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Sharma VK, Hutchison JM, Allgeier AM. Redox Biocatalysis: Quantitative Comparisons of Nicotinamide Cofactor Regeneration Methods. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200888. [PMID: 36129761 PMCID: PMC10029092 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic processes, particularly those capable of performing redox reactions, have recently been of growing research interest. Substrate specificity, optimal activity at mild temperatures, high selectivity, and yield are among the desirable characteristics of these oxidoreductase catalyzed reactions. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) or NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases have been extensively studied for their potential applications like biosynthesis of chiral organic compounds, construction of biosensors, and pollutant degradation. One of the main challenges associated with making these processes commercially viable is the regeneration of the expensive cofactors required by the enzymes. Numerous efforts have pursued enzymatic regeneration of NAD(P)H by coupling a substrate reduction with a complementary enzyme catalyzed oxidation of a co-substrate. While offering excellent selectivity and high total turnover numbers, such processes involve complicated downstream product separation of a primary product from the coproducts and impurities. Alternative methods comprising chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical regeneration have been developed with the goal of enhanced efficiency and operational simplicity compared to enzymatic regeneration. Despite the goal, however, the literature rarely offers a meaningful comparison of the total turnover numbers for various regeneration methodologies. This comprehensive Review systematically discusses various methods of NAD(P)H cofactor regeneration and quantitatively compares performance across the numerous methods. Further, fundamental barriers to enhanced cofactor regeneration in the various methods are identified, and future opportunities are highlighted for improving the efficiency and sustainability of commercially viable oxidoreductase processes for practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K Sharma
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St, 66045, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Justin M Hutchison
- Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St, 66045, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Alan M Allgeier
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St, 66045, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
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Nagarajan RD, Murugan P, Sundramoorthy AK. Selective Electrochemical Sensing of NADH and NAD +Using Graphene/Tungstate Nanocomposite Modified Electrode. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramila D Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Preethika Murugan
- Department of Chemistry SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ashok K Sundramoorthy
- Department of Chemistry SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu India
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Stufano P, Paris AR, Bocarsly A. Photoelectrochemical NADH Regeneration using Pt‐Modified
p
‐GaAs Semiconductor Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Stufano
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Frick Laboratory Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Aubrey R. Paris
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Frick Laboratory Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Andrew Bocarsly
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Frick Laboratory Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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Vidakovic-Koch T. Electron Transfer Between Enzymes and Electrodes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 167:39-85. [PMID: 29224083 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Efficient electron transfer between redox enzymes and electrocatalytic surfaces plays a significant role in development of novel energy conversion devices as well as novel reactors for production of commodities and fine chemicals. Major application examples are related to enzymatic fuel cells and electroenzymatic reactors, as well as enzymatic biosensors. The two former applications are still at the level of proof-of-concept, partly due to the low efficiency and obstacles to electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes. This chapter discusses the theoretical backgrounds of enzyme/electrode interactions, including the main mechanisms of electron transfer, as well as thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Additionally, the main electrochemical methods of study are described for selected examples. Finally, some recent advancements in the preparation of enzyme-modified electrodes as well as electrodes for soluble co-factor regeneration are reviewed. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Vidakovic-Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Kwak J, Kim MC, Lee SY. An enzyme-coupled artificial photosynthesis system prepared from antenna protein-mimetic tyrosyl bolaamphiphile self-assembly. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15064-70. [PMID: 27480074 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04711d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An artificial photosynthesis system coupled with an enzyme was constructed using the nanospherical self-assembly of tyrosyl bolaamphiphiles, which worked as a host matrix exhibiting an antenna effect that allowed enhanced energy transfer to the ZnDPEG photosensitizer. The excited electrons from the photosensitizer were transferred to NAD+ to produce NADH, which subsequently initiated the conversion of an aldehyde to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. Production of NADH and ethanol was enhanced by increasing the concentration of tyrosyl bolaamphiphiles. Spectroscopic investigations proved that the photosensitizer closely associated with the surface of the bolaamphiphile assembly through hydrogen bonds that allowed energy transfer between the host matrix and the photosensitizer. This study demonstrates that the self-assembly of bolaamphiphiles could be applicable to the construction of biomimetic energy systems exploiting biochemical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea..
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea..
| | - Sang-Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea..
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Manjunatha JG, Deraman M, Basri NH, Nor NSM, Talib IA, Ataollahi N. Sodium dodecyl sulfate modified carbon nanotubes paste electrode as a novel sensor for the simultaneous determination of dopamine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid. CR CHIM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Fenga P, Cardoso F, Aquino Neto S, De Andrade A. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes to improve ethanol/air biofuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tam TK, Chen B, Lei C, Liu J. In situ regeneration of NADH via lipoamide dehydrogenase-catalyzed electron transfer reaction evidenced by spectroelectrochemistry. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 86:92-6. [PMID: 22497727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
NAD/NADH is a coenzyme found in all living cells, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. We report on characterizations of in situ regeneration of NADH via lipoamide dehydrogenase (LD)-catalyzed electron transfer reaction to regenerate NADH using UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry. The Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) and maximum velocity (V(max)) of NADH regeneration were measured as 0.80±0.15 mM and 1.91±0.09 μM s(-1) in a 1-mm thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cell using gold gauze as the working electrode at the applied potential -0.75 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The electrocatalytic reduction of the NAD system was further coupled with the enzymatic conversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase to examine the coenzymatic activity of the regenerated NADH. Although the reproducible electrocatalytic reduction of NAD into NADH is known to be difficult compared to the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH, our spectroelectrochemical results indicate that the in situ regeneration of NADH via LD-catalyzed electron transfer reaction is fast and sustainable and can be potentially applied to many NAD/NADH-dependent enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kin Tam
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Walcarius A, Nasraoui R, Wang Z, Qu F, Urbanova V, Etienne M, Göllü M, Demir AS, Gajdzik J, Hempelmann R. Factors affecting the electrochemical regeneration of NADH by (2,2'-bipyridyl) (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-rhodium complexes: impact on their immobilization onto electrode surfaces. Bioelectrochemistry 2011; 82:46-54. [PMID: 21700510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of the (2,2'-bipyridyl) (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-rhodium family ([Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl](+), which is actually hydrolyzed in the form of [Cp*Rh(bpy)H(2)O](2+) in aqueous medium) are suitable solution-phase mediators likely to regenerate nicotinamide cofactors associated to dehydrogenases involved in many biocatalytic applications. Their practical application as bioelectrocatalysts, e.g., in fine chemicals synthesis or biosensors, remains however restricted to their durable immobilization in an active form onto solid electrode surfaces. This paper reports some new observations on the electrocatalytic properties of this mediator towards NAD(+) reduction, notably the critical effect of pH and cofactor-to-mediator concentration ratio, and investigates the behavior of a series of ([Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl](+)) derivatives bearing various substituents on the bipyridine ligand in view of their subsequent integration in electrochemical bioreactors. It will be shown that such compounds containing S- or N- moieties (i.e., often used as precursors to functionalize electrode surfaces) lead to inactivation of the electrocatalyst because their interaction with the Rh center prevents the formation of the active rhodium hydride complex. It was thus necessary to find another strategy of immobilization, and we found that adsorption of [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl](+) by π-stacking on single-walled carbon nanotubes is an effective mean to reach this goal, leading to efficient and stable catalytic responses for NAD(+) reduction. Preliminary electroenzymatic experiments in the presence of d-sorbitol dehydrogenase further point out the interest of this approach for bioelectrocatalysis purposes and provide the proof-of-concept for this immobilization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Walcarius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, CNRS - Nancy-University, France.
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Hollmann F, Arends I, Buehler K. Biocatalytic Redox Reactions for Organic Synthesis: Nonconventional Regeneration Methods. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu W, Hou S, Zhao ZK. Synthesis and electrochemical behavior of triazole-containing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide analogs. CAN J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of 2′,3′-di-O-acetyl nicotinamide mononucleotide with 3-butyn-1-ol in the presence of 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride quantitatively afforded a terminal alkyne-containing intermediate. Furthermore, copper(I)-mediated Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition with a series of azido compounds in a two-phase solvent system gave eight triazole-containing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide analogs with yields over 88%. The cyclic voltammetric behaviors of these novel analogs were investigated with a glassy carbon electrode, and structural features of these analogs on their electrochemical properties were briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory of Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Hou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory of Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zongbao Kent Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory of Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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