-serine ± NMDA on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and β-cell depolarizing membrane oscillations, using perforated patch electrophysiology, in β-cell-containing primary isolated mouse islets. In vivo models of elevated D-serine correlated to improved blood glucose and insulin levels. In vitro, D-serine potentiated GSIS and β-cell membrane excitation, dependent on NMDAR activating conditions including GluN1 expression (co-agonist target), simultaneous NMDA (agonist), and elevated glucose (depolarization). Pancreatic GluN1-loss females were glucose intolerant and GSIS was depressed in islets from younger, but not older, βGrin1 KO mice. Thus, D-serine is capable of acute antidiabetic effects in mice and potentiates insulin secretion through excitatory β-cell NMDAR co-agonism but strain-dependent shifts in potency and age/sex-specific Grin1-loss phenotypes suggest that context is critical to the interpretation of data on the role of D-serine and NMDARs in β-cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Lockridge
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Eric Gustafson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Robert F. Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Emilyn U. Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
ISHII C, FURUSHO A, HSIEH CL, HAMASE K. Multi-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Chiral Amino Acids and Related Compounds in Real World Samples. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu ISHII
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Aogu FURUSHO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Chin-Ling HSIEH
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bastings JJ, van Eijk HM, Olde Damink SW, Rensen SS. d-amino Acids in Health and Disease: A Focus on Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092205. [PMID: 31547425 PMCID: PMC6770864 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
d-amino acids, the enantiomeric counterparts of l-amino acids, were long considered to be non-functional or not even present in living organisms. Nowadays, d-amino acids are acknowledged to play important roles in numerous physiological processes in the human body. The most commonly studied link between d-amino acids and human physiology concerns the contribution of d-serine and d-aspartate to neurotransmission. These d-amino acids and several others have also been implicated in regulating innate immunity and gut barrier function. Importantly, the presence of certain d-amino acids in the human body has been linked to several diseases including schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related disorders such as cataract and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, increasing evidence supports a role for d-amino acids in the development, pathophysiology, and treatment of cancer. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the various sources of d-amino acids, their metabolism, as well as their contribution to physiological processes and diseases in man, with a focus on cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacco J.A.J. Bastings
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. van Eijk
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
| | - Steven W. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander S. Rensen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Furusho A, Koga R, Akita T, Mita M, Kimura T, Hamase K. Three-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Asn, Ser, Ala, and Pro Enantiomers in the Plasma of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11569-11575. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aogu Furusho
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Reiko Koga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- Shiseido Co., Ltd., 1-6-2 Higashi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8310, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kimura
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nakade Y, Iwata Y, Furuichi K, Mita M, Hamase K, Konno R, Miyake T, Sakai N, Kitajima S, Toyama T, Shinozaki Y, Sagara A, Miyagawa T, Hara A, Shimizu M, Kamikawa Y, Sato K, Oshima M, Yoneda-Nakagawa S, Yamamura Y, Kaneko S, Miyamoto T, Katane M, Homma H, Morita H, Suda W, Hattori M, Wada T. Gut microbiota-derived D-serine protects against acute kidney injury. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97957. [PMID: 30333299 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-derived metabolites play important roles in health and disease. D-amino acids and their L-forms are metabolites of gut microbiota with distinct functions. In this study, we show the pathophysiologic role of D-amino acids in association with gut microbiota in humans and mice with acute kidney injury (AKI). In a mouse kidney ischemia/reperfusion model, the gut microbiota protected against tubular injury. AKI-induced gut dysbiosis contributed to the altered metabolism of D-amino acids. Among the D-amino acids, only D-serine was detectable in the kidney. In injured kidneys, the activity of D-amino acid oxidase was decreased. Conversely, the activity of serine racemase was increased. The oral administration of D-serine mitigated the kidney injury in B6 mice and D-serine-depleted mice. D-serine suppressed hypoxia-induced tubular damage and promoted posthypoxic tubular cell proliferation. Finally, the D-serine levels in circulation were significantly correlated with the decrease in kidney function in AKI patients. These results demonstrate the renoprotective effects of gut-derived D-serine in AKI, shed light on the interactions between the gut microbiota and the kidney in both health and AKI, and highlight D-serine as a potential new therapeutic target and biomarker for AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Division of Infection Control.,Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Kengo Furuichi
- Division of Nephrology, and.,Division of Blood Purification, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Konno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Katane
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Morita
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine.,Division of Nephrology, and
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Distinctive Roles of D-Amino Acids in the Homochiral World: Chirality of Amino Acids Modulates Mammalian Physiology and Pathology. Keio J Med 2018; 68:1-16. [PMID: 29794368 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2018-0001-ir] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms enantioselectively employ L-amino acids as the molecular architecture of protein synthesized in the ribosome. Although L-amino acids are dominantly utilized in most biological processes, accumulating evidence points to the distinctive roles of D-amino acids in non-ribosomal physiology. Among the three domains of life, bacteria have the greatest capacity to produce a wide variety of D-amino acids. In contrast, archaea and eukaryotes are thought generally to synthesize only two kinds of D-amino acids: D-serine and D-aspartate. In mammals, D-serine is critical for neurotransmission as an endogenous coagonist of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors. Additionally, D-aspartate is associated with neurogenesis and endocrine systems. Furthermore, recognition of D-amino acids originating in bacteria is linked to systemic and mucosal innate immunity. Among the roles played by D-amino acids in human pathology, the dysfunction of neurotransmission mediated by D-serine is implicated in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Non-enzymatic conversion of L-aspartate or L-serine residues to their D-configurations is involved in age-associated protein degeneration. Moreover, the measurement of plasma or urinary D-/L-serine or D-/L-aspartate levels may have diagnostic or prognostic value in the treatment of kidney diseases. This review aims to summarize current understanding of D-amino-acid-associated biology with a major focus on mammalian physiology and pathology.
Collapse
|
15
|
Koga R, Miyoshi Y, Sakaue H, Hamase K, Konno R. Mouse d-Amino-Acid Oxidase: Distribution and Physiological Substrates. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:82. [PMID: 29255714 PMCID: PMC5722847 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
d-Amino-acid oxidase (DAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of d-amino acids. DAO is present in a wide variety of organisms and has important roles. Here, we review the distribution and physiological substrates of mouse DAO. Mouse DAO is present in the kidney, brain, and spinal cord, like DAOs in other mammals. However, in contrast to other animals, it is not present in the mouse liver. Recently, DAO has been detected in the neutrophils, retina, and small intestine in mice. To determine the physiological substrates of mouse DAO, mutant mice lacking DAO activity are helpful. As DAO has wide substrate specificity and degrades various d-amino acids, many d-amino acids accumulate in the tissues and body fluids of the mutant mice. These amino acids are d-methionine, d-alanine, d-serine, d-leucine, d-proline, d-phenylalanine, d-tyrosine, and d-citrulline. Even in wild-type mice, administration of DAO inhibitors elevates D-serine levels in the plasma and brain. Among the above d-amino acids, the main physiological substrates of mouse DAO are d-alanine and d-serine. These two d-amino acids are most abundant in the tissues and body fluids of mice. d-Alanine derives from bacteria and produces bactericidal reactive oxygen species by the action of DAO. d-Serine is synthesized by serine racemase and is present especially in the central nervous system, where it serves as a neuromodulator. DAO is responsible for the metabolism of d-serine. Since DAO has been implicated in the etiology of neuropsychiatric diseases, mouse DAO has been used as a representative model. Recent reports, however, suggest that mouse DAO is different from human DAO with respect to important properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Koga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yurika Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakaue
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Konno
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Suzuki M, Imanishi N, Mita M, Hamase K, Aiso S, Sasabe J. Heterogeneity of D-Serine Distribution in the Human Central Nervous System. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091417713905. [PMID: 28604057 PMCID: PMC5470653 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417713905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
D-serine is an endogenous ligand for N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors. Accumulating evidence including genetic associations of D-serine metabolism with neurological or psychiatric diseases suggest that D-serine is crucial in human neurophysiology. However, distribution and regulation of D-serine in humans are not well understood. Here, we found that D-serine is heterogeneously distributed in the human central nervous system (CNS). The cerebrum contains the highest level of D-serine among the areas in the CNS. There is heterogeneity in its distribution in the cerebrum and even within the cerebral neocortex. The neocortical heterogeneity is associated with Brodmann or functional areas but is unrelated to basic patterns of cortical layer structure or regional expressional variation of metabolic enzymes for D-serine. Such D-serine distribution may reflect functional diversity of glutamatergic neurons in the human CNS, which may serve as a basis for clinical and pharmacological studies on D-serine modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Suzuki
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Imanishi
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Hamase
- 3 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sadakazu Aiso
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Acton D, Miles GB. Differential regulation of NMDA receptors by d-serine and glycine in mammalian spinal locomotor networks. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:1877-1893. [PMID: 28202572 PMCID: PMC5411468 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00810.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide evidence that NMDARs within murine spinal locomotor networks determine the frequency and amplitude of ongoing locomotor-related activity in vitro and that NMDARs are regulated by d-serine and glycine in a synapse-specific and activity-dependent manner. In addition, glycine transporter-1 is shown to be an important regulator of NMDARs during locomotor-related activity. These results show how excitatory transmission can be tuned to diversify the output repertoire of spinal locomotor networks in mammals. Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) requires the binding of a coagonist, either d-serine or glycine, in addition to glutamate. Changes in occupancy of the coagonist binding site are proposed to modulate neural networks including those controlling swimming in frog tadpoles. Here, we characterize regulation of the NMDAR coagonist binding site in mammalian spinal locomotor networks. Blockade of NMDARs by d(−)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (d-APV) or 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid reduced the frequency and amplitude of pharmacologically induced locomotor-related activity recorded from the ventral roots of spinal-cord preparations from neonatal mice. Furthermore, d-APV abolished synchronous activity induced by blockade of inhibitory transmission. These results demonstrate an important role for NMDARs in murine locomotor networks. Bath-applied d-serine enhanced the frequency of locomotor-related but not disinhibited bursting, indicating that coagonist binding sites are saturated during the latter but not the former mode of activity. Depletion of endogenous d-serine by d-amino acid oxidase or the serine-racemase inhibitor erythro-β-hydroxy-l-aspartic acid (HOAsp) increased the frequency of locomotor-related activity, whereas application of l-serine to enhance endogenous d-serine synthesis reduced burst frequency, suggesting a requirement for d-serine at a subset of synapses onto inhibitory interneurons. Consistent with this, HOAsp was ineffective during disinhibited activity. Bath-applied glycine (1–100 µM) failed to alter locomotor-related activity, whereas ALX 5407, a selective inhibitor of glycine transporter-1 (GlyT1), enhanced burst frequency, supporting a role for GlyT1 in NMDAR regulation. Together these findings indicate activity-dependent and synapse-specific regulation of the coagonist binding site within spinal locomotor networks, illustrating the importance of NMDAR regulation in shaping motor output. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide evidence that NMDARs within murine spinal locomotor networks determine the frequency and amplitude of ongoing locomotor-related activity in vitro and that NMDARs are regulated by d-serine and glycine in a synapse-specific and activity-dependent manner. In addition, glycine transporter-1 is shown to be an important regulator of NMDARs during locomotor-related activity. These results show how excitatory transmission can be tuned to diversify the output repertoire of spinal locomotor networks in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Acton
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth B Miles
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
MORIKAWA A, FUKUOKA H, UEZONO K, MITA M, KOYANAGI S, OHDO S, ZAITSU K, HAMASE K. Sleep-Awake Profile Related Circadian D-Alanine Rhythm in Human Serum and Urine. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2017. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2017.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko MORIKAWA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hideoki FUKUOKA
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | | | | | - Satoru KOYANAGI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Shigehiro OHDO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kiyoshi ZAITSU
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Serine racemase inhibition induces nitric oxide-mediated neurovascular protection during cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2016; 339:139-149. [PMID: 27693471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There are no effective neuroprotectant drugs for acute cerebral ischemia. Serine racemase (SR) synthesizes d-serine, which is involved in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-induced neurotoxicity. Recently, SR deletion was reported to protect against focal cerebral ischemia. However, regulatory mechanisms controlling SR-activity in the neurovascular unit (NVU) during cerebral ischemia remain to be clarified. We investigated the effects of SR inhibition on neurovascular protection after ischemia. The SR inhibitor phenazine methosulfate (PMS) alleviated neuronal damage in an ex vivo ischemic model (oxygen glucose deprivation [OGD]) using primary neuronal cultures, and in an in vivo mouse model of ischemia (middle cerebral artery occlusion [MCAO]). Ischemic preconditioning (IP) and PMS-treatment inhibited SR phosphorylation after ischemia ex vivo. In addition, SR phosphorylation after MCAO was also decreased in PMS-treated mice. Reductions in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) after MCAO were improved by administration of PMS. Treatment with PMS increased phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the ischemic core and penumbra region. In neuron-endothelial cell co-cultures, PMS promoted nitric oxide production after OGD. These findings indicate that SR inhibition acts as a neuroprotectant in the NVU and ameliorant of CBF abnormalities post-stroke. Thus, pharmacologic SR inhibition has potential clinical applications.
Collapse
|
20
|
Control of Appetite and Food Preference by NMDA Receptor and Its Co-Agonist d-Serine. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071081. [PMID: 27399680 PMCID: PMC4964457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes a significant negative impact on health of human beings world-wide. The main reason for weight gain, which eventually leads to obesity, is excessive ingestion of energy above the body’s homeostatic needs. Therefore, the elucidation of detailed mechanisms for appetite control is necessary to prevent and treat obesity. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a post-synaptic glutamate receptor and is important for excitatory neurotransmission. It is expressed throughout the nervous system, and is important for long-term potentiation. It requires both ligand (glutamate) and co-agonist (d-serine or glycine) for efficient opening of the channel to allow calcium influx. d-serine is contained in fermented foods and marine invertebrates, and brain d-serine level is maintained by synthesis in vivo and supply from food and gut microbiota. Although the NMDA receptor has been reported to take part in the central regulation of appetite, the role of d-serine had not been addressed. We recently reported that exogenous d-serine administration can suppress appetite and alter food preference. In this review, we will discuss how NMDA receptor and its co-agonist d-seine participate in the control of appetite and food preference, and elaborate on how this system could possibly be manipulated to suppress obesity.
Collapse
|
21
|
Foster AC, Farnsworth J, Lind GE, Li YX, Yang JY, Dang V, Penjwini M, Viswanath V, Staubli U, Kavanaugh MP. D-Serine Is a Substrate for Neutral Amino Acid Transporters ASCT1/SLC1A4 and ASCT2/SLC1A5, and Is Transported by Both Subtypes in Rat Hippocampal Astrocyte Cultures. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156551. [PMID: 27272177 PMCID: PMC4896441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play critical roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Activation of NMDA receptors by synaptically released L-glutamate also requires occupancy of co-agonist binding sites in the tetrameric receptor by either glycine or D-serine. Although D-serine appears to be the predominant co-agonist at synaptic NMDA receptors, the transport mechanisms involved in D-serine homeostasis in brain are poorly understood. In this work we show that the SLC1 amino acid transporter family members SLC1A4 (ASCT1) and SLC1A5 (ASCT2) mediate homo- and hetero-exchange of D-serine with physiologically relevant kinetic parameters. In addition, the selectivity profile of D-serine uptake in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes is consistent with uptake mediated by both ASCT1 and ASCT2. Together these data suggest that SLC1A4 (ASCT1) may represent an important route of Na-dependent D-serine flux in the brain that has the ability to regulate extracellular D-serine and thereby NMDA receptor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan C. Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YXL); (ACF); (MPK)
| | - Jill Farnsworth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States of America
| | - Genevieve E. Lind
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States of America
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YXL); (ACF); (MPK)
| | - Jia-Ying Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Van Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Mahmud Penjwini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Veena Viswanath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Ursula Staubli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Kavanaugh
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YXL); (ACF); (MPK)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ultimate Translation: Developing Therapeutics Targeting on N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 76:257-309. [PMID: 27288080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are broadly distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), where they mediate excitatory signaling. NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission (NMDARMN) is the molecular engine of learning, memory and cognition, which are the basis for high cortical function. NMDARMN is also critically involved in the development and plasticity of CNS. Due to its essential and critical role, either over- or under-activation of NMDARMN can contribute substantially to the development of CNS disorders. The involvement of NMDARMN has been demonstrated in a variety of CNS disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Several targets to "correct" or "reset" the NMDARMN in these CNS disorders have been identified and confirmed. With analogy to aminergic treatments, these targets include the glycine/d-serine co-agonist site, channel ionophore, glycine transporter-1, and d-amino acid oxidase. It is still early days in terms of developing novel therapeutics targeting the NMDAR. However, agents modulating NMDARMN hold promise as the next generation of CNS therapeutics.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ito T, Takada H, Isobe K, Suzuki M, Kitaura Y, Hemmi H, Matsuda T, Sasabe J, Yoshimura T. PEGylated D-serine dehydratase as a D-serine reducing agent. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 116:34-9. [PMID: 25617179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
D-Serine is an endogenous coagonist for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and is involved in excitatory neurotransmission. Excessive receptor activation causes excitotoxicity, leading to various acute and chronic neurological disorders. Decrease in D-serine content may provide a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the neurological disorders in which overstimulation of NMDA receptors plays a pathological role. Saccharomyces cerevisiaed-serine dehydratase (Dsd1p), which acts dominantly on D-serine, may be a useful D-serine reducing agent. We conjugated a linear 5-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) to Dsd1p (PEG-Dsd1p) and examined the effects of PEG-conjugation on its biochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. PEG-Dsd1p retained activity, specificity, and stability of the enzyme. The PEG modification extended the serum half-life of Dsd1p in mice 6-fold, from 3.8h to 22.4h. PEG-Dsd1p was much less immunogenic compared to the unmodified enzyme. Intraperitoneal administration of PEG-Dsd1p was effective in decreasing the D-serine content in the mouse hippocampus. These findings suggest that PEG-Dsd1p may be a novel tool for lowering D-serine levels in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Ito
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroe Takada
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiko Isobe
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hemmi
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuda
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tohru Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furou-chou, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sakamoto T, Kuwabara R, Takahashi S, Onozato M, Ichiba H, Iizuka H, Fukushima T. Determination of d-serine in human serum by LC-MS/MS using a triazole-bonded column after pre-column derivatization with (S)-4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7- (N, N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:517-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Glycolytic flux controls D-serine synthesis through glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in astrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2217-24. [PMID: 25870284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416117112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Serine is an essential coagonist with glutamate for stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. Although astrocytic metabolic processes are known to regulate synaptic glutamate levels, mechanisms that control D-serine levels are not well defined. Here we show that d-serine production in astrocytes is modulated by the interaction between the D-serine synthetic enzyme serine racemase (SRR) and a glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). In primary cultured astrocytes, glycolysis activity was negatively correlated with D-serine level. We show that SRR interacts directly with GAPDH, and that activation of glycolysis augments this interaction. Biochemical assays using mutant forms of GAPDH with either reduced activity or reduced affinity to SRR revealed that GAPDH suppresses SRR activity by direct binding to GAPDH and through NADH, a product of GAPDH. NADH allosterically inhibits the activity of SRR by promoting the disassociation of ATP from SRR. Thus, astrocytic production of D-serine is modulated by glycolytic activity via interactions between GAPDH and SRR. We found that SRR is expressed in astrocytes in the subiculum of the human hippocampus, where neurons are known to be particularly vulnerable to loss of energy. Collectively, our findings suggest that astrocytic energy metabolism controls D-serine production, thereby influencing glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abe T, Suzuki M, Sasabe J, Takahashi S, Unekawa M, Mashima K, Iizumi T, Hamase K, Konno R, Aiso S, Suzuki N. Cellular origin and regulation of D- and L-serine in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1928-35. [PMID: 25294127 PMCID: PMC4269747 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
D-Serine is known to be essential for the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the excitation of glutamatergic neurons, which have critical roles in long-term potentiation and memory formation. D-Serine is also thought to be involved in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. The deletion of serine racemase (SRR), which synthesizes D-serine from L-serine, was recently reported to improve ischemic damage in mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. However, the cell type in which this phenomenon originates and the regulatory mechanism for D-/L-serine remain elusive. The D-/L-serine content in ischemic brain increased until 20 hours after recanalization and then leveled off gradually. The results of in vitro experiments using cultured cells suggested that D-serine is derived from neurons, while L-serine seems to be released from astroglia. Immunohistochemistry studies of brain tissue after cerebral ischemia showed that SRR is expressed in neurons, and 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH), which synthesizes L-serine from 3-phosphoglycerate, is located in astrocytes, supporting the results of the in vitro experiments. A western blot analysis showed that neither SRR nor 3-PGDH was upregulated after cerebral ischemia. Therefore, the increase in D-/L-serine was not related to an increase in SRR or 3-PGDH, but to an increase in the substrates of SRR and 3-PGDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takato Abe
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Mashima
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Iizumi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Konno
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sadakazu Aiso
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yu H, Li T, Cui Y, Liao Y, Wang G, Gao L, Zhao F, Jin Y. Effects of lead exposure on d-serine metabolism in the hippocampus of mice at the early developmental stages. Toxicology 2014; 325:189-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
28
|
Romero GE, Lockridge AD, Morgans CW, Bandyopadhyay D, Miller RF. The postnatal development of D-serine in the retinas of two mouse strains, including a mutant mouse with a deficiency in D-amino acid oxidase and a serine racemase knockout mouse. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:848-54. [PMID: 25083578 PMCID: PMC4176384 DOI: 10.1021/cn5000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Serine, an N-methyl D-aspartate receptor coagonist, and its regulatory enzymes, D-amino acid oxidase (DAO; degradation) and serine racemase (SR; synthesis), have been implicated in crucial roles of the developing central nervous system, yet the functional position that they play in regulating the availability of d-serine throughout development of the mammalian retina is not well-known. Using capillary electrophoresis and a sensitive method of enantiomeric amino acid separation, we were able to determine total levels of d-serine at specific ages during postnatal development of the mouse retina in two different strains of mice, one of which contained a loss-of-function point mutation for DAO while the other was a SR knockout line. Each mouse line was tested against conspecific wild type (WT) mice for each genetic strain. The universal trend in all WT and transgenic mice was a large amount of total retinal d-serine at postnatal age 2 (P2), followed by a dramatic decrease as the mice matured into adulthood (P70-80). SR knockout mice retinas had 41% less D-serine than WT retinas at P2, and 10 times less as an adult. DAO mutant mice retinas had significantly elevated levels of d-serine when compared to WT retinas at P2 (217%), P4 (223%), P8 (194%), and adulthood (227%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine W. Morgans
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ischemic acute kidney injury perturbs homeostasis of serine enantiomers in the body fluid in mice: early detection of renal dysfunction using the ratio of serine enantiomers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86504. [PMID: 24489731 PMCID: PMC3906037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance of blood and urine amino acids in renal failure has been studied mostly without chiral separation. Although a few reports have shown the presence of D-serine, an enantiomer of L-serine, in the serum of patients with severe renal failure, it has remained uncertain how serine enantiomers are deranged in the development of renal failure. In the present study, we have monitored serine enantiomers using a two-dimensional HPLC system in the serum and urine of mice after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), known as a mouse model of acute kidney injury. In the serum, the level of D-serine gradually increased after renal IRI in parallel with that of creatinine, whereas the L-serine level decreased sharply in the early phase after IRI. The increase of D-serine was suppressed in part by genetic inactivation of a D-serine-degrading enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), but not by disruption of its synthetic enzyme, serine racemase, in mice. Renal DAO activity was detected exclusively in proximal tubules, and IRI reduced the number of DAO-positive tubules. On the other hand, in the urine, D-serine was excreted at a rate nearly triple that of L-serine in mice with sham operations, indicating that little D-serine was reabsorbed while most L-serine was reabsorbed in physiological conditions. IRI significantly reduced the ratio of urinary D−/L-serine from 2.82±0.18 to 1.10±0.26 in the early phase and kept the ratio lower than 0.5 thereafter. The urinary D−/L-serine ratio can detect renal ischemia earlier than kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) or neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the urine, and more sensitively than creatinine, cystatin C, or the ratio of D−/L-serine in the serum. Our findings provide a novel understanding of the imbalance of amino acids in renal failure and offer a potential new biomarker for an early detection of acute kidney injury.
Collapse
|
30
|
HAMASE K, NAKAUCHI Y, MIYOSHI Y, KOGA R, KUSANO N, ONIGAHARA H, NARAOKA H, MITA H, KADOTA Y, NISHIO Y, MITA M, LINDNER W. Enantioselective Determination of Extraterrestrial Amino Acids Using a Two-Dimensional Chiral High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic System. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2014. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2014.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yusuke NAKAUCHI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yurika MIYOSHI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Reiko KOGA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Nao KUSANO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | - Hiroshi NARAOKA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hajime MITA
- Department of Life, Environment and Materials Science, Fukuoka Institute of Technology
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Billard JM. Serine racemase as a prime target for age-related memory deficits. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1931-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-M. Billard
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences; Faculté de Médecine; Université Paris Descartes; UMR 894; Sorbonne Paris Cité; 2 ter rue d'Alésia; Paris; 75014; France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shibuya N, Kimura H. Production of hydrogen sulfide from d-cysteine and its therapeutic potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:87. [PMID: 23882260 PMCID: PMC3712494 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that H2S has physiological functions in various tissues and organs. It includes regulation of neuronal activity, vascular tension, a release of insulin, and protection of the heart, kidney, and brain from ischemic insult. H2S is produced by enzymes from l-cysteine; cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) along with cysteine aminotransferase. We recently discovered an additional pathway for the production of H2S from d-cysteine. d-Amino acid oxidase provides 3-mercaptopyruvate for 3MST to produce H2S. d-Cysteine protects cerebellar neurons from oxidative stress and attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury caused in the kidney more effectively than l-cysteine. This review focuses on a novel pathway for the production of H2S and its therapeutic application especially to the renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hideo Kimura, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|