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Cegledi E, Dobroslavić E, Pedisić S, Magnabosca I, Zorić M, Pavić R, Šuto M, Štargl O, Repajić M, Elez Garofulić I. Green Approaches for the Extraction of Banana Peel Phenolics Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2024; 29:3672. [PMID: 39125075 PMCID: PMC11314314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Banana peels, comprising about 35% of the fruit's weight, are often discarded, posing environmental and economic issues. This research focuses on recycling banana peel waste by optimizing advanced extraction techniques, specifically microwave-assisted (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), for the isolation of phenolic compounds. A choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) with glycerol in a 1:3 ratio with a water content of 30% (w/w) was compared to 30% ethanol. Parameters, including sample-to-solvent ratio (SSR), extraction time, and temperature for MAE or amplitude for UAE, were varied. Extracts were analyzed for hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity using FRAP and ABTS assays. DES outperformed ethanol, with HCA content ranging from 180.80 to 765.92 mg/100 g and flavonoid content from 96.70 to 531.08 mg/100 g, accompanied by higher antioxidant activity. Optimal MAE conditions with DES were an SSR of 1:50, a temperature of 60 °C, and a time of 10 min, whereas an SSR of 1:60, time of 5 min, and 75% amplitude were optimal for UAE. The polyphenolic profile of optimized extracts comprised 19 individual compounds belonging to the class of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids. This study concluded that DESs, with their superior extraction efficiency and environmental benefits, are promising solvents for the extraction of high-value bioactive compounds from banana peels and offer significant potential for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Cegledi
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (I.M.); (M.Z.); (R.P.); (O.Š.)
| | - Erika Dobroslavić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (I.M.); (M.Z.); (R.P.); (O.Š.)
| | - Sandra Pedisić
- Centre for Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Petra Kasandrića 3, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Ivan Magnabosca
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (I.M.); (M.Z.); (R.P.); (O.Š.)
| | - Marija Zorić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (I.M.); (M.Z.); (R.P.); (O.Š.)
| | - Rina Pavić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (I.M.); (M.Z.); (R.P.); (O.Š.)
| | - Marija Šuto
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (I.M.); (M.Z.); (R.P.); (O.Š.)
| | - Otilija Štargl
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (I.M.); (M.Z.); (R.P.); (O.Š.)
| | - Maja Repajić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (I.M.); (M.Z.); (R.P.); (O.Š.)
| | - Ivona Elez Garofulić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (I.M.); (M.Z.); (R.P.); (O.Š.)
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Farias SADS, Rocha KML, Nascimento ÉCM, de Jesus RDCC, Neres PR, Martins JBL. Docking and Electronic Structure of Rutin, Myricetin, and Baicalein Targeting 3CLpro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15113. [PMID: 37894797 PMCID: PMC10606270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of 3CLpro protease for SARS-CoV-2 replication and knowing the potential of flavonoid molecules like rutin, myricetin, and baicalein against 3CLpro justify an investigation into their inhibition. This study investigates possible bonds and reactivity descriptors of rutin, myricetin, and baicalein through conformational and electronic properties. Density functional theory was used to determine possible interactions. Analyses were carried out through the molecular electrostatic potential, electron localization function, Fukui function descriptors based on frontier orbitals, and non-covalent interactions. A docking study was performed using a resolution of 1.55 Å for 3CLpro to analyze the interactions of rutin, myricetin, and baicalein. Scores of structures showed that rutin is the best ligand, followed by myricetin and baicalein. Docking studies showed that baicalein and rutin can establish effective interactions with residues of the catalytic dyad (Cys145 and His41), but just rutin forms a hydrogen bond. Myricetin, in turn, could not establish an effective interaction with Cys145. Baicalein interaction arose with active residues such as Arg188, Val186, Gln189, and Gln192. Interactions of rutin and myricetin with Arg188 and Gln189 were also found. A critical interaction was observed only for rutin with the hydroxyls of ring A with His41, and also for Cys145 with rings B and C, which is probably related to the highest score of rutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A de S Farias
- Laboratory of Computational Simulations (LabIn02), Institute of Educational Sciences, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém 68040-255, Pará, Brazil
| | - Kelvyn M L Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Érica C M Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rafael do C C de Jesus
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Neres
- Laboratory of Computational Simulations (LabIn02), Institute of Educational Sciences, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém 68040-255, Pará, Brazil
| | - João B L Martins
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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DFT and TD-DFT study of hydrogen bonded complexes of aspartic acid and n water (n = 1 and 2). J Mol Model 2023; 29:94. [PMID: 36905452 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hydrogen bonds (HB) influence the conformational preferences of biomolecules and their optical and electronic properties. The directional interaction of molecules of water can be a prototype to understand the effects of HBs on biomolecules. Among the neurotransmitters (NT), L-aspartic acid (ASP) stands out due to its importance in health and as a precursor of several biomolecules. As it presents different functional groups and readily forms inter- and intramolecular HBs, ASP can be considered a prototype for understanding the behavior of NTs when interacting by HB with other substances. Although several theoretical studies have been performed in the past on isolated ASP and its formed complexes with water, both in gas and liquid phases, using DFT and TD-DFT formalisms, these works did not perform large basis set calculations or study electronic transitions of ASP-water complexes. We investigated the HB interactions in complexes of ASP and water molecules. The results show that the interactions between the carboxylic groups of ASP with water molecules, forming cyclic structures with two HBs, lead to more stable and less polar complexes than other conformers formed between water and the NH2 group. It was observed that there is a relationship between the deviation in the UV-Vis absorption band of the ASP and the interactions of water with the HOMO and LUMO orbitals with the stabilization/destabilization of the S1 state to the S0 of the complexes. However, in some cases, such as 1:1 complex ASP-W2, this analysis may be inaccurate due to small changes in ΔE. METHODS We studied the landscapes of the ground state surface of different conformers of isolated L-ASP and the L-ASP-(H2O)n complexes (n = 1 and 2) using the DFT formalism, with the B3LYP functional, and six different basis sets: 6-31 + + G(d,p), 6-311 + + G(d,p), D95 + + (d,p), D95V + + (d,p), cc-pVDZ, and, cc-pVTZ basis sets. The cc-pVTZ basis set provides the minimum energy of all conformers, and therefore, we performed the analysis with this basis set. We evaluated the stabilization of the ASP and complexes using the minimum ground state energy, corrected by the zero point energy and the interaction energy between the ASP and the water molecules. We also calculated the vertical electronic transitions S1 ← S0, and their properties using the TD-DFT formalism at B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level with the optimized geometries for S0 state with the same basis set. For the analysis of the vertical transitions of isolated ASP and the ASP-(H2O)n complexes, we calculated the electrostatic energy in the S0 and S1 states. We performed the calculations with the Gaussian 09 software package. We used the VMD software package to visualize the geometries and shapes of the molecule and complexes.
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Liu Q, Xiao K, Abulimiti B, Xiang M, Wang D, An H, Zheng J. A
DFT
‐based study of the hydrogen‐bonding interactions between epicatechin and methanol/water. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Xinjiang Normal University Urumqi China
| | - Kelaiti Xiao
- College of Computer Science and Technology Xinjiang Normal University Urumqi China
| | - Bumaliya Abulimiti
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Xinjiang Normal University Urumqi China
| | - Mei Xiang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Xinjiang Normal University Urumqi China
| | - Danqi Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Xinjiang Normal University Urumqi China
| | - Han An
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Xinjiang Normal University Urumqi China
| | - Jingyan Zheng
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Xinjiang Normal University Urumqi China
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Taraba A, Szymczyk K. Spectroscopic studies of the quercetin/rutin-nonionic surfactant interactions. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhao H, Song X, Zhang Y, Sheng X, Gu K. Molecular Understanding of Solvents and Glycitein Interaction during Extraction. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:17823-17829. [PMID: 31681889 PMCID: PMC6822119 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding interaction plays a crucial role in liquid systems. Methanol, ethanol, and acetone are the most commonly used solvents to extract isoflavones from soybeans. The structural and electronic properties of the molecular clusters of naturally occurring glycitein with solvents were investigated using the density functional theory method employing the B3LYP-D3/cc-pVTZ approach. The influence of the solvent was carried out by using the polarized continuum model (PCM). The geometry optimization, vibrational frequencies, and topological parameters have been assessed at the same level of theory. From the molecular structure and thermodynamic point of view, the most stable structures are formed by the interaction between the carbonyl group of glycitein and MeOH or EtOH. For acetone-glycitein, the strongest interaction is formed by the interaction of the hydroxyl group of glycitein with the carbonyl group of acetone. All the hydrogen bonds in the MeOH/EtOH/acetone-glycitein complexes are closed-shell interactions. This study can help increase the efficiency of extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Zhao
- Province
Key Laboratory of Cereal Resource Transformation and Utilization and College of Chemistry,
Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Song
- Province
Key Laboratory of Cereal Resource Transformation and Utilization and College of Chemistry,
Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingming Zhang
- Province
Key Laboratory of Cereal Resource Transformation and Utilization and College of Chemistry,
Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Province
Key Laboratory of Cereal Resource Transformation and Utilization and College of Chemistry,
Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
- E-mail: (X.S.)
| | - Keren Gu
- Province
Key Laboratory of Cereal Resource Transformation and Utilization and College of Chemistry,
Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
- E-mail: (K.G.)
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Zhao H, Song X, Zhang Y, Sheng X. Molecular interaction between MeOH and genistein during soy extraction. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39170-39179. [PMID: 35540639 PMCID: PMC9076023 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein has received great attention due to its possible anti-oxidant properties. The interaction between genistein and the extraction solvent helps in understanding the extraction efficiency. Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in liquid systems. Density functional theory quantum chemical computations in both gas phase and solution were performed to investigate the molecular interaction between genistein and methanol. All the resulting complexes (MeOH : genistein = 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 6 : 1) were studied using the B3LYP-D3 computational level and the cc-pVTZ basis set. Binding energies demonstrate that more MeOH molecules surrounding genistein could stabilize the system more. Geometry optimizations show that there are strong O–H⋯O interactions between MeOH and genistein. The electron density and the corresponding Laplacian of charge density at bond critical points were also calculated using AIM theory, and the results are in line with the structural and energetic analysis of the studied system. Moreover, energy decomposition analysis shows that the exchange energy term has the largest contribution to the attraction interaction energy as compared with other energy terms. Meanwhile, this study shows that the MeOH–genistein system is more stable under basic conditions. This study could help increase the efficiency of extraction. The interaction between genistein and extraction solvent helps in understanding the extraction efficiency.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Zhao
- Province Key Laboratory of Cereal Resource Transformation and Utilization
- Henan University of Technology
- 450001 Zhengzhou
- China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering
| | - Xue Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- 450001 Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Yingming Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- 450001 Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Xia Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- 450001 Zhengzhou
- China
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