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Singh R, Panghal A, Jadhav K, Thakur A, Verma RK, Singh C, Goyal M, Kumar J, Namdeo AG. Recent Advances in Targeting Transition Metals (Copper, Iron, and Zinc) in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04256-8. [PMID: 38809370 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the transition metal homeostasis in the brain are closely linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD), including intraneuronal iron accumulation and extracellular copper and zinc pooling in the amyloid plague. The brain copper, zinc, and iron surplus are commonly acknowledged characteristics of AD, despite disagreements among some. This has led to the theory that oxidative stress resulting from abnormal homeostasis of these transition metals may be a causative explanation behind AD. In the nervous system, the interaction of metals with proteins appears to be an essential variable in the development or suppression of neurodegeneration. Chelation treatment may be an option for treating neurodegeneration induced by transition metal ion dyshomeostasis. Some clinicians even recommend using chelating agents as an adjunct therapy for AD. The current review also looks at the therapeutic strategies that have been attempted, primarily with metal-chelating drugs. Metal buildup in the nervous system, as reported in the AD, could be the result of compensatory mechanisms designed to improve metal availability for physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuraj Singh
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Lab, Institutes of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Sector 81. Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Archna Panghal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Krishna Jadhav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Ashima Thakur
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ICFAI University, Baddi, Distt. Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Verma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hemwati, Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Dist. Garhwal (Uttarakhand), 246174, India
| | - Manoj Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hemwati, Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Dist. Garhwal (Uttarakhand), 246174, India
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hemwati, Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Dist. Garhwal (Uttarakhand), 246174, India.
| | - Ajay G Namdeo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hemwati, Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Dist. Garhwal (Uttarakhand), 246174, India
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Ismail M, Yang W, Li Y, Wang Y, He W, Wang J, Muhammad P, Chaston TB, Rehman FU, Zheng M, Lovejoy DB, Shi B. Biomimetic Dp44mT-nanoparticles selectively induce apoptosis in Cu-loaded glioblastoma resulting in potent growth inhibition. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121760. [PMID: 36044788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Selective targeting of elevated copper (Cu) in cancer cells by chelators to induce tumor-toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be a promising approach in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Previously, the Cu chelator di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT) attracted much interest due to its potent anti-tumor activity mediated by the formation of a highly redox-active Cu-Dp44mT complex. However, its translational potential was limited by the development of toxicity in murine models of cancer reflecting poor selectivity. Here, we overcame the limitations of Dp44mT by incorporating it in new biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) optimized for GBM therapy. Biomimetic design elements enhancing selectivity included angiopeptide-2 functionalized red blood cell membrane (Ang-M) camouflaging of the NPs carrier. Co-loading Dp44mT with regadenoson (Reg), that transiently opens the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), yielded biomimetic Ang-MNPs@(Dp44mT/Reg) NPs that actively targeted and traversed the BBB delivering Dp44mT specifically to GBM cells. To further improve selectivity, we innovatively pre-loaded GBM tumors with Cu. Oral dosing of U87MG-Luc tumor bearing mice with diacetyl-bis(4-methylthiosemicarbazonato)-copperII (Cu(II)-ATSM), significantly enhanced Cu-level in GBM tumor. Subsequent treatment of mice bearing Cu-enriched orthotopic U87MG-Luc GBM with Ang-MNPs@(Dp44mT/Reg) substantially prevented orthotopic GBM growth and led to maximal increases in median survival time. These results highlighted the importance of both angiopeptide-2 functionalization and tumor Cu-loading required for greater selective cytotoxicity. Targeting Ang-MNPs@(Dp44mT/Reg) NPs also down-regulated antiapoptotic Bcl-2, but up-regulated pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved-caspase-3, demonstrating the involvement of the apoptotic pathway in GBM suppression. Notably, Ang-MNPs@(Dp44mT/Reg) showed negligible systemic drug toxicity in mice, further indicating therapeutic potential that could be adapted for other central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ismail
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Wenya He
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Jiefei Wang
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Pir Muhammad
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Timothy B Chaston
- University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fawad Ur Rehman
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Research, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 78400, Pakistan
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - David B Lovejoy
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Parrilha GL, dos Santos RG, Beraldo H. Applications of radiocomplexes with thiosemicarbazones and bis(thiosemicarbazones) in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kirtani DU, Ghatpande NS, Suryavanshi KR, Kulkarni PP, Kumbhar AA. Fluorescent Copper(II) Complexes of Asymmetric Bis(Thiosemicarbazone)s: Electrochemistry, Cellular Uptake and Antiproliferative Activity. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti U. Kirtani
- Department of Chemistry Savitribai Phule Pune University Ganeshkhind Road Pune 411007 India
| | - Niraj S. Ghatpande
- Bioprospecting Group Agharkar Research Institute Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Road Pune 411004 India
| | - Komal R. Suryavanshi
- Bioprospecting Group Agharkar Research Institute Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Road Pune 411004 India
| | - Prasad P. Kulkarni
- Bioprospecting Group Agharkar Research Institute Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Road Pune 411004 India
| | - Anupa A. Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry Savitribai Phule Pune University Ganeshkhind Road Pune 411007 India
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Lei P, Ayton S, Bush AI. The essential elements of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100105. [PMID: 33219130 PMCID: PMC7948403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) directed against the prominent amyloid plaque neuropathology are yet to be proved effective despite many phase 3 clinical trials. There are several other neurochemical abnormalities that occur in the AD brain that warrant renewed emphasis as potential therapeutic targets for this disease. Among those are the elementomic signatures of iron, copper, zinc, and selenium. Here, we review these essential elements of AD for their broad potential to contribute to Alzheimer’s pathophysiology, and we also highlight more recent attempts to translate these findings into therapeutics. A reinspection of large bodies of discovery in the AD field, such as this, may inspire new thinking about pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015-Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175965. [PMID: 32825138 PMCID: PMC7504404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is an important biochemical enzyme in that it controls acetylcholine-mediated neuronal transmission in the central nervous system, contains a unique structure with two binding sites connected by a gorge region, and it has historically been the main pharmacological target for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Given the large projected increase in Alzheimer's disease cases in the coming decades and its complex, multifactorial nature, new drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease at once are needed. Tacrine, the first acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used clinically but withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity concerns, remains an important starting point in research for the development of multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This review highlights tacrine-based, multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors published in the literature since 2015 with a specific focus on merged compounds (i.e., compounds where tacrine and a second pharmacophore show significant overlap in structure). The synthesis of these compounds from readily available starting materials is discussed, along with acetylcholinesterase inhibition data, relative to tacrine, and structure activity relationships. Where applicable, molecular modeling, to elucidate key enzyme-inhibitor interactions, and secondary biological activity is highlighted. Of the numerous compounds identified, there is a subset with promising preliminary screening results, which should inspire further development and future research in this field.
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Walke G, Ruthstein S. Does the ATSM-Cu(II) Biomarker Integrate into the Human Cellular Copper Cycle? ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12278-12285. [PMID: 31460344 PMCID: PMC6681976 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is commonly encountered in the tumor microenvironment and drives proliferation, angiogenesis, and resistance to therapy. Imaging of hypoxia is important in many disease states in oncology, cardiology, and neurology. Finding clinically approved imaging biomarkers for hypoxia has proved challenging. Candidate biomarkers have shown low uptake into tumors and low signal to background ratios that adversely affect imaging quality. Copper complexes have been identified as potential biomarkers for hypoxia owing to their redox ability. Active uptake of copper complexes into cells could ensure selectivity and high sensitivity. We explored the reactivity and selectivity of the ATSM-Cu(II) biomarker to proteins that are involved in the copper cycle using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and UV-vis measurements. We show that the affinity of the ATSM-Cu(II) complex to proteins in the copper cycle is low and the cell probably does not actively uptake ATSM-Cu(II).
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Ferreira Neto DC, Alencar Lima J, Sobreiro Francisco Diz de Almeida J, Costa França TC, Jorge do Nascimento C, Figueroa Villar JD. New semicarbazones as gorge-spanning ligands of acetylcholinesterase and potential new drugs against Alzheimer's disease: Synthesis, molecular modeling, NMR, and biological evaluation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:4099-4113. [PMID: 29198175 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1407676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new compounds (E)-2-(5,7-dibromo-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroacridin-1(2H)-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothiomide (3) and (E)-2-(5,7-dibromo-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dhihydroacridin-1(2H)-ylidene)hydrazinecarboxamide (4) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticholinesterase activities. In vitro tests performed by NMR and Ellman's tests, pointed to a mixed kinetic mechanism for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This result was corroborated through further docking and molecular dynamics studies, suggesting that the new compounds can work as gorge-spanning ligands by interacting with two different binding sites inside AChE. Also, in silico toxicity evaluation suggested that these new compounds can be less toxic than tacrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Cristian Ferreira Neto
- a Medicinal Chemistry Group , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil.,b Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Roraima , Boa Vista, Roraima 69310-000 , Brazil
| | - Josélia Alencar Lima
- c Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD) , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil
| | - Joyce Sobreiro Francisco Diz de Almeida
- c Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD) , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- c Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD) , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil.,d Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management , University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Jorge do Nascimento
- e Institute of Biosciences , Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-240 , Brazil
| | - José Daniel Figueroa Villar
- a Medicinal Chemistry Group , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil
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Porqueras DSD, Beyler M, Tripier R, Salerno M. Intracellular Transport Studies of Picolinate Macrocyclic Copper and Lanthanide Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Santo Domingo Porqueras
- Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), UFR-SMBH; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité; 74 rue Marcel Cachin 93017, Bobigny France
| | - Maryline Beyler
- UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences et Techniques; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837 29238 Brest Cedex 3 France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences et Techniques; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837 29238 Brest Cedex 3 France
| | - Milena Salerno
- Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), UFR-SMBH; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité; 74 rue Marcel Cachin 93017, Bobigny France
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Djoko KY, Donnelly PS, McEwan AG. Inhibition of respiratory complex I by copper(ii)-bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes. Metallomics 2014; 6:2250-9. [PMID: 25366244 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Several copper(ii) complexes of bis(thiosemicarbazones) [Cu(btsc)s] show promise as therapeutics for the treatment of neurological diseases, cancers and bacterial infections. These complexes are thought to act primarily as copper ionophores or "copper boosting" agents, whereby the Cu(II) centre is reduced by cytosolic reductants and Cu(I) is released as "free" or "bioavailable" ion. It is then assumed that the dissociated Cu(I) ion is the species responsible for many of the observed biological effects of Cu(btsc)s. We recently showed that Cu(btsc) complexes inhibited NADH dehydrogenases in the bacterial respiratory chain. In this work, we demonstrate that Cu(btsc) complexes also inhibit mitochondrial respiration and that Complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is a specific target of inhibition. However, bioavailable Cu ions do not appear to contribute to the action of Cu(btsc) as a respiratory inhibitor. Instead, an intact Cu(btsc) molecule may bind reversibly and competitively to the site of ubiquinone binding in Complex I. Our results add to the growing body of evidence that the intact complex may be important in the overall cellular activity of Cu(btsc) complexes and further the understanding of their biological effects as a potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrera Y Djoko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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García-Moreno E, Gascón S, Rodriguez-Yoldi MJ, Cerrada E, Laguna M. S-Propargylthiopyridine Phosphane Derivatives As Anticancer Agents: Characterization and Antitumor Activity. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Moreno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Gascón
- Departamento de Farmacología
y Fisiología, Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn,
Spain
| | - M Jesus Rodriguez-Yoldi
- Departamento de Farmacología
y Fisiología, Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn,
Spain
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mariano Laguna
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Yadav AA, Patel D, Wu X, Hasinoff BB. Molecular mechanisms of the biological activity of the anticancer drug elesclomol and its complexes with Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pt(II). J Inorg Biochem 2013; 126:1-6. [PMID: 23707906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The bis(thiohydrazide) amide elesclomol has extremely potent antiproliferative activity and is currently in clinical trials as an anticancer agent. Elesclomol strongly binds copper and may be exerting its cell growth inhibitory effects by generating copper-mediated oxidative stress. Nickel(II) and platinum(II) complexes of elesclomol were synthesized and characterized in order to investigate if these biologically redox inactive metal complexes could also inhibit cell growth. The nickel(II)-elesclomol and platinum(II) elesclomol complexes were 34- and 1040-fold less potent than the copper(II)-elesclomol complex towards human leukemia K562 cells. These results support the conclusion that a redox active metal is required for elesclomol to exert its cell growth inhibitory activity. Copper(II)-elesclomol was also shown to efficiently oxidize ascorbic acid at physiological ascorbic acid concentrations. Reoxidation of the copper(I) thus produced would lead to production of damaging reactive oxygen species. An X-ray crystallographic structure determination of copper(II)-elesclomol showed that it formed a 1:1 neutral complex with a distorted square planar structure. The kinetics and equilibria of the competition reaction of the strong copper(II) chelator TRIEN with copper(II)-elesclomol were studied spectrophotometrically under physiological conditions. These results showed elesclomol bound copper(II) with a conditional stability constant 24-fold larger than TRIEN. A log stability constant of 24.2 was thus indirectly determined for the copper(II)-elesclomol complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun A Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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