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Calheiros-Lobo MJ, Carbas R, da Silva LFM, Pinho T. Impact of in vitro findings on clinical protocols for the adhesion of CAD-CAM blocks: A systematic integrative review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:1051-1070. [PMID: 36543700 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) blocks have evolved rapidly, making it difficult to establish the best clinical protocol for bonding a given block and whether an established protocol is appropriate for a newly introduced product. PURPOSE This integrative systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify whether the clinician can select the most efficient adhesion protocols for CAD-CAM blocks by reading published in vitro studies and implementing them in daily practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Based on the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) strategy, 3 databases were searched for in vitro studies, randomized clinical trials, prospective or retrospective studies, and case reports from January 1, 2015, to July 31, 2021. A meta-analysis analyzed 28 studies to calculate the mean difference between best and worst protocols for each author and block with a random-effects model (α=.05). RESULTS From 508 relevant studies, 37 in vitro studies, 2 clinical studies, and 1 clinical report were selected for data extraction and qualitative analysis. Vita Enamic, IPS e.max CAD, LAVA Ultimate, and Vita Mark II blocks were the most studied, and RelyX Ultimate was the most used luting cement. The meta-analysis confirmed the null hypothesis that the evidence-based efficacy of clinical protocols to bond CAD-CAM blocks is still controversial (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS There are objective standards for individual in vitro tests, but the studies lack standardization. Some tested protocols were more efficient than others. Randomized clinical trials and well-documented clinical situations were almost nonexistent, making direct application of in vitro findings in clinical practice impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Calheiros-Lobo
- Clinical Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Researcher, UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, IUCS - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Carbas
- Postdoctoral Researcher, INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F M da Silva
- Full Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Pinho
- Full Professor and Researcher, UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, IUCS - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
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Abdelhafeez MM, Alharbi FM, Srivastava S, Eldwakhly E, Saadaldin SA, Soliman M. Perception of Minimum Interventional Dentistry among Dental Undergraduate Students and Interns. Medicina (B Aires) 2023; 59:medicina59040649. [PMID: 37109609 PMCID: PMC10143900 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The philosophy of minimum interventional dentistry (MID) is to integrate prevention, remineralization, and minimal intervention for the placement and replacement of restorations. All branches of dentistry play an important role in practicing MID, and their primary goal is to realize that any restoration is of less biological significance than the healthy original tissue Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the perception of MID among dental undergraduate students and interns in terms of knowledge, attitude, and practice at the College of Dentistry. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students and interns at the College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed, which included basic demographic profiles and questions about the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward MID. The data were tabulated in MS Excel, and all statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 163 dental students were recruited, with senior students comprising 73% and interns comprising 27%. Male students were slightly more prevalent (50.9%) than female students (49.1%). About 37.6% of participants received training about MID during educational courses, while 10.3% received it during their internship. A statistical test revealed that the prevalence of interns who were trained in performing MID was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The majority of the participants demonstrated proper knowledge, attitude, and practice in different aspects of MID. Interns reported a higher rate of knowledge, attitude, and practice in MID compared to undergraduate students. However, more education and hands-on training about MID concepts during the college curriculum are necessary to attain better knowledge, attitude, and practices that could be useful for more conservative clinical practice.
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Komagata Y, Ikeda H, Fujio Y, Nagamatsu Y, Shimizu H. Effect of phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide on cleaning and bonding of saliva-contaminated feldspar porcelain. J Prosthodont Res 2023; 67:132-137. [PMID: 35431286 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_21_00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Hydrofluoric acid has been used to remove salivary contamination in dental glass-ceramics before bonding treatment. However, alternative methods are required because hydrofluoric acid is harmful. This study examined the cleaning effects of phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide on glass-ceramics for bonding pre-treatment.Methods Feldspar porcelain was divided into four groups: (C) cleaned porcelain without any contamination, (S) porcelain contaminated with saliva, (SPA) porcelain cleaned with 37% phosphoric acid after saliva contamination, and (SSH) porcelain cleaned with 10% sodium hydroxide after saliva contamination. Each sample was bonded to the resin cement using a silane-containing primer. They were then subjected to a shear bond strength (SBS) test. Each surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).Results The SBS of group SSH was comparable to that of group C but significantly higher than that of groups S and SPA. SEM observations showed that saliva-like structures remained on the samples of groups S and SPA, but not on the SSH group. The contact angles of groups C and SSH were comparable and significantly smaller than those of groups S and SPA, respectively. FT-IR analysis also revealed saliva in groups S and SPA, which was absent in the SSH group.Conclusions The saliva remained on the porcelain even after cleaning with phosphoric acid, and SBS was not restored to the same level as before the contamination. In contrast, sodium hydroxide eliminated saliva and restored SBS to the same level as before contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Komagata
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujio
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Saga, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagamatsu
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Resin-bonded ceramic restorations are common treatment options. Clinical longevity of resin-bonded ceramic restorations depends on the quality and durability of the resin-ceramic bond. The type and composition of the specific ceramic determines the selection of the most effective bonding protocol. Such protocol typically includes a surface pretreatment step followed by application of a priming agent. Understanding of fundamental ceramic properties and chemical compositions enables the clinician to make proper material selection decisions for clinically successful and long-lasting restorations. Based on research accrued over the past decades, this article reviews and discusses current resin-bonding protocols to most commonly used dental ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus B Blatz
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Julian Conejo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amirah Alammar
- Sijam Medical Center, Northern Ring Road, Alghadeer District, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jose Ayub
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Nascimento AR, Mantovani MB, Mendonça LC, Vesselovcz J, Pacheco RR, Pini NP, Sundfeld D. Two-Year Follow-Up of Self-Etching Ceramic Primer as Surface Treatment for Feldspathic Veneers: A Clinical Case Review. Oper Dent 2021; 46:126-135. [PMID: 34192329 DOI: 10.2341/20-036-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The two-step approach of applying hydrofluoric acid followed by silane is deemed the goldstandard surface treatment protocol before bonding to glass ceramics. Given hydrofluoric acid is a toxic conditioning agent and with the intention to simplify this step, the dental company Ivoclar Vivadent (Schaan, Lietchtenstein) released a self-etching ceramic primer, Monobond Etch & Prime in 2015, claiming that hydrofluoric acid and silane application would no longer be required prior to luting glass ceramics. Therefore, this clinical case report and retrospective analysis describes the replacement of unsatisfactory anterior veneers due to clinical failures for new feldspathic glass ceramic veneers, using the aforementioned self-etching ceramic primer. After two years, feldspathic glass ceramics presented satisfying clinical performance with absence of debonding, tooth sensitivity, recurrent carious lesions, or marginal infiltration.
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Ostermann F, Meyer G, Kern M. Survey of clinically used adhesive ceramic bonding methods - follow up after 12 years. Dent Mater 2020; 37:e195-e200. [PMID: 33334585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This survey evaluated dentists' use of adhesive bonding methods of all-ceramic restorations over a period of twelve years. This is a follow-up survey which had been undertaken in 2007, 2011, and in 2015 [1]. METHODS A multiple choice questionnaire regarding adhesive bonding methods for all-ceramic restoration was developed and handed out in 2007 and 2019 to dentist participating in a local annual dental meeting in Northern Germany. The questionnaires were evaluated on the basis of evidence-based techniques from the scientific literature. RESULTS Data from 93 questionnaires (2019) were compared with 90 evaluated questionnaires from 2007. Bonding of oxide ceramic had improved over the years of observation (7% to 62%) whereas evidence-based bonding of silicate ceramic restorations decreased from 66% to 38%; common mistakes were using air abrasion on silicate surface. Females showed better values for correct adhesive cementation than males (f: 39-50%, m: 22%-41%). A correlation between correct cementation and years of professional experience could not be revealed. CONCLUSION Incorrect bonding of oxide ceramic restorations decreased within the 12 years investigated whereas there was no improvement of evidence-based bonding procedures of silicate ceramics. Still a high number of survey participants need additional training in bonding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda Ostermann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Haus B, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Gunnar Meyer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Haus B, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Haus B, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Yazigi C, Elsayed A, Kern M. Secure and precise insertion of minimally invasive resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses after ridge augmentation by means of a positioning splint. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2020; 33:415-421. [PMID: 32945608 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Single-retainer resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses (RBFDPs) are described as an excellent minimally invasive treatment modality for the replacement of a single missing incisor even in cases of congenitally missing teeth that are often associated with hard and soft tissue defects that need to be properly managed to optimize the esthetic outcome. The lack of a retentive form due to the minimally invasive preparation form makes the adhesive bonding procedure for RBFDPs relatively technique-sensitive and might discourage practitioners from offering this treatment modality. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS A patient with both maxillary lateral incisors congenitally missing was assessed for eligibility for treatment with RBFDPs. Bilateral horizontal ridge defects were present and treated through ridge augmentation to ensure an ovate pontic design and enhance the esthetic outcome. A minimally invasive preparation within enamel was conducted; the restorations were digitally designed and milled out of (3Y-TZP) zirconia ceramic with labial veneering with feldspathic ceramic for enhanced esthetics. An improved design of positioning splints was used for the adhesive bonding procedure to ensure exact, secure, and flawless insertion of the restorations. CONCLUSIONS RBFDPs offer a highly esthetic treatment modality for missing teeth in the anterior area. Tissue defects could be overcome be means of a minor oral surgery, while using improved positioning splints might ensure flawless adhesive bonding and promote the usage of RBFDPs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Hard and soft tissue defects can be remarkably optimized through a minor ridge augmentation. Improved positioning splints allow an easy and secure positioning as well as visual inspection of the seating in end-position and complete removal of resin cement excess. Implementing the concept of insertion splints might promote RBFDPs for anterior tooth replacement as it helps preventing bonding errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Yazigi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel
| | - Adham Elsayed
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel
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Effect of Cleaning Protocol on Bond Strength between Resin Composite Cement and Three Different CAD/CAM Materials. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13184150. [PMID: 32961873 PMCID: PMC7560426 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation tested the effect of the cleaning method on the tensile bond strength (TBS) between one resin composite cement (RCC) and three different computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials, namely zirconia, lithium disilicate ceramic and resin composite. Ninety specimens were prepared from each CAD/CAM material (N = 270). The specimens were pre-treated respectively, divided into five subgroups and subjected to five different cleaning protocols, namely i. 37% phosphoric acid, ii. ethanol, iii. phosphoric acid + ethanol, iv. cleaning paste, v. distilled water. After cleaning, the specimens were either conditioned using a universal primer or a universal adhesive and bonded using a dual-curing RCC. After thermo-cycling (20,000x at 5 °C/55 °C), TBS and fracture patterns were evaluated. The data was analyzed using 1- and 2-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Scheffé and partial eta-squared (ƞP²), Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Chi2 tests (p < 0.05). The CAD/CAM material showed an impact on the BS while the cleaning protocol did not affect the results. Zirconia obtained the highest BS, followed by lithium-disilicate-ceramic. Resin composite resulted in the overall lowest BS. For most fracture patterns, the cohesive type occurred. All tested cleaning protocols resulted in same BS values within one CAD/CAM material indicating that the impact of the cleaning method for the restorative material seems to play a subordinate role in obtaining durable bond strength to resin composite cement. Further, it indicates that the recommended bonding protocols are well adjusted to the respective materials and might be able to compensate the impact of not accurately performed cleaning protocols.
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Cleaning and Conditioning of Contaminated Core Build-Up Material before Adhesive Bonding. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122880. [PMID: 32604963 PMCID: PMC7344432 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different cleaning and conditioning procedures after contamination on the tensile bond strength (TBS) of a luting resin to a core build-up composite resin. Specimens (n = 384) made of a core build-up material were stored for 3 weeks in 37 °C water. Half of the specimens were contaminated with saliva and a disclosing silicone and then cleaned either using phosphoric acid, a pumice suspension, air-abrasion with alumina or polishing powder. Surface conditioning was performed by either using a dentin adhesive, a silane containing primer or a composite resin primer, which resulted in 24 unique combinations of 16 specimens per group. Before measuring TBS, half of the specimens of each group were stored in 37 °C water for 3d or were artificially aged for 150 days. Results show that cleaning with pumice or air-abrasion are superior methods compared to using a polishing powder or phosphoric acid. Silane is an inferior conditioning agent compared to composite or dentin primers. Ideally, after contamination, bonding surfaces should be cleaned with a pumice suspension and conditioned with a dentin adhesive. Those surfaces could also be cleaned and conditioned with air-abrasion with alumina particles and a composite resin primer.
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Cuevas-Suárez CE, de Oliveira da Rosa WL, Vitti RP, da Silva AF, Piva E. Bonding Strength of Universal Adhesives to Indirect Substrates: A Meta-Analysis of in Vitro Studies. J Prosthodont 2020; 29:298-308. [PMID: 31994803 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the in vitro bond strength of universal adhesive systems to indirect substrates. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two reviewers performed a literature search up to March 2018 in seven databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, Scopus, LILACS, IBECS, and BBO. The review included studies that compared the bond strength of universal adhesives and well-established material-specific primers to indirect substrates: lithium disilicate ceramic, yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide ceramic, leucite-reinforced ceramic, feldspathic porcelain, polymer infiltrated ceramic material, resin composite or metal alloys. Analyses were carried out using RevMan 5.3.5. A global comparison was performed with the standardized mean difference using a random-effects models at a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 45 studies were included in the qualitative analysis, and the meta-analysis was performed with 42 studies. Bond strength to glass-based ceramics and alloys was improved with the use of a specific-primer as separate step before the bonding procedures (lithium disilicate, p < 0.001; alloys, p < 0.001). The bond strength to zirconium substrates was improved with the use of universal adhesives (p < 0.001). For bond strength to composite resin as indirect substrate, universal adhesives performed in a manner similar to that of the material-specific primer (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS The clinical procedure of luting zirconia and resin composite restorations could be simplified by using single-bottle universal adhesives. However, the ability of universal adhesives to achieve an adequate and durable bond to glass-based ceramics and alloys appears to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hgo, 42160, Mexico
| | - Wellington Luiz de Oliveira da Rosa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Goncalves Cháves 457, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pino Vitti
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Quatro de Março, 432, Taubaté, 12020-270, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Goncalves Cháves 457, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Goncalves Cháves 457, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil
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Güers P, Wille S, Strunskus T, Polonskyi O, Kern M. Durability of resin bonding to zirconia ceramic after contamination and the use of various cleaning methods. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1388-1396. [PMID: 31447058 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of contamination and different cleaning methods on the tensile bond strength with a phosphate monomer containing luting resin to zirconia ceramic. METHODS After the contamination with saliva or silicone disclosing agent, 228 polished and airborne-particle abraded zirconia discs were ultrasonically cleaned with 99% isopropanol. In a second step, the specimens were either treated with argon-oxygen plasma, air plasma, enzymatic cleaning agent or did not undergo an additional cleaning process. Uncontaminated zirconia specimens were used as the control group. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used for chemical analysis of the bonding surfaces of specimens. Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin were bonded to zirconia specimens with a phosphate monomer containing luting resin. Tensile bond strength (TBS) was tested after 3 days or 150 days water storage with 37,500 thermal cycles. RESULTS XPS revealed a decrease of the carbon/oxygen ratio after plasma treatment and an increase after treatment with an enzymatic cleaning agent in all groups. All contaminated specimens showed high and durable TBS after cleaning with a combination of isopropanol and a non-thermal atmospheric plasma. After the cleaning with enzymatic cleaning agent the TBS was significantly reduced in all groups after 150 days thermal cycling. SIGNIFICANCE The combination of isopropanol and plasma cleaning was effective in removing salvia and disclosing agent contamination. Enzymatic clearing agent was not able to remove contamination effectively and had a negative impact on the TBS of non-contaminated specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Güers
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Wille
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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