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Adeeb Gabra EN, Sadek HMA, Hamdy AM, Wahsh MM. Effect of surface treatment and resin cement type on the bond strength of polyetheretherketone to lithium disilicate ceramic. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:513. [PMID: 38698366 PMCID: PMC11064278 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate the effect of surface treatment and resin cement on the shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to lithium disilicate ceramic (LDC). This is suggested to study alternative veneering of PEEK frameworks with a ceramic material. METHODS eighty discs were prepared from PEEK blank and from lithium disilicate ceramic. Samples were divided into four groups according to surface treatment: Group (A) air abraded with 110 μm Al2O3, Group (AP) air abrasion and primer application, Group (S) 98% sulfuric acid etching for 60 s, Group (SP) Sulfuric acid and primer. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups based on resin cement type used for bonding LDC:1) subgroup (L) self- adhesive resin cement and 2) subgroup (B) conventional resin cement (n = 10). Thermocycling was done for all samples. The bond strength was assessed using the shear bond strength test (SBS). Failure mode analysis was done at 50X magnification with a stereomicroscope. Samples were chosen from each group for scanning electron microscope (SEM). The three-way nested ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis of results. Comparisons of effects were done utilizing one way ANOVA and (p < 0.05). RESULTS The highest mean of shear bond strength values was demonstrated in Group of air abrasion with primer application using conventional resin cement (APB) (12.21 ± 2.14 MPa). Sulfuric acid groups showed lower shear bond strength values and the majority failed in thermocycling especially when no primer was applied. The failure mode analysis showed that the predominant failure type was adhesive failure between cement and PEEK, while the remaining was mixed failure between cement and PEEK. CONCLUSION The air abrasion followed by primer application and conventional resin cement used for bonding Lithium Disilicate to PEEK achieved the best bond strength. Primer application did not have an effect when self-adhesive resin cement was used in air-abraded groups. Priming step is mandatory whenever sulfuric acid etching surface treatment is utilized for PEEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy N Adeeb Gabra
- Lecturer at Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Marwa M Wahsh
- Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Galala University, Cairo, Egypt
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Gökay GD, Aladağ SÜ. Comparison of the shear bond strengths of two different polyetheretherketone (PEEK) framework materials and CAD-CAM veneer materials. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:444. [PMID: 38609958 PMCID: PMC11010332 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) of two different polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and CAD-CAM materials after aging. METHODS A total of 42 frameworks were designed and milled from 2 different PEEK discs (Copra Peek, P and BioHPP, B). P and B frameworks were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 7). 14 slices were prepared each from feldspathic ceramic (Vitablocs Mark II, VM), hybrid nanoceramic (Cerasmart, CS), and polymer-infiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic, VE) blocks. After surface preparations, the slices were cemented to P and B surfaces. The samples were subjected to thermal aging (5000 cycles). SBS of all the samples was measured. Fractured surfaces were examined by SEM/EDX analysis. The Shapiro-Wilk, Two-way Robust ANOVA and Bonferroni correction tests were used to analyze the data (a = .05). RESULTS Frameworks, ceramics, and frameworks x ceramics had significant differences (p < 0.05). The highest SBS value was seen in B-VM (p < 0.05). VM offered the highest SBS with both P and B. The differences between P-VM, P-CS, P-VE and B-CS and B-VE were insignificant (p > 0.05). According to EDX analysis, ytterbium and fluorine was seen in B content, unlike P. While VM and CS contained fluorine, barium, and aluminum; sodium and aluminum were observed in the VE structure. CONCLUSION Bonding of P and B with VM offers higher SBS. VM, CS and VE did not make any difference in SBS for P, however VM showed a significant difference for B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Deste Gökay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Seda Üstün Aladağ
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
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Yilmaz B, Gouveia D, Schimmel M, Lu WE, Özcan M, Abou-Ayash S. Effect of adhesive system, resin cement, heat-pressing technique, and thermomechanical aging on the adhesion between titanium base and a high-performance polymer. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:468-474. [PMID: 35513915 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Even though polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has become popular for various prosthetic indications, a standard adhesive protocol to bond the PEEK to titanium bases has not been yet established. How the heat-pressing technique performs in this respect is also not clear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of an adhesive system-cement combination, the heat-pressing technique, and thermomechanical aging on the retention force between titanium bases and PEEK specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty 9×11×20-mm PEEK specimens with a titanium base slot integrated into the design were milled to simulate an implant-supported PEEK framework for a cantilevered fixed prosthesis. The specimens were assigned to 8 groups (n=10) according to the titanium base primer (MKZ or Monobond) and resin cement (DTK or Multilink hybrid) used and with or without thermomechanical aging. Twenty PEEK specimens were directly heat-pressed on titanium bases, and half of the specimens were not subjected to thermomechanical aging (n=10). For nonaged groups, the PEEK specimen complex was tightened to an implant analog and secured on a custom-made pull-off device. Retention forces were measured by using the pull-off tensile test in a universal testing machine, and the maximum tensile bond strength (MPa) was calculated. The aged groups were subjected to 5000 cycles of thermal aging (5 °C to 55 °C), and the specimens were clamped to load the extension (cantilever) for 1 200 000 cycles with 120 N and 200 N at 1.5-Hz frequency. After aging, the pull-off test was performed for those specimens that survived thermomechanical aging. A nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine whether there was a difference among the groups, followed by pairwise Wilcoxon rank tests with Bonferroni correction. The Wilcoxon rank test was used to analyze the effect of thermomechanical aging in each adhesive system-cement or heat-press group (α=.05 for all tests). RESULTS None of the specimens failed during cyclic loading. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test, the effect of the PEEK-Ti base bonding technique on the retention force in the nonaged (P=.019) and thermomechanically aged groups was significant (P=.010). In the nonaged groups, the heat-pressing technique resulted in a higher retention force than when the specimens were bonded by using the Monobond-Multilink hybrid combination (P=.031). Thermomechanical aging did not significantly affect the results (P>.241). All failures were adhesive, with cement remaining only on the Ti-bases. CONCLUSIONS All bonding protocols tested resulted in a stable bond between PEEK and Ti-bases, as all specimens survived thermomechanical aging. The heat-pressing technique resulted in mean bond strength values similar to those obtained with the tested adhesive system-cement combinations with 1 exception; the nonaged heat-pressed groups presented higher bond strength than the Monobond-Multilink hybrid combination. Failure types indicated that the weaker bond was between the PEEK and the cements tested rather than between the titanium base and the cements, regardless of the adhesive system-cement combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Yilmaz
- Associate Professor, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Associate Professor, Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Adjunct Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Diogo Gouveia
- Assistant Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Professor and Head, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Senior Lecturer, Extra muros, Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wei-En Lu
- PhD Candidate, Division of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Professor and Head, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samir Abou-Ayash
- Senior Lecturer and Head, Section of Digital Implant and Reconstructive Dentistry, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Peng TY, Shimoe S, Higo M, Kato M, Hirata I, Iwaguro S, Kaku M. Effect of laser engraving on shear bond strength of polyetheretherketone to indirect composite and denture-base resins. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:32-38. [PMID: 38303863 PMCID: PMC10829665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a highly sought-after thermoplastic due to its exceptional mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, bonding PEEK to indirect composite resin (ICR) or denture-based resin (DBR) can be challenging. Laser engraving technology has shown potential to improve bonding for other materials; thus, this study aims to evaluate its effectiveness for PEEK. Materials and methods The experiment involved preparing ingot-shaped PEEK samples, which were then categorized into four groups based on the treatment method employed: without treatment, air abrasion, sulfuric acid etching, and laser engraving (LS). Subsequently, the samples were bonded to ICR or DBR, and their shear bond strength (SBS) was tested with or without thermocycling using a universal testing machine. Furthermore, the failure mode was observed, with statistical analyses conducted to compare the results. Results The grid-like microslit structure of LS group displayed the highest SBS for bonding PEEK to ICR or DBR (P < 0.05). During the bonding of PEEK to ICR, resin residue and penetration into the microslits were frequently observed in the LS group, indicating cohesive failure. However, when PEEK was bonded to DBR, mixture failure was frequently observed without thermocycling. After thermocycling, only the LS group showed cohesive failure, while the majority of specimens exhibited mixture failure. Conclusion Laser engraving significantly improves the SBS between PEEK and both ICR and DBR. Furthermore, it was observed that resin had penetrated the microslits, indicating that laser engraving has great potential as a surface treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Peng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Saiji Shimoe
- Department of Anatomy and Functional Restorations, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Momoyo Higo
- Division of Dental Technician, Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mai Kato
- Course for Oral Engineering, Department of Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Isao Hirata
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shogo Iwaguro
- Division of Dental Technician, Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masato Kaku
- Department of Anatomy and Functional Restorations, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
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Sinha N, Thompson GA, Drago C, An H. Shear bond strength characteristics on surface treatment modalities of CAD-CAM resin polymers. J Prosthodont 2023. [PMID: 37940565 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the shear bond strength of composite resin to a commercially available high-performance polymer material for fixed, screw-retained full arch restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 135 computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing, high-performance polymer (HPP) blocks were cut and obtained from discs (Trilor 95, Harvest Dental, Brea, CA). The samples were 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm. The specimen surfaces were grouped as untreated (Group A), 50 μm Al2O3 (Group B), 110 μm Al2O3 (Group C), Rocatec (3 M, St. Paul, MN) activated with silica-modified alumina oxide treatment (Group D); and trimmed coarsely with a carbide bur (Group E). Group A samples were used as controls. After surface treatments, the specimens were gently cleansed with oil-free steam and alcohol wipes. Surface conditioning was performed on all physically treated samples. The manufacturer's recommendations were followed for bonding composite resin to the samples with light-cured Visio.link (Bredent, Chesterfield, UK). Cylinders were veneered with composite resins (diameter 5 mm, height 4 mm) and polymerized on the specimen surfaces through plastic tubes. Twenty-seven specimens were used for each testing group and aging tests were performed. The experimental samples were thermocycled. Shear bond strength and scanning electron microscopic tests were performed. Means and standard deviations were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with post-hoc Tukey tests. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between the groups (p<0.001). The highest shear bond strengths were achieved for the specimens bonded with Visio.link without physical surface treatments (270.47 MPa). The lowest bond strengths were found for specimen surfaces abraded with 110 μm Al2O3 (117.03 Mpa) CONCLUSIONS: The results of this laboratory study indicated that the specimens used with Visio.link as provided by the manufacturer had the highest shear bond strengths between the composite resin and high-performance polymer test specimens. Modifications of the high-performance polymer surfaces with carbide burs did not change bonding strengths with the composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sinha
- Department of Prosthodontics, Creighton University School of Dentistry, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Thompson
- Department of Prosthodontics, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carl Drago
- Department of Prosthodontics, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hongseok An
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Graduate Prosthodontics OHSU, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Lyu X, Kanda R, Tsuda S, Hashimoto Y, Fujii T, Kashiwagi K. Novel Carboxylation Method for Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Surface Modification Using Friedel-Crafts Acylation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15651. [PMID: 37958636 PMCID: PMC10650194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has shown promising dental applications. Surface treatment is essential for dental applications owing to its poor surface energy and wettability; however, no consensus on an effective treatment method has been achieved. In this study, we attempted to carboxylate PEEK sample surfaces via Friedel-Crafts acylation using succinic anhydride and AlBr3. The possibility of further chemical modifications using carboxyl groups was examined. The samples were subjected to dehydration-condensation reactions with 1H,1H-pentadecafluorooctylamine and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Furthermore, the sample's surface properties at each reaction stage were evaluated. An absorption band in the 3300-3500 cm-1 wavenumber region was observed. Additionally, peak suggestive of COOH was observed in the sample spectra. Secondary modification diminished the absorption band in 3300-3500 cm-1 and a clear F1s signal was observed. Thus, Friedel-Crafts acylation with succinic anhydride produced carboxyl groups on the PEEK sample surfaces. Further chemical modification of the carboxyl groups by dehydration-condensation reactions is also possible. Thus, a series of reactions can be employed to impart desired chemical structures to PEEK surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Lyu
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata 573-1121, Osaka, Japan; (X.L.); (T.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Ryuhei Kanda
- Division of Creative and Integrated Medicine, Advanced Medicine Research Center, Translational Research Institute for Medical Innovation (TRIMI), Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata 573-1121, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Susumu Tsuda
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata 573-1121, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Yoshiya Hashimoto
- Division of Creative and Integrated Medicine, Advanced Medicine Research Center, Translational Research Institute for Medical Innovation (TRIMI), Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata 573-1121, Osaka, Japan;
- Department of Biomaterial, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata 573-1121, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takamasa Fujii
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata 573-1121, Osaka, Japan; (X.L.); (T.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Kosuke Kashiwagi
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata 573-1121, Osaka, Japan; (X.L.); (T.F.); (K.K.)
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Ahmad SM, Dawood SN, Dalloo GAM, Al-Barazanchi TRH. Evaluation of mechanical properties of different polyetheretherketone endodontic post systems: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:537. [PMID: 37542242 PMCID: PMC10401823 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival of endodontically treated teeth depends on an efficient restoration of the missing tooth structure. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of different endodontic post systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human permanent maxillary central incisors (no.=58) were decoronated and root-filled. The specimens with prepared root canals were randomly divided into Group P: Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) post and composite core and Group C: custom-made post-core of PEEK. The cementation of the posts was carried out using self-adhesive resin cement. Nano-hybrid composite resin was used for core fabrication. After cementation, the specimens from each group were randomly divided into two subgroups according to the types of tests utilized: 14 from each group were for the fracture strength test, which was restored with IPS e-max CAD crown, and 15 from each group for the pullout resistance test. A universal testing machine was used for the test performance. RESULTS The fracture resistance test showed that the values significantly differed among tested posts (P = 0.013). Group P showed the highest fracture resistance. Group C exhibited higher mean pullout resistance values than the other group (P) (P = 0.059). In the two-piece PEEK post and composite core, the predominant type of failure was a core fracture, while in the one-piece PEEK post-core, most types of failures were either in the crown or in the post. CONCLUSIONS The prefabricated posts are more resistant to fracture than the custom-made posts, with fracture and displacement mainly of the core. In contrast, both showed similar pullout resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawbo Muhamd Ahmad
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, 0046, Iraq
| | - Shilan Nawzad Dawood
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, 0046, Iraq
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Cevik P, Yildirim AZ, Demir Sevinc EH, Gonder A, Kiat-Amnuay S. Using Peek as a Framework Material for Maxillofacial Silicone Prosthesis: An In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2694. [PMID: 37376341 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There are often bonding problems between acrylic resins and silicone. PEEK (polyetheretherketone), which is a high-performance polymer, has great potential for the implant, and fixed or removable prosthodontics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on PEEK to be bonded to maxillofacial silicone elastomers. A total of 48 specimens were fabricated from either PEEK or PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) (n = 8). PMMA specimens acted as a positive control group. PEEK specimens were divided into five study groups as surface treatments as control PEEK, silica-coating, plasma etching, grinding, or nano-second fiber laser. Surface topographies were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A platinum-primer was used on top of all specimens including control groups prior to silicone polymerization. The peel bond strength of the specimens to a platinum-type silicone elastomer was tested at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. The data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). The control PEEK group showed the highest bond strength (p < 0.05) among the groups. No statistical difference was found between control PEEK, grinding, or plasma etching groups (p > 0.05). The lowest bond strength was seen in the laser group, which was not statistically different from silica-coating (p > 0.05), and statistically different from control PEEK, grinding, or plasma groups (p < 0.05). Positive control PMMA specimens had statistically lower bond strength than either control PEEK or plasma etching groups (p < 0.05). All specimens exhibited adhesive failure after a peel test. The study results indicate that PEEK could serve as a potential alternative substructure for implant-retained silicone prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Cevik
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Houston Center of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Arzu Zeynep Yildirim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | | | - Aykut Gonder
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | - Sudarat Kiat-Amnuay
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Houston Center of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Gouda A, Sherif A, Wahba M, Morsi T. Effect of veneering material type and thickness ratio on flexural strength of bi-layered PEEK restorations before and after thermal cycling. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:2629-2639. [PMID: 36602589 PMCID: PMC10264476 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was evaluating the biaxial strength of bi-layered PEEK restorations before and after aging using different veneering materials in different thickness ratios. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety specimens of thickness 1.5 mm were divided into three groups according to their veneering material. Group (CAD LD): BioHPP discs veneered with CAD milled lithium disilicate (n=30), group (CAD C): BioHPP discs veneered with CAD milled composite (n=30), and group (LC): BioHPP discs veneered with conventionally layered composite (n=30). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups (n=10) according to the different thickness ratios between the core and the veneering material (TC:TV). Subgroup 1: TC:TV=1:0.5, subgroup 2: TC:TV=0.7:0.8, and subgroup 3: TC:TV=0.5:1. Half of the specimens of each subgroup were subjected to thermocycling, and the bi-axial flexural strength of all specimens was tested before and after aging. Three-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test were used for data analysis. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Material, thickness ratio, and aging all had a significant effect on biaxial flexural strength. (LC) group had the highest biaxial flexural strength. TC:TV=0.5:1 showed the lowest biaxial flexural strength. All groups showed significant decrease in biaxial flexural strength after aging. CONCLUSIONS Veneering material for PEEK together with the thickness ratio between the core and veneering material greatly affect the flexural strength of bi-layered restorations. Thermocycling negatively impacts the flexural strength of PEEK bi-layered restorations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE According to the results of that study, PEEK cores are best veneered with conventionally layered composite with core to veneering thickness ratio being 1:0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gouda
- Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Sherif
- Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah Wahba
- Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek Morsi
- Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Vice Dean Postgraduate Affairs. Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Emam M, Arafa AM. Stress distribution and fracture resistance of green reprocessed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) single implant crown restorations compared to unreprocessed PEEK and Zirconia: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:275. [PMID: 37170111 PMCID: PMC10173503 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear which crown materials are optimum to disperse the generated stresses around dental implants. The objective of this study is to assess stress distribution and fracture resistance of green reprocessed Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in comparison to un-reprocessed PEEK and zirconia single implant crown restorations. METHODS Twenty crowns (n = 20) were obtained, five from zirconia and fifteen from pressed PEEK that were subdivided into 3 groups of five specimens each (n = 5) according to weight% of reprocessed material used. A 100% new PEEK was used for the first group, 50% new and 50% reprocessed PEEK were used for the second group, and a 100% reprocessed PEEK was used for the third group. Epoxy resin model with dental implant in the second mandibular premolar was constructed with strain gauges located mesially and distally to the implant to record strain while a load of 100 N was applied with 0.5 mm/min then specimens of all groups were vertically loaded till failure in a universal testing machine at cross head speed 1 mm/min. Data was statistically analyzed by using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Post-hoc test when ANOVA test is significant. RESULTS No significant difference between strain values of tested groups (p = 0.174) was noticed. However, a significant difference between fracture resistance values was noticed where the zirconia group recorded a significantly higher value (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Implant restorative materials with different moduli of elasticity have similar effects regarding stresses distributed through dental implant and their surrounding bone. Reprocessed PEEK implant restorations transmit similar stresses to dental implant and surrounding bone as non-reprocessed PEEK and zirconia restorations. Zirconia failed at higher load values than all tested PEEK restorations but all can be safely used in the posterior area as crown restorations for single implants. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Applying "green dentistry" principles may extend to include reprocessing of pressed PEEK restorative materials without affecting the material's shock absorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Emam
- Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St, El-Qobba Bridge, Al Waili, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Arafa
- Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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11
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Lee PC, Peng TY, Ma TL, Chiang KY, Mine Y, Lee IT, Yu CC, Chen SF, Yu JH. Effect of Various Airborne Particle Abrasion Conditions on Bonding between Polyether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) and Dental Resin Cement. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092114. [PMID: 37177258 PMCID: PMC10181231 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of alumina particle size and jet pressure on the bond strength of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) were examined to determine the airborne particle abrasion parameters with minimal effects on PEEK and to achieve optimal bond strength, as a reference for future clinical use. An alumina particle with four particle sizes and three jet pressures was used to air-abrade PEEK. Surface roughness (Ra), morphology, chemical structure, and wettability were analyzed using a stylus profilometer, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, and contact angle analyzer, respectively. The shear bond strength (SBS) of PEEK and dental resin cement was analyzed using a universal testing machine (n = 10). The failure modes and debonded fracture surfaces were observed using optical microscopy. Airborne particle abrasion increased the Ra and hydrophobicity of PEEK and deposited alumina residues. The SBS generally decreased after thermal cycling. A large particle size damaged the PEEK surface. The effects of different particle sizes and jet pressures on the SBS were only significant in certain groups. Adhesive failure was the main mode for all groups. Within the limitations of this study, 110 μm grain-sized alumina particles combined with a jet pressure of 2 bar prevented damage to PEEK, providing sufficient SBS and bonding durability between PEEK and dental resin cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Chieh Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Peng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Li Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Chiang
- Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yuichi Mine
- Department of Medical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chiang Yu
- Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Happy Dental Clinic, Taichung 42950, Taiwan
| | - Su-Feng Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Hong Yu
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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12
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Attia MA, Blunt L, Bills P, Tawfik A, Radawn M. Micro-CT analysis of marginal and internal fit of milled and pressed polyetheretherketone single crowns. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00183-X. [PMID: 37072286 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been increasingly used as a framework material in prosthetic dentistry. However, data on the marginal and internal fit of PEEK restorations fabricated by using either the computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) or heat-pressing technique are sparse. PURPOSE The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the marginal and internal fit of milled and pressed PEEK single crowns by using microcomputed tomography (μCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS A custom-made, single stainless-steel die was designed to replicate a maxillary first premolar prepared for a ceramic crown. PEEK copings (N=30) were fabricated and allocated to 3 groups (n=10) according to the fabrication technique: milled from a prefabricated PEEK blank, heat pressed from PEEK pellets, and heat pressed from PEEK granules. All copings were veneered with a composite resin material. The marginal fit was recorded at 4 predetermined points and the internal fit at 8 predetermined points on each crown by using μCT. Two-way ANOVA, pair-wise Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD), and simple main effect tests were used for statistical analysis of the data (α=.05). RESULTS Concerning marginal fit, the milled crowns demonstrated the best marginal fit overall (44 ±3 μm), followed by those pressed from pellets (92 ±3 μm), and finally by those pressed from granules (137 ±7 μm) (P<.001). The interaction between the effects of the fabrication technique and the measurement point on the marginal fit was not statistically significant (P=.142). The milled crowns demonstrated the lowest mean gap values overall, followed by those pressed from pellets and those pressed from granules (P<.001). The interaction between the effects of the fabrication technique and the measurement point on the internal fit was statistically significant (P<.001). Except for the distal occlusal gap and mesial occlusal gap, all tested groups showed a statistically significant difference (P<.001). In addition, statistically significant differences were observed among all measurement points in different fabrication techniques (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The marginal and internal fit of milled PEEK crowns was significantly better than pressed crowns. However, both CAD-CAM and heat-pressing techniques produced PEEK crowns with a clinically acceptable marginal and internal fit. The mean marginal gap of the PEEK crowns pressed from granules was above the range of clinically acceptable value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen A Attia
- Associate Professor, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Liam Blunt
- Professor, EPSRC Future Advanced Metrology Hub, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bills
- Professor, EPSRC Future Advanced Metrology Hub, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Tawfik
- PhD Researcher, EPSRC Future Advanced Metrology Hub, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Radawn
- Lecturer, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Hata K, Komagata Y, Nagamatsu Y, Masaki C, Hosokawa R, Ikeda H. Bond Strength of Sandblasted PEEK with Dental Methyl Methacrylate-Based Cement or Composite-Based Resin Cement. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081830. [PMID: 37111977 PMCID: PMC10145247 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is commonly employed in dental prostheses owing to its excellent mechanical properties; however, it is limited by its low bond strength with dental resin cement. This study aimed to clarify the type of resin cement most suitable for bonding to PEEK: methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based resin cement or composite-based resin cement. For this purpose, two MMA-based resin cements (Super-Bond EX and MULTIBOND II) and five composite-based resin cements (Block HC Cem, RelyX Universal Resin Cement, G-CEM LinkForce, Panavia V5, and Multilink Automix) were used in combination with appropriate adhesive primers. A PEEK block (SHOFU PEEK) was initially cut, polished, and sandblasted with alumina. The sandblasted PEEK was then bonded to resin cement with adhesive primer according to the manufacturer's instructions. The resulting specimens were immersed in water at 37 °C for 24 h, followed by thermocycling. Subsequently, the tensile bond strengths (TBSs) of the specimens were measured; the TBSs of the composite-based resin cements after thermocycling were found to be zero (G-CEM LinkForce, Panavia V5, and Multilink Automix), 0.03 ± 0.04 (RelyX Universal Resin Cement), or 1.6 ± 2.7 (Block HC Cem), whereas those of Super-Bond and MULTIBOND were 11.9 ± 2.6 and 4.8 ± 2.3 MPa, respectively. The results demonstrated that MMA-based resin cements exhibited stronger bonding to PEEK than composite-based resin cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hata
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Yuya Komagata
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagamatsu
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Chihiro Masaki
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hosokawa
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
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Kiliç M, Dede DÖ, Küçükekenci AS. Comparing the shear bond strength of veneering materials to the PAEKs after surface treatments. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:185. [PMID: 36997970 PMCID: PMC10064678 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of various surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) polymers to indirect laboratory composite (ILC) and lithium disilicate ceramic (LDC) veneering materials.
Methods
Polymer specimens (7 × 7x2 mm) were sectioned from PEEK and PEKK discs (N = 294) and randomly allocated to 7 groups (n = 20); untreated (Cnt), plasma (Pls), 98% sulfuric acid (Sa), sandblasting with 110 µm Al2O3 (Sb), tribochemical silica coating with 110 µm silica modified Al2O3 (Tbc), Sb + Sa, Tbc + Sa. Scanning electron microscopy assessments were performed on one sample of each treatment group, and veneering materials were applied to the remaining specimens (n = 10). The specimens were subjected to the SBS test after being soaked in distilled water (24 h, 37 °C). Three-way ANOVA, independent sample t-test, and Tukey HSD test were performed for statistical analyses (α = .05).
Results
The surface treatment, polymer, veneering material types, and their interactions were significant on SBS results according to the 3-way ANOVA (p < 0.001). The SBS values of ILC veneered groups were significantly higher than LDC groups, regardless of surface treatment and polymer type (p < 0.05). The highest SBS values were obtained for Sa-applied ILC veneered PEEK (21.55 ± 1.45 MPa) and PEKK (17.04 ± 1.99 MPa) polymer groups (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
The effect of surface treatment and veneering materials may be significant on the SBS values of PAEKs. Therefore, the application parameters of surface treatments should be more specified for the applied veneering material and polymer type.
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Demirci F, Bahce E. The effects of HAp coating layer on mechanical and optical properties at bonding interface of high-performance polymers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105539. [PMID: 36343522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating layer on mechanical and optical properties at bonding interface of high-performance polymers (HPPs) used in computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacture (CAM) technology was investigated in this in vitro study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred-twenty specimens were divided into two material groups (n = 110): polyetheretherketone (PEEK, KERA® starPEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK, Pekkton® ivory). For mechanical testing, each group was divided into five surface pretreatment subgroups and a control group (n = 10): HAp coating (1%,3%, 5%, and 10% concentrations) and sandblasting with 110-μm Al2O3 particles. For optical testing, each group was divided into five subgroups (n = 10): HAp coating (1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% concentrations) and control. The effects of the HAp coating on the optical changes and shear bond strength (SBS) of the specimens were investigated. Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. Failure modes and surface properties of the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and coupled electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). RESULTS Average translucency and color change values increased with increasing HAp coating concentration in HPPs. As a result of the data, statistically significant differences were observed in terms of the effect of the HAp coating on SBS of HPPs (p < 0.05). Failure modes were examined, and mixed failure mode was observed. CONCLUSION HAp coating can contribute to the improvement of both the optical properties and bond strength of the HPPs to resin composite. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Adhesion and color problems of high performance polymers are still under discussion. In order to solve these problems, generally focused on surface modifications of these polymers, but the effect of the HAp coating has not been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Demirci
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Erkan Bahce
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
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Pidhatika B, Widyaya VT, Nalam PC, Swasono YA, Ardhani R. Surface Modifications of High-Performance Polymer Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to Improve Its Biological Performance in Dentistry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245526. [PMID: 36559893 PMCID: PMC9787615 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review focuses on polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a synthetic thermoplastic polymer, for applications in dentistry. As a high-performance polymer, PEEK is intrinsically robust yet biocompatible, making it an ideal substitute for titanium-the current gold standard in dentistry. PEEK, however, is also inert due to its low surface energy and brings challenges when employed in dentistry. Inert PEEK often falls short of achieving a few critical requirements of clinical dental materials, such as adhesiveness, osseoconductivity, antibacterial properties, and resistance to tribocorrosion. This study aims to review these properties and explore the various surface modification strategies that enhance the performance of PEEK. Literatures searches were conducted on Google Scholar, Research Gate, and PubMed databases using PEEK, polyetheretherketone, osseointegration of PEEK, PEEK in dentistry, tribology of PEEK, surface modifications, dental applications, bonding strength, surface topography, adhesive in dentistry, and dental implant as keywords. Literature on the topics of surface modification to increase adhesiveness, tribology, and osseointegration of PEEK were included in the review. The unavailability of full texts was considered when excluding literature. Surface modifications via chemical strategies (such as sulfonation, plasma treatment, UV treatment, surface coating, surface polymerization, etc.) and/or physical approaches (such as sandblasting, laser treatment, accelerated neutral atom beam, layer-by-layer assembly, particle leaching, etc.) discussed in the literature are summarized and compared. Further, approaches such as the incorporation of bioactive materials, e.g., osteogenic agents, antibacterial agents, etc., to enhance the abovementioned desired properties are explored. This review presents surface modification as a critical and essential approach to enhance the biological performance of PEEK in dentistry by retaining its mechanical robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidhari Pidhatika
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia PRTPL BRIN Indonesia, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
- Collaborative Research Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic Indonesia and Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Denta No. 1, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Vania Tanda Widyaya
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia PRTPL BRIN Indonesia, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Prathima C. Nalam
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1900, USA
| | - Yogi Angga Swasono
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia PRTPL BRIN Indonesia, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Retno Ardhani
- Department of Dental Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Denta No. 1, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
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Nai TAP, Aydin B, Brand HS, Jonkman REG. Present and Theoretical Applications of Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) in Orthodontics: A Scoping Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7414. [PMID: 36363004 PMCID: PMC9656026 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: During the last decade, there has been an increased demand for non-metallic materials in orthodontics due to allergies, compatibility with medical imaging devices such as MRI, and aesthetic reasons. Monolithic poly-ether-ether-ketone material could address medical issues such as allergies and MRI compatibility. Moreover, nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires covered in PEEK, either by a tube or electrophoretic deposition, could address esthetic concerns. This scoping review aims to summarize the available evidence in the literature to provide an overview of the applications and material properties of PEEK in orthodontics. Methods: This scoping review was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We searched for relevant publications in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CENTRAL, ProQuest, and SCOPUS. A gray literature search was conducted on Google Scholar. Results: Six studies were included. In three studies, the authors investigated the feasibility of developing a composite PEEK-NiTi wire, while in two other studies, the authors investigated the feasibility of monolithic PEEK wires. In the final study, the authors investigated the feasibility of PEEK as a bonded retainer. Conclusions: The included studies show promising results in developing monolithic and composite (PEEK-NiTi) materials. Further research on the robustness of PEEK composites in the oral cavity, the status of cytotoxicity and roughness values, and the (bio)-mechanical behavior of the composites is needed. A homogenously set up comparative study of clinically relevant, evenly sized, monolithic PEEK wires versus conventional orthodontic wires for their biomechanical, mechanical, and material properties would clarify the possibilities of developing monolithic PEEK wires. Missing data in the retainer study suggest more research on the mechanical properties and points of failure of PEEK-bonded retainers, and a comparative study comparing the failure and mechanical properties of PEEK-bonded retainers to flat braided metallic bonded retainers is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A. P. Nai
- Department of Orthodontics, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Burcu Aydin
- Department of Orthodontics, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk S. Brand
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E. G. Jonkman
- Department of Orthodontics, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang B, Huang M, Dang P, Xie J, Zhang X, Yan X. PEEK in Fixed Dental Prostheses: Application and Adhesion Improvement. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122323. [PMID: 35745900 PMCID: PMC9228596 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely applied in fixed dental prostheses, comprising crowns, fixed partial dentures, and post-and-core. PEEK’s excellent mechanical properties facilitate better stress distribution than conventional materials, protecting the abutment teeth. However, the stiffness of PEEK is not sufficient, which can be improved via fiber reinforcement. PEEK is biocompatible. It is nonmutagenic, noncytotoxic, and nonallergenic. However, the chemical stability of PEEK is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, PEEK is nondegradable and intraoral corrosion is minimized. On the other hand, the inert surface makes adhesive bonding difficult. Numerous strategies for improving the adhesive properties of PEEK have been explored, including acid etching, plasma treatment, airborne particle abrasion, laser treatment, and adhesive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyao Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Minghao Huang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China;
| | - Pengrui Dang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiahui Xie
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-024-31927731 (X.Z.); +86-024-31927715 (X.Y.)
| | - Xu Yan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-024-31927731 (X.Z.); +86-024-31927715 (X.Y.)
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Karaokutan I, Cinel Şahin S, Sagesen HLE. Impact of Resin Cement and Adhesive Systems on the Bond Strength of Polyetheretherketone Dental Restorations. MEANDROS MEDICAL AND DENTAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/meandros.galenos.2021.55823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Removable Partial Denture Frameworks in the Age of Digital Dentistry: A Review of the Literature. PROSTHESIS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis4020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alloys of cobalt chromium have been used for decades to create frameworks for removable partial dentures. While cobalt chromium has multiple advantages, such as strength and light weight, the casting process is laborious and requires special care to ensure that human error is minimized. Furthermore, the display of metal clasps in these frameworks may be considered a limitation at times, especially with esthetically demanding patients. The introduction of digital technology to manufacturing in dentistry has brought forward new methods of fabricating cobalt chromium frameworks, some of which eliminate the casting process. Moreover, the development of high-performance polymers for use as removable partial denture frameworks brings multiple advantages, but raises concerns over design guidelines and principles. This review examines alternatives to conventionally cast frameworks so that clinicians may make evidence-based decisions when choosing framework materials and fabrication methods in the rapidly advancing world of digital dentistry.
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Taha D, Safwat F, Wahsh M. Effect of combining different surface treatments on the surface characteristics of polyetheretherketone-based core materials and shear bond strength to a veneering composite resin. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 127:599.e1-599.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tosun B, Yanıkoğlu N. Evaluation of the effects of different surface modification methods on the bond strength of high-performance polymers and resin matrix ceramics. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3781-3790. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Strength and flexibility of lithium disilicate bonded to polyetherketoneketone. J Prosthet Dent 2021:S0022-3913(21)00581-3. [PMID: 34863577 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is a high-performance polymer gaining popularity in dentistry for the fabrication of crowns, fixed partial dentures, removable partial denture frameworks, and frameworks for implant-supported fixed complete dentures. Despite a lack of performance data, lithium disilicate crowns have been bonded to retentive elements in PEKK frameworks. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the bond strengths and flexibility of lithium disilicate to PEKK or zirconia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-five PEKK, 15 zirconia, and 60 lithium disilicate beam-shaped specimens (12.5×2×2 mm) were fabricated. The ends of the PEKK beams were subjected to 3 different surface treatments before the application and light polymerization of a primer: 50-μm aluminum oxide airborne-particle abrasion, nonthermal air plasma, and argon-oxygen plasma. The zirconia specimen bonding surfaces were prepared with 50-μm aluminum oxide airborne-particle abrasion and the application of primer. Lithium disilicate specimens were etched with 4.5% hydrofluoric acid, and primer was applied. The lithium disilicate specimens were luted with an adhesive resin cement to the PEKK and zirconia specimens by using light-activated and chemically activated polymerization. Fifteen monolithic specimens of PEKK, lithium disilicate, and zirconia (25×2×2 mm) were also fabricated. All specimens were incubated overnight in 100% humidity before testing. Bonded and monolithic specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine, and 4-point bend tests were conducted until failure (n=15). The flexural modulus and strength were calculated and statistically analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc tests (α=.05). RESULTS All bonded specimens failed at the adhesive interface. The zirconia-lithium disilicate bond strength was approximately twice that of the strongest group of PEKK (airborne-particle abrasion group) bonded to lithium disilicate (42 ±12 MPa and 24 ±13 MPa, respectively) and was approximately 9 times more rigid (71 ±19 GPa and 8 ±2 GPa, respectively). Monolithic PEKK fractured at 238 ±22 MPa, monolithic zirconia at 771 ±128 MPa, and monolithic lithium disilicate at 173 ±26 MPa. Monolithic PEKK was approximately 30 times more flexible than monolithic zirconia (6 ±1 GPa and 178 ±16 GPa, respectively). All values were statistically significantly different (P<.05), except for the bond strength between lithium disilicate and PEKK treated with airborne-particle abrasion and nonthermal air plasma and the flexural moduli of PEKK to lithium disilicate. CONCLUSIONS Bond strength between PEKK and lithium disilicate was significantly weaker than that between zirconia and lithium disilicate. Monolithic PEKK was significantly more flexible than monolithic zirconia.
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Abhay SS, Ganapathy D, Veeraiyan DN, Ariga P, Heboyan A, Amornvit P, Rokaya D, Srimaneepong V. Wear Resistance, Color Stability and Displacement Resistance of Milled PEEK Crowns Compared to Zirconia Crowns under Stimulated Chewing and High-Performance Aging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213761. [PMID: 34771318 PMCID: PMC8587121 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been introduced to the dental market as a high-performance and chemically inert biomaterial. This study aimed to compare the wear resistance, abrasiveness, color stability, and displacement resistance of zirconia and PEEK milled crowns. An ideal tooth preparation of a first maxillary molar was done and scanned by an intraoral scanner to make a digital model. Then, the prosthetic crown was digitally designed on the CAD software, and the STL file was milled in zirconia (CaroZiir S, Carol Zircolite Pvt. Ltd., Gujarat, India) and PEEK (BioHpp, Bredent GmbH, Senden, Germany) crowns using five-axis CNC milling machines. The wear resistance, color stability, and displacement resistance of the milled monolithic zirconia with unfilled PEEK crowns using a chewing simulator with thermocyclic aging (120,000 cycles) were compared. The antagonist wear, material wear, color stability, and displacement were evaluated and compared among the groups using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test. Zirconia was shown to be three times more abrasive than PEEK (p value < 0.05). Zirconia had twice the wear resistance of PEEK (p value < 0.05). Zirconia was more color stable than PEEK (p value < 0.05). PEEK had more displacement resistance than zirconia (p value < 0.05). PEEK offers minimal abrasion, better stress modulation through plastic deformation, and good color stability, which make it a promising alternative to zirconia crown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Shah Abhay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India; (S.S.A.); (D.G.); (D.N.V.); (P.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Dhanraj Ganapathy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India; (S.S.A.); (D.G.); (D.N.V.); (P.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Deepak Nallaswamy Veeraiyan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India; (S.S.A.); (D.G.); (D.N.V.); (P.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Padma Ariga
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India; (S.S.A.); (D.G.); (D.N.V.); (P.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Artak Heboyan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India; (S.S.A.); (D.G.); (D.N.V.); (P.A.); (A.H.)
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Str. Koryun 2, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Pokpong Amornvit
- Golden Jubilee Medical Centre, Mahidol University, Nakon Pathom, Salaya 73170, Thailand;
| | - Dinesh Rokaya
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, International College of Dentistry, Walailak University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (V.S.); Tel.: +66-2218-8535 (V.S.)
| | - Viritpon Srimaneepong
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (V.S.); Tel.: +66-2218-8535 (V.S.)
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Zhang J, Yi Y, Wang C, Ding L, Wang R, Wu G. Effect of Acid-Etching Duration on the Adhesive Performance of Printed Polyetheretherketone to Veneering Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203509. [PMID: 34685268 PMCID: PMC8538367 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing polyetheretherketone (PEEK) provides a new choice for dental prostheses, while its appropriate bonding procedure and adhesive performance are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the adhesive performance of printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) after acid etching to veneering resin. In total, 182 PEEK specimens (including 91 printed and 91 milled specimens) were distributed to 14 subgroups (n = 13/subgroup), according to the manufacturing process and surface treatment. The specimens were polished and etched with sulfuric acid for 0, 5, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 300 s, respectively. Two specimens in each subgroup were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface and cross-section morphology separately. Then, the specimens were treated with a bonding primer, and one specimen in each subgroup was prepared for cross-sectional observation under SEM. The residual 10 specimens of each subgroup bonded with veneering resin were tested with the shear bond strength tests (SBS) and failure modes analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the SNK-q post hoc test (p < 0.05). The etched pores on the PEEK surface were broadened and deepened under SEM over time. Printed PEEK etched for 30 s obtained the best SBS-to-veneering-resin ratio (27.90 ± 3.48 MPa) among the printed subgroups (p < 0.05) and had no statistical differences compared with milled PEEK etched for 30 s. The SBS of the milled subgroups etched from 5 to 120 s were over 29 MPa without significant between-group statistical differences. Hence, printed PEEK can be coarsened effectively by 30 s of sulfuric acid etching. The adhesion efficacy of printed PEEK to veneering resin was qualified for clinical requirements of polymer-based fixed dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Yingjie Yi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Ruijin Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
- Digital Engineering Center of Stomatology and Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
- Correspondence:
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Naderi A, Zhang B, Belgodere JA, Sunder K, Palardy G. Improved Biocompatible, Flexible Mesh Composites for Implant Applications via Hydroxyapatite Coating with Potential for 3-Dimensional Extracellular Matrix Network and Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26824-26840. [PMID: 34097380 PMCID: PMC8289173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated metals are biocompatible composites, which have potential for various applications for bone replacement and regeneration in the human body. In this study, we proposed the design of biocompatible, flexible composite implants by using a metal mesh as substrate and HA coating as bone regenerative stimulant derived from a simple sol-gel method. Experiments were performed to understand the effect of coating method (dip-coating and drop casting), substrate material (titanium and stainless steel) and substrate mesh characteristics (mesh size, weave pattern) on implant's performance. HA-coated samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscope, field-emission scanning electron microscope, nanoindenter, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and biocompatibility test. Pure or biphasic nanorod HA coating was obtained on mesh substrates with thicknesses varying from 4.0 to 7.9 μm. Different coating procedures and number of layers did not affect crystal structure, shape, or most intense plane reflections of the HA coating. Moduli of elasticity below 18.5 GPa were reported for HA-coated samples, falling within the range of natural skull bone. Coated samples led to at least 90% cell viability and up to 99.5% extracellular matrix coverage into a 3-dimensional network (16.4% to 76.5% higher than bare substrates). Fluorescent imaging showed no antagonistic effect of the coatings on osteogenic differentiation. Finer mesh size enhanced coating coverage and adhesion, but a low number of HA layers was preferable to maintain open mesh areas promoting extracellular matrix formation. Finally, electrochemical behavior studies revealed that, although corrosion protection for HA-coated samples was generally higher than bare samples, galvanic corrosion occurred on some samples. Overall, the results indicated that while HA-coated titanium grade 1 showed the best performance as a potential implant, HA-coated stainless steel 316 with the finest mesh size constitutes an adequate, lower cost alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armaghan Naderi
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jorge A. Belgodere
- Department
of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kaushik Sunder
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Genevieve Palardy
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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Ulgey M, Gorler O, Karahan Gunduz C. Effects of laser modalities on shear bond strengths of composite superstructure to zirconia and PEEK infrastructures: an in vitro study. Odontology 2021; 109:845-853. [PMID: 33934280 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, demand for metal-free esthetic restorations has grown considerably due to the development of materials to fulfill the need for an esthetic prosthesis. We examined the effects of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG), neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), and potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser applications on the shear bond strength (SBS) of nanohybrid composite superstructures to zirconia and PEEK infrastructures. Zirconia and PEEK specimens were prepared with CAD/CAM technology in accordance with ISO 11405 standards. The disc-shaped samples were randomly separated into four groups (n = 8) according to applied laser type: no treatment and Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, and KTP lasers. Nanohybrid composite resin was applied as a veneering material to each infrastructure. After surface treatment of infrastructures by the lasers, the SBS test was carried out to determine the bonding of infrastructures, which were also examined with a stereomicroscope. The SBS were significantly higher in the PEEK specimens treated with the studied lasers. Nd:YAG laser was the most effective method, followed by Er:YAG laser and KTP laser. The lowest SBS value was obtained in the no-treatment group. Stereomicroscopically, the studied lasers produced different irregularities on the infrastructures. PEEK as a framework provides meaningfully higher bonding strength to composite resins compared to zirconia. Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and KTP, in descending order, are efficacious in increasing the attachment of studied structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Ulgey
- Departments of Prosthodontics, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Oguzhan Gorler
- Departments of Prosthodontics, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Sloan R, Hollis W, Selecman A, Jain V, Versluis A. Bond strength of lithium disilicate to polyetheretherketone. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 128:1351-1357. [PMID: 33846011 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance polymer that is increasingly used in dentistry, for example, as a framework for implant-supported fixed complete dentures. One protocol calls for individual lithium disilicate crowns to be cemented on preparation-shaped retentive elements on the framework. However, the flexibility and strength of the bonded system is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the flexibility and strength of bonded lithium disilicate to PEEK with the bond between lithium disilicate and zirconia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen PEEK (JUVORA Dental Disc), 15 zirconia (ArgenZ HT+), and 30 lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) beam-shaped specimens (12.5×2×2 mm) were prepared. The ends of the PEEK beams were conditioned with 50-μm aluminum oxide airborne-particle abrasion, followed by primer (visio.link) and light-activated polymerization. Zirconia specimens were prepared with airborne-particle abrasion and primer (Monobond Plus). Lithium disilicate specimens were etched with 4.5% hydrofluoric acid (IPS Ceramic Etching Gel) and primed (Monobond Plus). The lithium disilicate specimens were cemented (Multilink Automix) to the PEEK and zirconia specimens. Light- and chemical-activated polymerization were used. Monolithic specimens of PEEK and zirconia (25×2×2 mm) were also prepared. All specimens were stored overnight in distilled water and submitted to a 4-point bend test in a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed until fracture, and the flexural modulus and strength were calculated. Differences among groups were statistically tested by using 1-way analysis of variance followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test (α=.05). RESULTS All bonded specimens fractured at their adhesive interface. Zirconia bonded to lithium disilicate specimens (29.7 ±8.8 MPa) were approximately 3 times stronger than PEEK bonded to lithium disilicate specimens (10.4 ±2.7 MPa) and approximately 12 times more rigid (78.5 ±6.7 GPa and 6.5 ±1.8 GPa, respectively). The flexure of monolithic PEEK was such that it did not fracture when loaded at 0.5 mm/min, while zirconia fractured at 413.9 ±38.5 MPa. Monolithic PEEK was approximately 37 times more flexible than monolithic zirconia (4.3 ±0.3 GPa and 157.2 ±7.2 GPa, respectively). All values were statistically significantly different except between the flexural moduli of monolithic PEEK and PEEK bonded to lithium disilicate. CONCLUSIONS The bond strength between PEEK and lithium disilicate was significantly weaker than between zirconia and lithium disilicate. Monolithic zirconia was significantly stiffer than monolithic PEEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sloan
- Graduate student, Graduate Prosthodontics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tenn.
| | - Wainscott Hollis
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tenn
| | - Audrey Selecman
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tenn
| | - Vinay Jain
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tenn
| | - Antheunis Versluis
- Professor, Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tenn
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Retention forces between primary and secondary CAD/CAM manufactured telescopic crowns: an in vitro comparison of common material combinations. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:6297-6307. [PMID: 33834311 PMCID: PMC8531068 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the retention forces between primary and secondary telescopic crowns milled from various materials and to compare them with the retention forces between cast telescopic crowns made of precious metal alloys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary and secondary crowns (N = 60; n = 10 per group) were fabricated using various material combinations (1: zirconia [ZIR]/polyether ether ketone [PEEK]; 2: titanium grade IV [TI]/PEEK; 3: PEEK/PEEK; 4: non-precious alloy [NPA]/PEEK; 5:NPA/NPA), while precious alloy (PA) was used for the control group (6: PA/PA). The retention forces at 10, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 connection and disconnection cycles and the relative weights were analyzed, applying nonparametric repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (α < 0.05). RESULTS Globally, significant differences in the retention forces among the materials (p < 0.0001), time points (p < 0.0001), and wear resistance for the various materials (p < 0.0001) were observed. No significant changes in retention forces compared to baseline were observed in groups 2, 4, 5, and 6. A significantly higher weight loss for both primary and secondary crowns was observed in groups 4 and 6. CONCLUSIONS The material combination in telescopic attachments influences retention forces and wear. Interactions between materials and time were evident, indicating that the change in retention forces differs among the materials. The combinations of milled TI/PEEK and NPA/NPA qualify for further preclinical testing in a more clinically realistic setup, determining a material-specific double-crown design. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The design of precious alloy telescopic crowns cannot be directly transferred to other milled material combinations due to different retention behaviors.
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Gouveia DDNM, Razzoog ME, Sierraalta M, Alfaro MF. Effect of surface treatment and manufacturing process on the shear bond strength of veneering composite resin to polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). J Prosthet Dent 2021; 128:1061-1066. [PMID: 33678435 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Polyaryletherketones (PAEKs) are high-performance polymer materials in which polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) are the most used. Although mechanical and shear bonding strength tests have been performed on the 2 materials, studies on the influence of processing on bonding are scarce. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the influence of the surface treatment and the manufacturing process on the shear bond strength of veneering composite resin to PEKK and PEEK. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty pressed PEKK, 30 milled PEKK, and 30 milled PEEK specimens were distributed in 6 groups (n=13) as per the manufacturing process and treatment surface. The specimens were either treated with airborne-particle abrasion with 110-μm aluminum oxide, or no surface treatment was applied. Moreover, the PEKK specimens were grouped regarding their manufacturing process, as either milled or heat-pressed. The specimens were all bonded by using a methyl methacrylate-based adhesive (visio.link), and composite resin (Gradia Revolution 2) was bonded to the specimens. An Instron universal machine was used to calculate the shear bond strength between the PEEK or PEKK and the composite resin. Two specimens from each group had their topography modification assessed with a scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis was performed by using a 3-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons (α=0.05) RESULTS: The groups that were surface treated with 110-μm aluminum oxide (Al2O3) before bonding showed significantly higher shear bond strength (P=.001) than the other groups. However, no statistically significant difference was observed among the groups, regardless of the manufacturing process (milled or heat-pressed) (P=.607). CONCLUSIONS PEEK and PEKK surfaces treated with 110-μm aluminum oxide airborne-particle abrasion displayed better shear bond strength to composite resin. The manufacturing process (milled or heat-pressed) did not significantly affect the bond strength of PEKK when subjected to the same bonding process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E Razzoog
- Professor, Department of Biological and Material Sciences, Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Marianella Sierraalta
- Clinical Professor, Department of Biological and Material Sciences, Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Maria Fernanda Alfaro
- Graduate Prosthodontics Resident, Department of Biological and Material Sciences, Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
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On the synergistic effect of sulfonic functionalization and acidic adhesive conditioning to enhance the adhesion of PEEK to resin-matrix composites. Dent Mater 2021; 37:741-754. [PMID: 33589269 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of the sulfuric acid etching and an acidic adhesive conditioning on the shear bond strength of PEEK to a resin-matrix composite. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty PEEK specimens were assigned randomly to 4 groups for H2SO4 etching followed by universal adhesive (pH at 2.5) conditioning for 0, 1, 3, and 5 min. Thirty PEEK specimens were divided into 3 groups for only acidic adhesive conditioning for 0, 1, 3, and 5 min. After the light-curing of the adhesive, a nanohybrid resin composite was applied onto the surfaces and then light-cured following the manufacturer`s guidelines. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h mechanical testing. Shear bond strength tests were performed using a universal testing machine. Surfaces were analyzed by SEM, light interferometry, FTIR, and liquid contact angle measurement. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS No adhesion was achieved between untreated PEEK a resin-matrix composite, regardless of the adhesive conditioning time points. Shear bond strength of H2SO4-etched PEEK to resin-matrix composite increased with time (0 mmin. 4.95 ± 2.86 MPa < 1 min: 9.35 ± 2.26 MPa < 3 min: 17.84 ± 2.82 MPa < 5 min: 21.43 ± 5.00 MPa). SEM images revealed a significant modification of PEEK surface topography after the H2SO4 etching. SIGNIFICANCE The acidic adhesive was unable to modify the untreated PEEK surface to establish an effective adhesion although a synergistic effect was noticed when the universal (acidic) adhesive was applied over a H2SO4-etched PEEK surface, thus improving the PEEK to resin-matrix composite adhesion.
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Dede DÖ, Küçükekenci AS, Kahveci Ç. Influence of chairside surface treatments on the shear bond strength of PEKK polymer to veneering resin materials: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 125:703.e1-703.e7. [PMID: 33551138 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM High-performance thermoplastics have been adopted as an alternative restorative material to metal or ceramics. However, a straightforward surface modification process to provide a durable bond strength between the polymer and the veneering material is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of different veneering resin materials to polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) after different surface treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rectangular (7×7×2 mm) PEKK specimens (N=120) were randomly allocated to the following 6 groups (n=20): untreated (Cnt); nonthermal plasma (NTP) treated; tribochemical silica airborne-particle abrasion with 30-μm silica-modified Al2O3 (Tbc); abraded with a coarse-grit diamond rotary instrument (Ab); tribochemical silica airborne-particle abrasion + plasma treated (Tbc_NTP); abraded + plasma treated (Ab_NTP). After a bonding agent (PEKK Bond) was applied to the specimens, each group was divided into 2 subgroups according to the applied veneering resin materials: polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and nanohybrid composite resin (NHC, n=10). The specimens were stored in water for 24 hours at 37 °C and subjected to the SBS test by using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed followed by the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test to statistically analyze the data (α=.05). RESULTS The 2-way ANOVA showed that surface treatment methods, veneering material, and their interactions were significantly different on the SBS values (P<.001). The highest SBS values were determined for the Tbc and Tbc_NTP treatment groups not only for PMMA (10.71 to 11.63 MPa) but also for NHC (19.80 to 20.60 MPa) veneering resin materials (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS The bonding capacity of PEKK to the PMMA and NHC veneering resin materials can be significantly improved by using tribochemical silica airborne-particle abrasion alone or with nonthermal plasma surface treatment techniques. Furthermore, using NHC veneering resin material is recommended over PMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğu Ömür Dede
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Serkan Küçükekenci
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Kahveci
- Research Assistant, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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Barto A, Vandewalle KS, Lien W, Whang K. Repair of resin-veneered polyetheretherketone after veneer fracture. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 125:704.e1-704.e8. [PMID: 33546855 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM If a composite resin-veneered polyetheretherketone (PEEK) restoration chips or fractures, a repair may be indicated. However, the most appropriate repair protocol for a composite resin-veneered PEEK restoration is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the efficacy of airborne-particle abrasion and/or a primer in the repair of composite resin-veneered PEEK prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS PEEK specimens (N=80) were airborne-particle abraded with alumina before being conditioned with a methyl methacrylate-based primer. A thin layer of opaquer was applied, and a split mold was then filled with a veneering resin. The specimens underwent 5000 thermocycles, and then shear bond strength (SBS) was determined and used as the positive control group. Specimens that failed in either mixed or adhesive modes were contaminated with saliva and then exposed to 4 different repair treatment methods: no airborne-particle abrasion, bonded without a primer (negative control group); airborne-particle abrasion, bonded without a primer; no airborne-particle abrasion, bonded with a primer; and airborne-particle abrasion, bonded with a primer. All specimens had opaquer applied before being veneered. Repaired specimens then underwent thermocycling before SBS testing. Data were analyzed via ANOVA with a Newman-Keuls post hoc test (α=.05). RESULTS The SBS values for the negative control were significantly lower than those of all other repair groups and the control group (P<.018). No significant differences in the SBS values were found among these other repair groups or the positive control group (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS Composite resin-veneered PEEK restorations or prostheses repaired with airborne-particle abrasion and/or primer can provide SBS comparable with that of the initial SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Barto
- Prosthodontics Resident, Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Lieutenant, Dental Corps, United States Navy, Officer Programs- Navy Medicine Training Support Center, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kraig S Vandewalle
- Consultant in Dental Research, Advanced Education in General Dentistry Residency, US Air Force Postgraduate Dental School, Joint Base San Antonio - Lackland, Texas; Professor, Postgraduate Dental College, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - Wen Lien
- Consultant in Dental Biomaterials, US Air Force Dental Research & Consultation Service, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kyumin Whang
- Division Head and Director for the Division of Research, Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
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Three-dimensionally printed and milled polyphenylene sulfone materials in dentistry: Tensile bond strength to veneering composite resin and surface properties after different pretreatments. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 128:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Review on Development and Dental Applications of Polyetheretherketone-Based Biomaterials and Restorations. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020408. [PMID: 33467576 PMCID: PMC7830426 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is an important high-performance thermoplastic. Its excellent strength, stiffness, toughness, fatigue resistance, biocompatibility, chemical stability and radiolucency have made PEEK attractive in dental and orthopedic applications. However, PEEK has an inherently hydrophobic and chemically inert surface, which has restricted its widespread use in clinical applications, especially in bonding with dental resin composites. Cutting edge research on novel methods to improve PEEK applications in dentistry, including oral implant, prosthodontics and orthodontics, is reviewed in this article. In addition, this article also discusses innovative surface modifications of PEEK, which are a focus area of active investigations. Furthermore, this article also discusses the necessary future studies and clinical trials for the use of PEEK in the human oral environment to investigate its feasibility and long-term performance.
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Kadhum AS, Alhuwaizi AF. The efficacy of polyether-ether-ketone wire as a retainer following orthodontic treatment. Clin Exp Dent Res 2020; 7:302-312. [PMID: 33314768 PMCID: PMC8204027 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the efficacy of polyether‐ether‐ketone (PEEK) wire as a fixed orthodontic retainer, by comparing its performance to other retainer wires and optimizing its adhesion to composite bonding materials. Materials and methods Retainer wires of 15 mm segments were used, PEEK wires were prepared in cylindrical form with 0.8 mm diameter, and had two surface treatments namely air‐abrasion and conditioning with adhesive system. Three different metallic retainer wires were used for comparison and three tests were performed; two tests measured debonding force and associated wire deflection from acrylic blocks and bovine teeth and one test for pull‐out force. To test debonding force, a vertically directed compressive force was applied to the retainer wires bonded to the acrylic blocks and bovine teeth, while for pull‐out test; a vertically directed tensile force detached the retainer wire. Results In both debonding tests, PEEK wires (regardless the surface treatment) had non‐significant difference when compared to each other, or to the other metallic wires, except the dead‐soft coaxial wire group. The dead‐soft coaxial wire group had significant difference when compared to other groups regarding both the force magnitude and maximum deflection, the only exception was the debonding force of the flat braided retainer wires bonded to bovine teeth. In pull‐out test PEEK wires conditioned with adhesive system and the air‐abraded recorded the second and third highest readings respectively. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, the 0.8 mm round PEEK wires have comparable performance—in terms of debonding and pull out forces—to conventional retainers when bonded with 4 mm composite bonding spots; using air‐abrasion for 10 s at 3.5 MPa provided sufficient adhesion of the composite to the wire, and conditioning with adhesive system may provide no further clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Salim Kadhum
- Orthodontic Department, College of DentistryUniversity of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
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Polyetheretherketone custom CAD-CAM splint for treatment of periodontally affected mobile anterior teeth. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 127:210-212. [PMID: 33279165 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This technique describes the use of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) splint to support mobile anterior teeth. The lingual surfaces were first scanned, and the splint was then digitally designed, fabricated, and delivered.
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Lümkemann N, Eichberger M, Stawarczyk B. Bond strength between a high-performance thermoplastic and a veneering resin. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 124:790-797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tasopoulos T, Pachiou A, Kouveliotis G, Karaiskou G, Ottenga M, Zoidis P. An 8-Year Clinical Outcome of Posterior Inlay Retained Resin Bonded Fixed Dental Prosthesis Utilizing High Performance Polymer Materials: A Clinical Report. J Prosthodont 2020; 30:19-23. [PMID: 32991007 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical report presents the use of a modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Inlay Retained Resin Bonded Fixed Dental Prosthesis (IRRBFDP) framework, veneered with indirect high impact composite for the bilateral restoration of mandibular first molar teeth, as the most conservative treatment option for a medically compromised patient. When used as a framework, PEEK's elastic modulus (approximately 4 GPa), could result in the reduction of stresses transferred to the abutment teeth and the cementation interface accordingly, therefore it could result in lower de-bonding rates and higher success rates. Furthermore, the high bond strength with the veneering composite material and the luting cements permit its use for resin-bonded restorations. Preparation guidelines, indications and advantages for the fabrication of IRRBFDPs are described in this clinical report. No technical complications such as de-bonding of the framework, connector or retainer fracture of the adhesive frameworks or loss of retention were observed during the course of 8 years. Prosthetic replacement of single missing posterior mandibular teeth utilizing IRRBFDPs with high performance polymer materials could potentially offer long-term high survival rate outcomes. Further clinical evidence is required in order to justify the above statement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marc Ottenga
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, University of Florida - College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Panagiotis Zoidis
- Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, University of Florida - College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
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Ibrahim RO, Al-Zahawi AR, Sabri LA. Mechanical and thermal stress evaluation of PEEK prefabricated post with different head design in endodontically treated tooth: 3D-finite element analysis. Dent Mater J 2020; 40:508-518. [PMID: 32999141 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2020-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An endodontic post is required to retain and support the core restoration in case of insufficient remaining coronal dentin after root canal therapy. This study analyzed the biomechanical and thermal behavior of PEEK prefabricated post after choosing the head design that produces the least amount of stress on the core and remaining tooth structure. These results were compared with the most common commercially available prefabricated post, which is titanium and glass fiber post. Thus a CBCT scanning of a maxillary central incisor with its supporting structure was used to construct a 3D solid model of an endodontically treated teeth for finite element analysis (FEA). The restored tooth with the spherical head design of PEEK prefabricated post yielded a more benign stress distribution and repairable failure mode on the crown, luting cement, core, and dentin under both mechanical and thermal loads, followed by glass fiber post and titanium post respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawa Omar Ibrahim
- Conservative Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani
| | | | - Laith Abed Sabri
- Department of Mechatronics, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad
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LÜmkemann N, Eichberger M, Murphy RJ, Stawarczyk B. Suitability of the new Aryl-Ketone-Polymer indicated for removable partial dentures: Analysis of elastic properties and bond strength to denture resin. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:539-546. [PMID: 32092725 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Elastic properties of Aryl-Ketone-Polymer (UAKP) and tensile bond strength (TBS) to denture resin (PalaXpress) were tested. Indentation modulus (EIT) and indentation hardness (HIT) were measured via Martens hardness (n=10 specimens) with 4.2±0.6 kN/mm2 and 261±8 N/mm2 respectively. TBS was tested in dependence of different adhesives (visio.link (VL), Adhese Universal (AU), All-Bond Universal (ABU), CLEARFIL UNIVERSAL BOND (CUB), G-Premio BOND (GPB), iBOND Universal (IBU), ONE COAT 7 UNIVERSAL (OCU), Scotchbond Universal (SBU) and without adhesive (CG), n=18/group) and the application of opaquer (n=9/group) after thermocycling (5°C/55°C, 10,000×). TBS was affected by the adhesive (η (P2=0.715, p<0.001) followed by the opaquer (ηP2=0.335, p<0.001). VL and CG showed highest TBS followed by AU and ABU. IBU and GPB resulted in lowest TBS. Opaquer increased TBS for all adhesives (p<0.05), except VL and CG (p<0.258). Elastic properties are well-suited for the indication of removable partial dentures. Bonding to denture resin is no limiting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina LÜmkemann
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich
| | - Marlis Eichberger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich
| | | | - Bogna Stawarczyk
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich
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Papathanasiou I, Kamposiora P, Papavasiliou G, Ferrari M. The use of PEEK in digital prosthodontics: A narrative review. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:217. [PMID: 32741366 PMCID: PMC7398079 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology led to the introduction of an increasing number of machinable materials suitable for dental prostheses. One of these materials is polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a high performance polymer recently used in dentistry with favorable physical, mechanical and chemical properties. The purpose of this study was to review the current published literature on the use of PEEK for the fabrication of dental prostheses with CAD-CAM techniques. Methods Electronic database searches were performed using the terms “PEEK”, “CAD-CAM”, “dental”, “dentistry” to identify studies related to the use of PEEK for the fabrication of CAD-CAM prostheses. The search period spanned from January 1990 through February 2020. Both in vivo and in vitro studies in English were eligible. Review articles and the references of the included publications were searched to identify relevant articles. Results A great number of in vitro studies are available in the current literature pointing out the noticeable properties of PEEK. The use of PEEK has been recommended for a wide range of CAD-CAM fabricated fixed and removable dental prostheses. PEEK was additionally recommended for occlusal splints, intra-radicular posts, implant abutments, customized healing abutments and provisional restorations. However, only a few clinical studies were identified. Conclusions PEEK could be considered as a viable alternative for CAD-CAM fixed and removable dental prostheses to well-established dental materials. Due to the scarcity of clinical data, clinical trials are needed to assess the long-term performance of PEEK prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papathanasiou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Phophi Kamposiora
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Papavasiliou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Gama LT, Duque TM, Özcan M, Philippi AG, Mezzomo LAM, Gonçalves TMSV. Adhesion to high-performance polymers applied in dentistry: A systematic review. Dent Mater 2020; 36:e93-e108. [PMID: 32035670 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systemic review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement, was to investigate the impact of surface pretreatments on the bonding strength of high performance polymers (HPPs). METHODS Eight databases were searched through March 2019. Risk of bias was assessed and random effects meta-analyses were applied to analyze mean differences in shear bond strength (SBS) and tensile bond strength (TBS), considering surface pretreatments and bonding agents after 24h and thermocycling. RESULTS A total of 235 relevant titles and abstracts were found, yielding 11 final selections. Low risk of bias was observed in most studies. For polyetheretherketone (PEEK) specimens, random-effect models showed that, compared to non-treated controls, pretreatments associated with Visio.link® (Bredent, Senden, GE) increased TBS by 26.72MPa (95% confidence interval (CI), 19.69-33.76; p<0.00001) and increased SBS by 4.86MPa (95% CI, 2.61-7.10; p<0.00001). Air abrasion improved SBS by 4.90MPa (95% CI, 3.90-5.90; p<0.00001) (50μm alumina) and 4.51MPa (95% CI, 1.85-7.18; p=0.0009) (silica-coated CoJet). In comparison to non-treated controls, Visio.link® and Signum PEEK Bond® (Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, GE) increased SBS by 33.76MPa (95% CI, 18.72-48.81; p<0.00001) and 33.28MPa (95% CI, 17.48-49.07; p<0.00001), respectively. No differences were found between Visio.link® and Signum PEEK Bond® or Monobond Plus/Heliobond® (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, LH) (p>0.05). Similar results were observed for polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) specimens. SIGNIFICANCE This review shows improved HPP bonding following the application of various surface pretreatments, including air abrasion and bonding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Tavares Gama
- Department Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira Avenue, 901, CEP: 13414-903, Areião, Piracicaba, Brazil.
| | - Thais Mageste Duque
- Dentistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, CEP: 88040-900, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Dental Materials Unit, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Science, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Analucia Gebler Philippi
- Dentistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, CEP: 88040-900, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Luis André Mendonça Mezzomo
- Dentistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, CEP: 88040-900, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Thais Marques Simek Vega Gonçalves
- Dentistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, CEP: 88040-900, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Prechtel A, Stawarczyk B, Hickel R, Edelhoff D, Reymus M. Fracture load of 3D printed PEEK inlays compared with milled ones, direct resin composite fillings, and sound teeth. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3457-3466. [PMID: 31989370 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this in vitro study was to investigate fracture load, fracture types, and impact of chewing simulation of human molars restored with 3D printed indirect polyetheretherketone (PEEK) inlays and compare these with milled indirect PEEK inlays, direct resin composite fillings, and sound teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 112 molars with form congruent class I cavities were restored with (n = 16/group) 3D printed indirect PEEK inlays via fused layer manufacturing (FLM): (1) Essentium PEEK (ESS), (2) KetaSpire PEEK MS-NT1 (KET), (3) VESTAKEEP i4 G (VES), (4) VICTREX PEEK 450G (VIC), (5) milled indirect PEEK inlays JUVORA Dental Disc 2 (JUV), and (6) direct resin composite fillings out of Tetric EvoCeram (TET). Sound teeth (7) acted as positive control group. Half of the specimens of each group (n = 8) were treated in a chewing simulator combined with thermal cycling (1.2 million × 50 N; 12,000 × 5 °C/55 °C). Fracture load and fracture types of all molars were determined. Statistical analyses using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and two-way ANOVA with partial eta squared (ηp2) followed by Scheffé post hoc test, chi square test and Weibull modulus m with 95% confidence interval were computed (p < 0.05). RESULTS ESS and TET demonstrated the lowest fracture load with a minimum of 956 N, whereas sound molars showed the highest values of up to 2981 N. Chewing simulation indicated no impact (p = 0.132). With regard to Weibull modulus, KET presented a lower value after chewing simulation than JUV, whereas TET had the highest value without chewing simulation. All indirect restorations revealed a tooth fracture (75-100%), direct resin composite fillings showed a restoration fracture (87.5%), and 50% of the sound teeth fractured completely or had cusp fractures. CONCLUSIONS All 3D printed and milled indirect PEEK inlays as well as the direct resin composite fillings presented a higher fracture load than the expected physiological and maximum chewing forces. CLINICAL RELEVANCE 3D printing of inlays out of PEEK via FLM provided promising results in mechanics, but improvements in terms of precision and esthetics will be required to be practicable in vivo to represent an alternative dental material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prechtel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Bogna Stawarczyk
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Edelhoff
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Reymus
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Surface characterization and bonding properties of milled polyetheretherketone dental posts. Odontology 2020; 108:596-606. [PMID: 31965408 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PEEK has been used in many dental applications except intra-radicular post. The aim of this study is to test polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as a dental post material through tensile bond strength (TBS) and surface roughness (SR), and to compare it with glass-fiber and cast-metal posts. Thus, 60 human maxillary central incisors with a single root were endodontically treated and divided into three groups (n = 20) according to the type of post (Group P: PEEK, Group F: Glass-fiber, Group M: Cast-metal). Appropriate surface treatment was employed for each group and SR was determined by a three-dimensional non-contact profilometer before cementation. All posts were luted to the canal dentin using self-etch resin cement (Panavia F2.0). Pull-out test was performed on a universal testing machine at a speed of 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed until failure, and TBS were calculated. One-way ANOVA, Tukey's HSD, and Pearson chi-squared tests were performed for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). According to the results, group F demonstrated the highest SR (2.93 ± 0.18 µm) and lowest TBS values (10.05 ± 0.53 MPa), while group P exhibited lowest SR (1.37 ± 0.11 µm) and highest TBS values (14.33 ± 0.58 MPa) (p < 0.001). No significant differences in failure modes were identified among groups, mostly adhesive (p = 0.243). As conclusion, PEEK may be a reliable and contemporary option for dental post systems when used with appropriate surface treatment and luting agent. This high-performance polymer may be a novel candidate as a contemporary dental post system due to its superior mechanical, chemical, thermal, and esthetical properties with low risk of fracture.
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Cabello-Domínguez G, Pérez-López J, Veiga-López B, González D, Revilla-León M. Maxillary zirconia and mandibular composite resin-lithium disilicate-modified PEEK fixed implant-supported restorations for a completely edentulous patient with an atrophic maxilla and mandible: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 124:403-410. [PMID: 31870613 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bimaxillary implant-supported restorations for edentulous patients must include a comprehensive diagnosis, treatment plan, and careful selection of the restorative materials. The present clinical report described a completely edentulous patient rehabilitated with a zirconia framework with a facial ceramic veneer on the maxillary arch and a modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) framework with gingival composite resin and cemented lithium disilicate crowns on the mandibular arch. The rationale for this combination of restorative materials is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marta Revilla-León
- Assistant Professor and Assistant Program Director AEGD, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas; Affiliate Assistant Professor Graduate Prosthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Researcher, Revilla Research Center, Madrid, Spain.
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Kurahashi K, Matsuda T, Ishida Y, Ichikawa T. Effect of Surface Treatments on Shear Bond Strength of Polyetheretherketone to Autopolymerizing Resin. Dent J (Basel) 2019; 7:dj7030082. [PMID: 31374927 PMCID: PMC6784460 DOI: 10.3390/dj7030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
These days, new prosthodontic materials are appearing with the development of digitalization. Among these, the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as the clasp of removable partial dentures has been proposed. The adhesive strength between the PEEK and acrylic resin influences the probability of denture fracture. To investigate the effect of PEEK surface treatments on the shear bond strength to acrylic resin, five surface treatment conditions of PEEK were analyzed: 1. no treatment; 2. ceramic primer application; 3. Al2O3 sandblasting; 4. Rocatec; and 5. Rocatec with ceramic primer application, comparing with a metal primer-treated Co-Cr alloy. Two kinds of autopolymerizing resin (Unifast II and Palapress Vario) were used as bonding materials. The specimens were evaluated to determine the bond strength. Rocatec treatment with ceramic primer application yielded the highest bond strengths (12.71 MPa and 15.32 MPa, respectively, for Unifast II and Palapress Vario). When compared to a metal primer-treated Co-Cr alloy, the bond strength of PEEK to Unifast II was similar, whereas it was about 60% of that to Palapress Vario. Rocatec treatment, combined with ceramic primer, showed the highest bond strength of PEEK to acrylic resin. Treatment of PEEK will enable its use as the clasp of removable dentures and the fixation of PEEK prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kurahashi
- Department of Prosthodontics & Oral rehabilitation, Tokushima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuda
- Department of Prosthodontics & Oral rehabilitation, Tokushima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishida
- Department of Prosthodontics & Oral rehabilitation, Tokushima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ichikawa
- Department of Prosthodontics & Oral rehabilitation, Tokushima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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Younis M, Unkovskiy A, ElAyouti A, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Spintzyk S. The Effect of Various Plasma Gases on the Shear Bond Strength between Unfilled Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and Veneering Composite Following Artificial Aging. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12091447. [PMID: 31060213 PMCID: PMC6540062 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different gaseous plasma surface treatments on the shear bond strength between unfilled polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and veneering composite resin. The study followed ISO 10477 guidelines in preparing, bonding, and testing the samples. Specimens of unfilled PEEK were distributed to one of the following six surface treatment groups: reference, adhesive, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air plasmas. After milling, the specimens were wet polished using (P320) polishing discs. Bonding procedures were done according to the manufacturer's instructions using (Opaquer + Dentine), except in the adhesive group (Visio.link + Opaquer + Dentine). Afterwards, thermal cycling for 5000 cycles between 5 and 55 °C in distilled water was conducted. Finally, the shear bond strengths of all groups were calculated, and mode of fracture was determined. Nitrogen surface treatment had the highest mean shear bond strength of 10.04 (±1.84) MPa, while the reference group showed the lowest value of 5.38 (±2.90) MPa. Regarding mode of fracture, all the specimens showed a 100% adhesive failure mode. Plasma surface treatment can be a reliable alternative method to the traditional protocol of bonding veneering composite resin to unfilled PEEK material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Younis
- Section Medical Materials Science & Technology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Alexey Unkovskiy
- Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ashraf ElAyouti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer
- Section Medical Materials Science & Technology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- Section Medical Materials Science & Technology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Rikitoku S, Otake S, Nozaki K, Yoshida K, Miura H. Influence of SiO 2 content of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) on flexural properties and tensile bond strength to resin cement. Dent Mater J 2019; 38:464-470. [PMID: 30971651 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the influence of the SiO2 content of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) on the bonding between PEEK and resin cement, and the corresponding mechanical properties, were evaluated. Three experimental PEEK samples with varying amounts of SiO2, and PEEK containing 20 wt% of TiO2 (DK), were investigated. The tensile bond strength (TBS) was evaluated before and after 10,000 thermal cycles, upon polishing, sandblasting, and conditioning of the specimens with BONDMER lightless containing a silane coupling agent, and bonded with ESTECEM II. The crystallinity, flexural modulus, and flexural strength were determined after 10,000 thermal cycles. TBS values were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and a t-test with Bonferroni correction (α<0.05), while the crystallinity, flexural modulus, and flexural strength were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by a t-test with Bonferroni correction (α<0.05). The TBS improved with increasing SiO2 content in PEEK; moreover, DK and the sample with 40 wt% SiO2 exhibited the highest flexural strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Rikitoku
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Shiho Otake
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Kosuke Nozaki
- Department of Material Biofunctions, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Keiichi Yoshida
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Hiroyuki Miura
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
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Labriaga W, Song SY, Park JH, Ryu JJ, Lee JY, Shin SW. Effect of non-thermal plasma on the shear bond strength of resin cements to Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). J Adv Prosthodont 2018; 10:408-414. [PMID: 30584469 PMCID: PMC6302079 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2018.10.6.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effect of non-thermal plasma on the shear bond strength of resin cements to polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) in comparison to other surface treatment methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty PEKK discs were subjected to different surface treatments: (1) Untreated (UT); (2) Non-thermal plasma (NTP); (3) Sandblasting with 50 µm Al2O3 particles (SB); and (4) Sandblasting + Non-thermal plasma (SB+NTP). After each surface treatment, the contact angle was measured. Surface conditioning with Visio.Link was applied in all groups after pre-treatment. RelyX Unicem resin cement was bonded onto the PEKK specimens. After fabrication of the specimens, half of each group (n=10) was initially tested, while the other half was subjected to thermocycling (5℃ to 55℃ at 10,000 cycles). Shear bond strength (SBS) testing was performed using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were assessed using stereomicroscopy. The SBS results were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Independent t-test was used to examine the effect of thermocycling (P<.05). RESULTS The highest SBS values with or without thermocycling were observed with PEKK specimens that were treated with SB+NTP followed by the SB group. The lowest SBS results were observed in the UT groups. CONCLUSION The shear bond strength between PEKK and resin cements was improved using non-thermal plasma treatment in combination with sandblasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmart Labriaga
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Song
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Ryu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yol Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wan Shin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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