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Abdala-Roberts L, Moreira X. Effects of phytochemical diversity on multitrophic interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101228. [PMID: 38944275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The ecological effects of plant diversity have been well studied, but the extent to which they are driven by variation in specialized metabolites is not well understood. Here, we provide theoretical background on phytochemical diversity effects on herbivory and its expanded consequences for higher trophic levels. We then review empirical evidence for effects on predation and parasitism by focusing on a handful of studies that have undertaken manipulative approaches and link back their results to theory on mechanisms. We close by summarizing key aspects for future research, building on knowledge gained thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de Correos 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
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2
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Rubert-Nason KF, Yang P, Morrow CJ, Lindroth RL. Environment and Genotype Influence Quantitative and Qualitative Variation in Condensed Tannins in Aspen. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:325-339. [PMID: 37183205 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs) are abundant, ecologically-relevant secondary metabolites in many plants, which respond to variables associated with anthropogenic environmental change. While many studies have reported how genetic and environmental factors affect CT concentrations, few have explored how they influence CT molecular structure. Here, using trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) as a model organism, we report how foliar CT concentrations, polymer sizes, representation of procyanidins and prodelphinidins, and stereochemistry vary in response to changes in air temperature (warming and freeze damage), air composition (elevated CO2 and O3), soil quality (nutrients and microbiome), and herbivory (mammal and lepidopteran). Use of multiple aspen genotypes enabled assessment of genetic influences on aspen CTs. CT concentration and composition were analyzed by thiolysis-ultra high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in archived leaf samples from prior experiments. All environmental variables explored except for soil microbiome influenced both CT quantity and quality, with climate factors appearing to have larger effect magnitudes than herbivory. Climate, soil, and herbivory effects varied among genotypes, while air composition effects were consistent across genotypes. Considering that CT properties (concentrations and molecular structures) mediate functions at the organismal through ecosystem scales, intraspecific variation in responses of CT properties to environmental factors could provide a pathway through which environmental change exerts selective pressure on Populus populations. Future studies are needed to identify the molecular-level mechanisms by which environmental factors influence CT concentrations and structures, and to establish their ecological and evolutionary significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy F Rubert-Nason
- Dept. of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine - Fort Kent, 23 University Drive, Fort Kent, ME, 04743, USA.
| | - Phia Yang
- Dept. of Zoology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Clay J Morrow
- Dept. of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Dept. of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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3
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Buchkowski RW, Benedek K, Bálint J, Molnár A, Felföldi T, Fazakas C, Schmitz OJ, Balog A. Plant chemical variation mediates soil bacterial community composition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6088. [PMID: 37055463 PMCID: PMC10102019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An important challenge in the study of ecosystem function is resolving how plant antiherbivore chemical defence expression may influence plant-associated microbes, and nutrient release. We report on a factorial experiment that explores a mechanism underlying this interplay using individuals of the perennial plant Tansy that vary genotypically in the chemical content of their antiherbivore defenses (chemotypes). We assessed to what extent soil and its associated microbial community versus chemotype-specific litter determined the composition of the soil microbial community. Microbial diversity profiles revealed sporadic effects of chemotype litter and soil combinations. Soil source and litter type both explained the microbial communities decomposing the litter with soil source having a more important effect. Some microbial taxa are related to particular chemotypes, and thus intra-specific chemical variation of a single plant chemotype can shape the litter microbial community. But we found that ultimately the effect of fresh litter inputs from a chemotype appeared to act secondary as a filter on the composition of the microbial community, with the primary factor being the existing microbial community in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Buchkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Atlantic Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, NB, E3C 2G6, Canada.
| | - Klára Benedek
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - János Bálint
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Attila Molnár
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Ferenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College for Higher Education, 6, Berehove, Zakarpattia Oblast, 990201, Ukraine
- Department of Biology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Live Science, Páter Károly Str. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Tamás Felföldi
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fazakas
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Oswald J Schmitz
- School of the Environment, Yale University, 370 Prospect Str., New-Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C, Targu Mures, Romania.
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Klavins L, Perkons I, Mezulis M, Viksna A, Klavins M. Procyanidins from Cranberry Press Residues-Extraction Optimization, Purification and Characterization. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3517. [PMID: 36559628 PMCID: PMC9786595 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins are a polyphenolic group that can be found in a variety of foods such as chocolate, tea, cranberries and others. Type A procyanidins can be found in a handful of sources and one of the richest sources are American cranberries. These compounds possess antioxidative, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities and are most widely used as prevention for urinary tract infections. Cranberries are utilized for jam and juice production, and the latter produces industrial food waste press residues. Press residues contain free and bound procyanidins which can be extracted for use as nutraceuticals. In this study, the extraction of cranberry press residues has been optimized using RSM and the resulting extracts have been purified and fractionated. The obtained procyanidin fractions have been investigated for their antioxidative potential and analyzed using LC-ESI-FTICR-HRMS to determine individual procyanidins. The optimization showed that the optimal extraction can be conducted using acetone in a concentration of 53% without the addition of an acidifying agent. Strong correlation was observed for procyanidin contents and their antioxidative activity using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. The purified fractions contained 78 individual (65 Type A) procyanidins with the degree of polymerization of up to 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linards Klavins
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Marcis Mezulis
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arturs Viksna
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maris Klavins
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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5
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Senior JK, Gundale MJ, Iason GR, Whitham TG, Axelsson EP. Progeny selection for enhanced forest growth alters soil communities and processes. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John K. Senior
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - E. Petter Axelsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
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Monson RK, Trowbridge AM, Lindroth RL, Lerdau MT. Coordinated resource allocation to plant growth-defense tradeoffs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1051-1066. [PMID: 34614214 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant resource allocation patterns often reveal tradeoffs that favor growth (G) over defense (D), or vice versa. Ecologists most often explain G-D tradeoffs through principles of economic optimality, in which negative trait correlations are attributed to the reconciliation of fitness costs. Recently, researchers in molecular biology have developed 'big data' resources including multi-omic (e.g. transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic) studies that describe the cellular processes controlling gene expression in model species. In this synthesis, we bridge ecological theory with discoveries in multi-omics biology to better understand how selection has shaped the mechanisms of G-D tradeoffs. Multi-omic studies reveal strategically coordinated patterns in resource allocation that are enabled by phytohormone crosstalk and transcriptional signal cascades. Coordinated resource allocation justifies the framework of optimality theory, while providing mechanistic insight into the feedbacks and control hubs that calibrate G-D tradeoff commitments. We use the existing literature to describe the coordinated resource allocation hypothesis (CoRAH) that accounts for balanced cellular controls during the expression of G-D tradeoffs, while sustaining stored resource pools to buffer the impacts of future stresses. The integrative mechanisms of the CoRAH unify the supply- and demand-side perspectives of previous G-D tradeoff theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Manuel T Lerdau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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7
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Kelln B, Penner G, Acharya S, McAllister T, Lardner H. Impact of condensed tannin-containing legumes on ruminal fermentation, nutrition, and performance in ruminants: a review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Legume forages, such as sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), can increase the forage quality and quantity of Western Canadian pastures, thus increasing producer profitability due to increased gains in grazing ruminants, while also reducing risk of bloat in legume pastures due to the presence of proanthocyanidins. Proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins (CT) are secondary plant polyphenol compounds that have been regarded as anti-nutritional due to their ability to bind protein in feeds, enzymes, and microbial cells, therefore disrupting microbial digestion and slowing ruminal protein and dry matter (DM) digestion. Research has shown that at high concentrations (>50 g·kg−1 DM), CT can disrupt microbial digestion. However, at low dietary inclusion rates (5–10 g·kg−1 DM), they reduce bloat risk, increase ruminal undegradable protein, reduce enteric methane production, and benefit anthelmintic activity. Yet, research gaps still exist regarding grazing persistence and forage yield of novel CT-containing forages and their biological activity due to their vast differences in CT stereochemistry, polymer size, and intermolecular linkages. The objectives of this review are to summarize information regarding the impact of CT on ruminal fermentation, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and the potential to identify and select for forages that contain CT for ruminant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.M. Kelln
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - G.B. Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - S.N. Acharya
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - T.A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - H.A. Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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8
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Cole CT, Morrow CJ, Barker HL, Rubert-Nason KF, Riehl JFL, Köllner TG, Lackus ND, Lindroth RL. Growing up aspen: ontogeny and trade-offs shape growth, defence and reproduction in a foundation species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:505-517. [PMID: 32296821 PMCID: PMC7988516 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intraspecific variation in foundation species of forest ecosystems can shape community and ecosystem properties, particularly when that variation has a genetic basis. Traits mediating interactions with other species are predicted by simple allocation models to follow ontogenetic patterns that are rarely studied in trees. The aim of this research was to identify the roles of genotype, ontogeny and genotypic trade-offs shaping growth, defence and reproduction in aspen. METHODS We established a common garden replicating >500 aspen genets in Wisconsin, USA. Trees were measured through the juvenile period into the onset of reproduction, for growth, defence chemistry (phenolic glycosides and condensed tannins), nitrogen, extrafloral nectaries, leaf morphology (specific leaf area), flower production and foliar herbivory and disease. We also assayed the TOZ19 sex marker and heterozygosity at ten microsatellite loci. KEY RESULTS We found high levels of genotypic variation for all traits, and high heritabilities for both the traits and their ontogenetic trajectories. Ontogeny strongly shaped intraspecific variation, and trade-offs among growth, defence and reproduction supported some predictions while contradicting others. Both direct resistance (chemical defence) and indirect defence (extrafloral nectaries) declined during the juvenile stage, prior to the onset of reproduction. Reproduction was higher in trees that were larger, male and had higher individual heterozygosity. Growth was diminished by genotypic allocation to both direct and indirect defence as well as to reproduction, but we found no evidence of trade-offs between defence and reproduction. CONCLUSIONS Key traits affecting the ecological communities of aspen have high levels of genotypic variation and heritability, strong patterns of ontogeny and clear trade-offs among growth, defence and reproduction. The architecture of aspen's community genetics - its ontogeny, trade-offs and especially its great variability - is shaped by both its broad range and the diverse community of associates, and in turn further fosters that diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cole
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Clay J Morrow
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hilary L Barker
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kennedy F Rubert-Nason
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maine at Ft. Kent, 23 University Drive, Fort Kent, ME, USA
| | - Jennifer F L Riehl
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena, Germany
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
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9
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Bernik BM, Lumibao CY, Zengel S, Pardue J, Blum MJ. Intraspecific variation in landform engineering across a restored salt marsh shoreline. Evol Appl 2021; 14:685-697. [PMID: 33767744 PMCID: PMC7980261 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem engineers that modify landforms can be valuable tools for restoring habitat, but their use has frequently resulted in unanticipated outcomes. Departures from expectations might arise because applications discount the possibility that geomorphic processes are influenced by heritable phenotypic variation. We conducted a field-scale common garden experiment to assess whether shoreline erosion reflects intraspecific variation in the landform engineer Spartina alterniflora. Replicated plots on a shoreline denuded by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill were revegetated using plants from four genetically distinct sources: the local population, a nonlocal population, and two nursery stocks. We assessed variation in biomass, tissue nutrients, and functional traits alongside soil shear strength, surface elevation, and shoreline erosion rates over 2 years. We found that productivity, traits, nutrient content, and erosion rates varied according to plant provenance. Erosion reflected traits like root architecture more so than coarser metrics of growth. Erosion was significantly higher in plots with nonlocal plants that exhibited lower productivity, likely due to nitrogen limitation. Our results indicate that restoration practices should account for intraspecific variation in landform engineers and that in situ trials should be performed at sites slated for restoration to evaluate donor source suitability, particularly if introductions might modify local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. Bernik
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Candice Y. Lumibao
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
| | | | - John Pardue
- Department of Civil & Environmental EngineeringLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLAUSA
| | - Michael J. Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
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10
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Stange M, Barrett RDH, Hendry AP. The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 22:89-105. [PMID: 33067582 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-00288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 United Nations Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services estimated that approximately 1 million species are at risk of extinction. This primarily human-driven loss of biodiversity has unprecedented negative consequences for ecosystems and people. Classic and emerging approaches in genetics and genomics have the potential to dramatically improve these outcomes. In particular, the study of interactions among genetic loci within and between species will play a critical role in understanding the adaptive potential of species and communities, and hence their direct and indirect effects on biodiversity, ecosystems and people. We explore these population and community genomic contexts in the hope of finding solutions for maintaining and improving ecosystem services and nature's contributions to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Stange
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Historically, many biologists assumed that evolution and ecology acted independently because evolution occurred over distances too great to influence most ecological patterns. Today, evidence indicates that evolution can operate over a range of spatial scales, including fine spatial scales. Thus, evolutionary divergence across space might frequently interact with the mechanisms that also determine spatial ecological patterns. Here, we synthesize insights from 500 eco-evolutionary studies and develop a predictive framework that seeks to understand whether and when evolution amplifies, dampens, or creates ecological patterns. We demonstrate that local adaptation can alter everything from spatial variation in population abundances to ecosystem properties. We uncover 14 mechanisms that can mediate the outcome of evolution on spatial ecological patterns. Sometimes, evolution amplifies environmental variation, especially when selection enhances resource uptake or patch selection. The local evolution of foundation or keystone species can create ecological patterns where none existed originally. However, most often, we find that evolution dampens existing environmental gradients, because local adaptation evens out fitness across environments and thus counteracts the variation in associated ecological patterns. Consequently, evolution generally smooths out the underlying heterogeneity in nature, making the world appear less ragged than it would be in the absence of evolution. We end by highlighting the future research needed to inform a fully integrated and predictive biology that accounts for eco-evolutionary interactions in both space and time.
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Fuente-Maqueda F, Rodríguez A, Majada J, Fernández B, Feito I. Methodology optimization for the analysis of phenolic compounds in chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.). FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2020; 26:520-534. [PMID: 32223433 DOI: 10.1177/1082013220911782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phenols are bioactive substances of great interest because of their involvement in plant physiology, their use in many industrial processes, and their impact on human health. This work aims to summarize the varied approaches to the phenolic analysis of chestnut (bark and wood of trunk and branches, leaves, catkins, burs, and fruit) and to collate the optimal conditions into an easy to follow and execute protocol. Phenolic compounds were extracted by solid-liquid extraction and separated by liquid-liquid extraction. Total phenols content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, condensed tannins by vanillin assay, and hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins) by high-performance liquid chromatography quantification of methyl gallate and ellagic acid following acid methanolysis. The lowest temperature for conservation (-80 ℃), lyophilization, and milling (liquid N2) were the most effective pretreatments for samples. For quantification of tannins, the use of water clearly reduced the sensitivity of the analysis of condensed tannins, whilst the more efficient degradation capacity of sulfuric acid improved the methanolysis of hydrolyzable tannins. These findings were validated using a range of chestnut tissues, and thus confirm the utility and effectiveness of this easy to implement, cost-effective, and efficient protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fuente-Maqueda
- Programa Forestal, Área de Cultivos Hortofrutícolas y Forestales, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario de Asturias (SERIDA), Finca Experimental La Mata, Grado, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Majada
- Centro Tecnológico Forestal y de la Madera (CETEMAS), Siero, Spain
| | - Belén Fernández
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Isabel Feito
- Programa Forestal, Área de Cultivos Hortofrutícolas y Forestales, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario de Asturias (SERIDA), Finca Experimental La Mata, Grado, Spain
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13
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Wolfe ER, Ballhorn DJ. Do Foliar Endophytes Matter in Litter Decomposition? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030446. [PMID: 32245270 PMCID: PMC7143956 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Litter decomposition rates are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors, including the presence of fungal endophytes in host plant tissues. This review broadly analyzes the findings of 67 studies on the roles of foliar endophytes in litter decomposition, and their effects on decomposition rates. From 29 studies and 1 review, we compiled a comprehensive table of 710 leaf-associated fungal taxa, including the type of tissue these taxa were associated with and isolated from, whether they were reported as endo- or epiphytic, and whether they had reported saprophytic abilities. Aquatic (i.e., in-stream) decomposition studies of endophyte-affected litter were significantly under-represented in the search results (p < 0.0001). Indicator species analyses revealed that different groups of fungal endophytes were significantly associated with cool or tropical climates, as well as specific plant host genera (p < 0.05). Finally, we argue that host plant and endophyte interactions can significantly influence litter decomposition rates and should be considered when interpreting results from both terrestrial and in-stream litter decomposition experiments.
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14
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Wang P, Liu Y, Zhang L, Wang W, Hou H, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Yu J, Tan H, Wang Y, Xie DY, Gao L, Xia T. Functional demonstration of plant flavonoid carbocations proposed to be involved in the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:18-36. [PMID: 31454118 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant flavonoid dogma proposes that labile plant flavonoid carbocations (PFCs) play vital roles in the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs). However, whether PFCs exist in plants and how PFCs function remain unclear. Here, we report the use of an integrative strategy including enzymatic assays, mutant analysis, metabolic engineering, isotope labeling and metabolic profiling to capture PFCs and demonstrate their functions. In anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) assays, an (-)-epicatechin conjugate was captured in protic polar nucleophilic methanol alone or methanol-HCl extracts. Tandem mass spectrum (MS/MS) analysis characterized this compound as an (-)-epicatechin-4-O-methyl (EOM) ether, which resulted from (-)-epicatechin carbocation and the methyl group of methanol. Acid-based catalysis of procyanidin B2 and B3 produced four compounds, which were annotated as two EOM and two (+)-catechin-4-O-methyl (COM) ethers. Metabolic profiling of seven PA pathway mutants showed an absence or reduction of two EOM ether isomers in seeds. Camellia sinensis ANRa (CsANRa), leucoanthocyanidin reductase c (CsLARc), and CsMYB5b (a transcription factor) were independently overexpressed for successful PA engineering in tobacco. The EOM ether was remarkably increased in CsANRa and CsMYB5b transgenic flowers. Further metabolic profiling for eight green tea tissues revealed two EOM and two COM ethers associated with PA biosynthesis. Moreover, an incubation of (-)-epicatechin or (+)-catechin with epicatechin carbocation in CsANRa transgenic flower extracts formed dimeric procyanidin B1 or B2, demonstrating the role of flavan-3-ol carbocation in the formation of PAs. Taken together, these findings indicated that flavan-3-ol carbocations exist in extracts and are involved in the biosynthesis of PAs of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Hua Hou
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Huarong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - De-Yu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- Department of Pant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, USA
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
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15
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Cope OL, Kruger EL, Rubert‐Nason KF, Lindroth RL. Chemical defense over decadal scales: Ontogenetic allocation trajectories and consequences for fitness in a foundation tree species. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L. Cope
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Eric L. Kruger
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
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16
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Selmants PC, Schweitzer JA, Adair KL, Holeski LM, Lindroth RL, Hart SC, Whitham TG. Genetic variation in tree leaf chemistry predicts the abundance and activity of autotrophic soil microorganisms. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Selmants
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Geographic Science Center Menlo Park California USA
| | - Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Karen L. Adair
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Liza M. Holeski
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Richard L. Lindroth
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Stephen C. Hart
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences Sierra Nevada Research Institute University of California Merced California USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
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17
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Barker HL, Riehl JF, Bernhardsson C, Rubert-Nason KF, Holeski LM, Ingvarsson PK, Lindroth RL. Linking plant genes to insect communities: Identifying the genetic bases of plant traits and community composition. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4404-4421. [PMID: 31233634 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Community genetics aims to understand the effects of intraspecific genetic variation on community composition and diversity, thereby connecting community ecology with evolutionary biology. Thus far, research has shown that plant genetics can underlie variation in the composition of associated communities (e.g., insects, lichen and endophytes), and those communities can therefore be considered as extended phenotypes. This work, however, has been conducted primarily at the plant genotype level and has not identified the key underlying genes. To address this gap, we used genome-wide association mapping with a population of 445 aspen (Populus tremuloides) genets to identify the genes governing variation in plant traits (defence chemistry, bud phenology, leaf morphology, growth) and insect community composition. We found 49 significant SNP associations in 13 Populus genes that are correlated with chemical defence compounds and insect community traits. Most notably, we identified an early nodulin-like protein that was associated with insect community diversity and the abundance of interacting foundation species (ants and aphids). These findings support the concept that particular plant traits are the mechanistic link between plant genes and the composition of associated insect communities. In putting the "genes" into "genes to ecosystems ecology", this work enhances understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms that underlie plant-insect associations and the consequences thereof for the structure of ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary L Barker
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer F Riehl
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Liza M Holeski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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18
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Veach AM, Morris R, Yip DZ, Yang ZK, Engle NL, Cregger MA, Tschaplinski TJ, Schadt CW. Rhizosphere microbiomes diverge among Populus trichocarpa plant-host genotypes and chemotypes, but it depends on soil origin. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:76. [PMID: 31103040 PMCID: PMC6525979 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have developed defense strategies for phytopathogen and herbivore protection via coordinated metabolic mechanisms. Low-molecular weight metabolites produced within plant tissues, such as salicylic acid, represent one such mechanism which likely mediates plant - microbe interactions above and below ground. Salicylic acid is a ubiquitous phytohormone at low levels in most plants, yet are concentrated defense compounds in Populus, likely acting as a selective filter for rhizosphere microbiomes. We propagated twelve Populus trichocarpa genotypes which varied an order of magnitude in salicylic acid (SA)-related secondary metabolites, in contrasting soils from two different origins. After four months of growth, plant properties (leaf growth, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate) and plant root metabolomics specifically targeting SA metabolites were measured via GC-MS. In addition, rhizosphere microbiome composition was measured via Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S and ITS2 rRNA-genes. RESULTS Soil origin was the primary filter causing divergence in bacterial/archaeal and fungal communities with plant genotype secondarily influential. Both bacterial/archaeal and fungal evenness varied between soil origins and bacterial/archaeal diversity and evenness correlated with at least one SA metabolite (diversity: populin; evenness: total phenolics). The production of individual salicylic acid derivatives that varied by host genotype resulted in compositional differences for bacteria /archaea (tremuloidin) and fungi (salicylic acid) within one soil origin (Clatskanie) whereas soils from Corvallis did not illicit microbial compositional changes due to salicylic acid derivatives. Several dominant bacterial (e.g., Betaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadete, Firmicutes) and one fungal phyla (Mortierellomycota) also correlated with specific SA secondary metabolites; bacterial phyla exhibited more negative interactions (declining abundance with increasing metabolite concentration) than positive interactions. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate microbial communities diverge most among soil origin. However, within a soil origin, bacterial/archaeal communities are responsive to plant SA production within greenhouse-based rhizosphere microbiomes. Fungal microbiomes are impacted by root SA-metabolites, but overall to a lesser degree within this experimental context. These results suggest plant defense strategies, such as SA and its secondary metabolites, may partially drive patterns of both bacterial/archaeal and fungal taxa-specific colonization and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Veach
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Reese Morris
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Daniel Z. Yip
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Zamin K. Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Nancy L. Engle
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Melissa A. Cregger
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Christopher W. Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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19
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Rubert-Nason KF, Lindroth RL. Analysis of condensed tannins in Populus spp. using reversed phase UPLC-PDA-(-)esi-MS following thiolytic depolymerisation. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2019; 30:257-267. [PMID: 30548354 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Condensed tannins (CTs) are proanthocyanidin heteropolymers that are widely distributed among plants. Their biochemical properties are determined by molecular structure (e.g. polymer size, hydroxylation, stereochemistry). In Populus, genetically and environmentally-determined CT concentrations have been related to ecological effects, while the potential role of CT molecular structure has received little attention. OBJECTIVE Evaluate CT polymerisation, major constituent monomers, stereochemistry and overall content in Populus tremuloides foliage using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-(-)esi-MS) detection following thiolytic depolymerisation of the CTs. METHODOLOGY CTs were extracted from dried foliage of six P. tremuloides genotypes into methanol and thiolytically depolymerised into constituent monomers. Calibration standards were prepared by thiolysis of CT mixtures isolated from P. tremuloides foliage on Sephadex LH-20, followed by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS Populus tremuloides CTs contained predominantly repeating subunits of three putative stereoisomers each of catechin and gallocatechin. Linear calibrations for standards of these subunits and their thioethers (purities 44-87%, UPLC-(-)esi-MS) were generally stable over the course of 10 months. CT polymer size, hydroxylation, stereochemistry and concentrations differed among genotypes. CONCLUSION This thiolysis-UPLC-PDA-(-)esiMS method was optimised for analysis of CT polymer size, hydroxylation, stereochemistry, and total concentration in Populus foliage. It revealed significant variation in each of these properties among P. tremuloides genotypes, and will facilitate evaluation of how environmental factors affect CT molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Gallart M, Adair KL, Love J, Meason DF, Clinton PW, Xue J, Turnbull MH. Genotypic variation in Pinus radiata responses to nitrogen source are related to changes in the root microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4982773. [PMID: 29688427 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in traits within a plant species contributes to differences in soil physicochemistry and rhizosphere microbial communities. However, how intraspecific variation in plant responses to nitrogen (N) shapes these communities remains unclear. We studied whether plant responses to organic and inorganic N forms vary among genotypes, and if these responses were associated with variation in root-associated communities. We investigated how the root microbiomes of two Pinus radiata D. Don genotypes were altered by two years of N-fertilisation in field conditions. We characterised rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, as well as root-associated fungal communities, of trees receiving yearly additions of NH4NO3 or L-arginine, and control trees. We also measured plant traits and rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties. Two main findings emerged: (i) N form and tree genotype affected soil physicochemical properties as well as plant measures, and these responses were associated with variation in microbial communities, and (ii) rhizosphere and root-associated communities differed in their responses to N form and host genotype. Our results suggest that N forms have different influences on N and carbon dynamics at the plant-soil interface by inducing root-mediated responses that are associated with shifts in the root microbiome such that communities more closely associated with roots are more sensitive to genotype-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gallart
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.,Scion, Private Bag 29237, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Karen L Adair
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Love
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Jianming Xue
- Scion, Private Bag 29237, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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21
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Gowda JH, Palo RT, Udén P. Seasonal variation in the nutritional value of woody plants along a natural gradient in Eastern Africa. Afr J Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Haridas Gowda
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA CONICET‐Universidad Nacional del Comahue Bariloche Argentina
| | - R. Thomas Palo
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Forest SciencesSLU Umeå Sweden
| | - Peter Udén
- Department of Animal Health and Nutrition SLU Uppsala Sweden
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22
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Senior JK, Potts BM, O'Reilly‐Wapstra JM, Bissett A, Wooliver RC, Bailey JK, Glen M, Schweitzer JA. Phylogenetic trait conservatism predicts patterns of plant‐soil feedback. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John K. Senior
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Private Bag 55 Hobart TAS 7001Australia
- Institutionen för vilt fisk och miljö Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Private Bag 55 Hobart TAS 7001Australia
| | | | - Andrew Bissett
- Oceans and Atmosphere Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation HobartTAS 7001 Australia
| | - Rachel C. Wooliver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Joseph K. Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Morag Glen
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture University of Tasmania Private Bag 54 HobartTAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
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23
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Dettlaff MA, Marshall V, Erbilgin N, Cahill JF. Root condensed tannins vary over time, but are unrelated to leaf tannins. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply044. [PMID: 30090221 PMCID: PMC6070047 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the negative effects of root herbivores on plant fitness are expected to be similar to those of above-ground herbivores, the study of below-ground plant defences is limited compared to the rich literature on above-ground defences. Current theory predicts that concentrations of defensive chemicals above- and below-ground should be correlated, as the evolutionary drivers that shape plant defence are similar across the whole plant. We conducted a field study to measure root condensed tannin concentrations in Populus tremuloides, and determine how they related to leaf condensed tannin concentrations, tree position within the stand (edge vs. interior), tree size, and time of year. Overall, root tannin concentrations were substantially lower than leaf tannin concentrations. At individual sampling periods, root and leaf tannin concentrations were uncorrelated with each other, and did not vary with stand position or size. Across the growing season both root and leaf tannin concentrations did show similar trends, with both highest in the early summer, and declining through mid-summer and fall. These results suggest that the mechanisms that influence leaf and root tannin levels in aspen are independent within individual stems, possibly due to different evolutionary pressures experienced by the different tissue types or in response to localized (roots vs. foliage) stressors. However, across individual stems, the similar patterns in chemical defence over time, independent of plant size or stand position indicate that larger scale processes can have consistent effects across individuals within a population, such as the relative investment in defence of tissues in the spring versus the fall. Overall, we conclude that using theories based on above-ground defence to predict below-ground defences may not be possible without further studies examining below-ground defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete A Dettlaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Valerie Marshall
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James F Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Compson ZG, Hungate BA, Whitham TG, Koch GW, Dijkstra P, Siders AC, Wojtowicz T, Jacobs R, Rakestraw DN, Allred KE, Sayer CK, Marks JC. Linking tree genetics and stream consumers: isotopic tracers elucidate controls on carbon and nitrogen assimilation. Ecology 2018; 99:1759-1770. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zacchaeus G. Compson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Bruce A. Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - George W. Koch
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Adam C. Siders
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Todd Wojtowicz
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Ryan Jacobs
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - David N. Rakestraw
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Kiel E. Allred
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Chelsea K. Sayer
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Jane C. Marks
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
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25
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Cole CT, Ingvarsson PK. Pathway position constrains the evolution of an ecologically important pathway in aspens (Populus tremula L.). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3317-3330. [PMID: 29972878 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many ecological interactions of aspens and their relatives (Populus spp.) are affected by products of the phenylpropanoid pathway synthesizing condensed tannins (CTs), whose production involves trade-offs with other ecologically important compounds and with growth. Genes of this pathway are candidates for investigating the role of selection on ecologically important, polygenic traits. We analysed sequences from 25 genes representing 10 steps of the CT synthesis pathway, which produces CTs used in defence and lignins used for growth, in 12 individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula). We compared these to homologs from P. trichocarpa, to a control set of 77 P. tremula genes, to genome-wide resequencing data and to RNA-seq expression levels, in order to identify signatures of selection distinct from those of demography. In Populus, pathway position exerts a strong influence on the evolution of these genes. Nonsynonymous diversity, divergence and allele frequency shifts (Tajima's D) were much lower than for synonymous measures. Expression levels were higher, and the direction of selection more negative, for upstream genes than for those downstream. Selective constraints act with increasing intensity on upstream genes, despite the presence of multiple paralogs in most gene families. Pleiotropy, expression level, flux control and codon bias appear to interact in determining levels and patterns of variation in genes of this pathway, whose products mediate a wide array of ecological interactions for this widely distributed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cole
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris, Minnesota
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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26
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Suseela V, Tharayil N. Decoupling the direct and indirect effects of climate on plant litter decomposition: Accounting for stress-induced modifications in plant chemistry. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1428-1451. [PMID: 28986956 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition of plant litter is a fundamental ecosystem process that can act as a feedback to climate change by simultaneously influencing both the productivity of ecosystems and the flux of carbon dioxide from the soil. The influence of climate on decomposition from a postsenescence perspective is relatively well known; in particular, climate is known to regulate the rate of litter decomposition via its direct influence on the reaction kinetics and microbial physiology on processes downstream of tissue senescence. Climate can alter plant metabolism during the formative stage of tissues and could shape the final chemical composition of plant litter that is available for decomposition, and thus indirectly influence decomposition; however, these indirect effects are relatively poorly understood. Climatic stress disrupts cellular homeostasis in plants and results in the reprogramming of primary and secondary metabolic pathways, which leads to changes in the quantity, composition, and organization of small molecules and recalcitrant heteropolymers, including lignins, tannins, suberins, and cuticle within the plant tissue matrix. Furthermore, by regulating metabolism during tissue senescence, climate influences the resorption of nutrients from senescing tissues. Thus, the final chemical composition of plant litter that forms the substrate of decomposition is a combined product of presenescence physiological processes through the production and resorption of metabolites. The changes in quantity, composition, and localization of the molecular construct of the litter could enhance or hinder tissue decomposition and soil nutrient cycling by altering the recalcitrance of the lignocellulose matrix, the composition of microbial communities, and the activity of microbial exo-enzymes via various complexation reactions. Also, the climate-induced changes in the molecular composition of litter could differentially influence litter decomposition and soil nutrient cycling. Compared with temperate ecosystems, the indirect effects of climate on litter decomposition in the tropics are not well understood, which underscores the need to conduct additional studies in tropical biomes. We also emphasize the need to focus on how climatic stress affects the root chemistry as roots contribute significantly to biogeochemical cycling, and on utilizing more robust analytical approaches to capture the molecular composition of tissue matrix that fuel microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Valencia-Cuevas L, Mussali-Galante P, Cano-Santana Z, Pujade-Villar J, Equihua-Martínez A, Tovar-Sánchez E. Genetic variation in foundation species governs the dynamics of trophic interactions. Curr Zool 2018; 64:13-22. [PMID: 29492034 PMCID: PMC5809035 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zox015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that the foundation species genetic diversity can have direct effects that extend beyond the individual or population level, affecting the dependent communities. Additionally, these effects may be indirectly extended to higher trophic levels throughout the entire community. Quercus castanea is an oak species with characteristics of foundation species beyond presenting a wide geographical distribution and being a dominant element of Mexican temperate forests. In this study, we analyzed the influence of population (He) and individual (HL) genetic diversity of Q. castanea on its canopy endophagous insect community and associated parasitoids. Specifically, we studied the composition, richness (S) and density of leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera: Tischeridae, Citheraniidae), gall-forming wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), and canopy parasitoids of Q. castanea. We sampled 120 trees belonging to six populations (20/site) through the previously recognized gradient of genetic diversity. In total, 22 endophagous insect species belonging to three orders (Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera) and 20 parasitoid species belonging to 13 families were identified. In general, we observed that the individual genetic diversity of the host plant (HL) has a significant positive effect on the S and density of the canopy endophagous insect communities. In contrast, He has a significant negative effect on the S of endophagous insects. Additionally, indirect effects of HL were observed, affecting the S and density of parasitoid insects. Our results suggest that genetic variation in foundation species can be one of the most important factors governing the dynamics of tritrophic interactions that involve oaks, herbivores, and parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Valencia-Cuevas
- Laboratorio de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
| | - Patricia Mussali-Galante
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
| | - Zenón Cano-Santana
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Delegación Coyoacán, DF 04510, México
| | - Juli Pujade-Villar
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biología, Av. Diagonal, 645, Barcelona 08028, España
| | | | - Efraín Tovar-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
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Jackrel SL, Morton TC. Inducible phenotypic plasticity in plants regulates aquatic ecosystem functioning. Oecologia 2018; 186:895-906. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rosado-Sánchez S, Parra-Tabla V, Betancur-Ancona D, Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L. Tree species diversity alters plant defense investment in an experimental forest plantation in southern Mexico. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rosado-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km 15.5 C.P. 97100 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km 15.5 C.P. 97100 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - David Betancur-Ancona
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Periférico Nte. Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn. C.P. 97203 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC); Apdo. 28 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia Spain
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km 15.5 C.P. 97100 Mérida Yuc. México
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Matthews B, Best RJ, Feulner PGD, Narwani A, Limberger R. Evolution as an ecosystem process: insights from genomics. Genome 2017; 61:298-309. [PMID: 29241022 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2017-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolution is a fundamental ecosystem process. The study of genomic variation of organisms can not only improve our understanding of evolutionary processes, but also of contemporary and future ecosystem dynamics. We argue that integrative research between the fields of genomics and ecosystem ecology could generate new insights. Specifically, studies of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, evolutionary rescue, and eco-evolutionary dynamics could all benefit from information about variation in genome structure and the genetic architecture of traits, whereas genomic studies could benefit from information about the ecological context of evolutionary dynamics. We propose new ways to help link research on functional genomic diversity with (reciprocal) interactions between phenotypic evolution and ecosystem change. Despite numerous challenges, we anticipate that the wealth of genomic data being collected on natural populations will improve our understanding of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Matthews
- a Eawag, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca J Best
- a Eawag, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,b School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, 525 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Philine G D Feulner
- c Eawag, Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,d University of Bern, Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anita Narwani
- a Eawag, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Romana Limberger
- a Eawag, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,e Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
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Paaso U, Keski-Saari S, Keinänen M, Karvinen H, Silfver T, Rousi M, Mikola J. Intrapopulation Genotypic Variation of Foliar Secondary Chemistry during Leaf Senescence and Litter Decomposition in Silver Birch ( Betula pendula). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1074. [PMID: 28694813 PMCID: PMC5483462 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Abundant secondary metabolites, such as condensed tannins, and their interpopulation genotypic variation can remain through plant leaf senescence and affect litter decomposition. Whether the intrapopulation genotypic variation of a more diverse assortment of secondary metabolites equally persists through leaf senescence and litter decomposition is not well understood. We analyzed concentrations of intracellular phenolics, epicuticular flavonoid aglycones, epicuticular triterpenoids, condensed tannins, and lignin in green leaves, senescent leaves and partly decomposed litter of silver birch, Betula pendula. Broad-sense heritability (H2) and coefficient of genotypic variation (CVG) were estimated for metabolites in senescent leaves and litter using 19 genotypes selected from a B. pendula population in southern Finland. We found that most of the secondary metabolites remained through senescence and decomposition and that their persistence was related to their chemical properties. Intrapopulation H2 and CVG for intracellular phenolics, epicuticular flavonoid aglycones and condensed tannins were high and remarkably, increased from senescent leaves to decomposed litter. The rank of genotypes in metabolite concentrations was persistent through litter decomposition. Lignin was an exception, however, with a diminishing genotypic variation during decomposition, and the concentrations of lignin and condensed tannins had a negative genotypic correlation in the senescent leaves. Our results show that secondary metabolites and their intrapopulation genotypic variation can for the most part remain through leaf senescence and early decomposition, which is a prerequisite for initial litter quality to predict variation in litter decomposition rates. Persistent genotypic variation also opens an avenue for selection to impact litter decomposition in B. pendula populations through acting on their green foliage secondary chemistry. The negative genotypic correlations and diminishing heritability of lignin concentrations may, however, counteract this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Paaso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiLahti, Finland
| | - Sarita Keski-Saari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandJoensuu, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandJoensuu, Finland
| | - Heini Karvinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiLahti, Finland
| | - Tarja Silfver
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiLahti, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiLahti, Finland
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Gosney B, O'Reilly-Wapstra J, Forster L, Whiteley C, Potts B. The Extended Community-Level Effects of Genetic Variation in Foliar Wax Chemistry in the Forest Tree Eucalyptus globulus. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:532-542. [PMID: 28478546 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in foundation trees can influence dependent communities, but little is known about the mechanisms driving these extended genetic effects. We studied the potential chemical drivers of genetic variation in the dependent foliar community of the focal tree Eucalyptus globulus. We focus on the role of cuticular waxes and compare the effects to that of the terpenes, a well-studied group of secondary compounds known to be bioactive in eucalypts. The canopy community was quantified based on the abundance of thirty-nine distinctive arthropod and fungal symptoms on foliar samples collected from canopies of 246 progeny from 13 E. globulus sub-races grown in a common garden trial. Cuticular waxes and foliar terpenes were quantified using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MC). A total of 4 of the 13 quantified waxes and 7 of the 16 quantified terpenes were significantly associated with the dependent foliar community. Variation in waxes explained 22.9% of the community variation among sub-races, which was equivalent to that explained by terpenes. In combination, waxes and terpenes explained 35% of the genetic variation among sub-races. Only a small proportion of wax and terpene compounds showing statistically significant differences among sub-races were implicated in community level effects. The few significant waxes have previously shown evidence of divergent selection in E. globulus, which signals that adaptive variation in phenotypic traits may have extended effects. While highlighting the role of the understudied cuticular waxes, this study demonstrates the complexity of factors likely to lead to community genetic effects in foundation trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gosney
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | | | - Lynne Forster
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 50, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Carmen Whiteley
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Brad Potts
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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Borzak CL, Potts BM, Barry KM, Pinkard EA, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM. Genetic stability of physiological responses to defoliation in a eucalypt and altered chemical defence in regrowth foliage. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:220-235. [PMID: 27881800 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Defoliation may initiate physiological recovery and chemical defence mechanisms that allow a plant to improve fitness after damage. Such responses may result in changes in plant resource allocation that influence growth and foliar chemistry. In this study, we investigated the nature and stability of the defoliation response of juvenile plants from three divergent populations of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. A partial defoliation treatment that removed all upper crown leaves and the apical buds was applied to plants sourced from eight families from each of three populations representing contrasting chemical resistance to mammalian herbivory. Growth, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content were assessed pre-defoliation and periodically up to 12 weeks post-defoliation. The content of key plant primary and secondary metabolites was assessed pre-defoliation, at 12 weeks post-defoliation in the old foliage (positioned below the point of defoliation) and in the new foliage of the control plants and regrowth (from axillary buds) on the defoliated plants. There were clear treatment impacts on physiological responses, growth and foliar chemical traits, but despite significant constitutive differences in physiology, growth and chemistry the three E. globulus populations did not vary in their response to foliage loss. Distinct physiological responses to defoliation were observed with treatment plants showing significant up-regulation of photosynthetic rate and increased chlorophyll content in the old foliage remaining in the lower crown. There was a significant increase in the concentrations of a number of foliar chemical compounds in the regrowth arising from previously dormant axillary buds compared with new growth derived from apical meristems. There were changes in biomass allocation; defoliated plants had increased branching and leaf biomass, with changes in regrowth morphology to increase light capture. This study argues for multiple responses of E. globulus juveniles to defoliation involving apical bud loss, including elevated chemical defences matched with increased growth. From a chemical defence perspective, these responses create an enhanced chemical mosaic to the herbivore, with leaves remaining after partial browsing potentially being more palatable than the regrowth. This study demonstrates the multiple independent strategies plants may use to respond to partial defoliation and emphasizes the dynamic interplay between growth and defence in the recovery response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Borzak
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Karen M Barry
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Pinkard
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Climate Adaptation Flagship, Private Bag 12, Hobart, TAS7001, Australia
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Shay PE, Trofymow JA, Constabel CP. An improved butanol-HCl assay for quantification of water-soluble, acetone:methanol-soluble, and insoluble proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins). PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:63. [PMID: 28775761 PMCID: PMC5539752 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Condensed tannins (CT) are the most abundant secondary metabolite of land plants and can vary in abundance and structure according to tissue type, species, genotype, age, and environmental conditions. Recent improvements to the butanol-HCl assay have separately helped quantification of soluble and insoluble CTs, but have not yet been applied jointly. Our objectives were to combine previous assay improvements to allow for quantitative comparisons of different condensed tannin forms and to test protocols for analyses of condensed tannins in vegetative plant tissues. We also tested if the improved butanol-HCl assay can be used to quantify water-soluble forms of condensed tannins. RESULTS Including ~50% acetone in both extraction solvents and final assay reagents greatly improved the extraction and quantification of soluble, insoluble and total condensed tannins. The acetone-based method also extended the linear portion of standard integration curves allowing for more accurate quantification of samples with a broader range of condensed tannin concentrations. Estimates of tannin concentrations determined using the protocol without acetone were lower, but correlated with values from acetone-based methods. With the improved assay, quantification of condensed tannins in water-soluble forms was highly replicable. The relative abundance of condensed tannins in soluble and insoluble forms differed substantially between tissue types. CONCLUSIONS The quantification of condensed tannins using the butanol-HCl assay was improved by adding acetone to both extraction and reagent solutions. These improvements will facilitate the quantification of total condensed tannin in tissues containing a range of concentrations, as well as to determine the amount in water-soluble, acetone:MeOH-soluble and insoluble forms. Accurate determination of these three condensed tannin forms is essential for careful investigations of their potentially different physiological and ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip-Edouard Shay
- Department of Biology & Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - J. A. Trofymow
- Department of Biology & Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC Canada
| | - C. Peter Constabel
- Department of Biology & Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
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Pastor J. Ecosystem Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, a New Frontier for Experiments and Models. Ecosystems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Phylogeny Explains Variation in The Root Chemistry of Eucalyptus Species. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:1086-1097. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Jackrel SL, Morton TC, Wootton JT. Intraspecific leaf chemistry drives locally accelerated ecosystem function in aquatic and terrestrial communities. Ecology 2016; 97:2125-2135. [DOI: 10.1890/15-1763.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Jackrel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution The University of Chicago 1101 East 57th St. Chicago 60637 USA
| | - Timothy C. Morton
- Department of Ecology and Evolution The University of Chicago 1101 East 57th St. Chicago 60637 USA
| | - J. Timothy Wootton
- Department of Ecology and Evolution The University of Chicago 1101 East 57th St. Chicago 60637 USA
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Couture JJ, Singh A, Rubert‐Nason KF, Serbin SP, Lindroth RL, Townsend PA. Spectroscopic determination of ecologically relevant plant secondary metabolites. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Couture
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Aditya Singh
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Shawn P. Serbin
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Richard L. Lindroth
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Philip A. Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
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Van Nuland ME, Wooliver RC, Pfennigwerth AA, Read QD, Ware IM, Mueller L, Fordyce JA, Schweitzer JA, Bailey JK. Plant–soil feedbacks: connecting ecosystem ecology and evolution. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Van Nuland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Rachel C. Wooliver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Alix A. Pfennigwerth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Quentin D. Read
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Ian M. Ware
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Liam Mueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - James A. Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Joseph K. Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey P. terHorst
- Biology Department California State University, Northridge 18111 Nordhoff Street Northridge California91330‐8303 USA
| | - Peter C. Zee
- Biology Department California State University, Northridge 18111 Nordhoff Street Northridge California91330‐8303 USA
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41
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Wymore AS, Liu CM, Hungate BA, Schwartz E, Price LB, Whitham TG, Marks JC. The Influence of Time and Plant Species on the Composition of the Decomposing Bacterial Community in a Stream Ecosystem. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:825-834. [PMID: 26879940 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Foliar chemistry influences leaf decomposition, but little is known about how litter chemistry affects the assemblage of bacterial communities during decomposition. Here we examined relationships between initial litter chemistry and the composition of the bacterial community in a stream ecosystem. We incubated replicated genotypes of Populus fremontii and P. angustifolia leaf litter that differ in percent tannin and lignin, then followed changes in bacterial community composition during 28 days of decomposition using 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing. Using a nested experimental design, the majority of variation in bacterial community composition was explained by time (i.e., harvest day) (R(2) = 0.50). Plant species, nested within harvest date, explained a significant but smaller proportion of the variation (R(2) = 0.03). Significant differences in community composition between leaf species were apparent at day 14, but no significant differences existed among genotypes. Foliar chemistry correlated significantly with community composition at day 14 (r = 0.46) indicating that leaf litter with more similar phytochemistry harbor bacterial communities that are alike. Bacteroidetes and β-proteobacteria dominated the bacterial assemblage on decomposing leaves, and Verrucomicrobia and α- and δ-proteobacteria became more abundant over time. After 14 days, bacterial diversity diverged significantly between leaf litter types with fast-decomposing P. fremontii hosting greater richness than slowly decomposing P. angustifolia; however, differences were no longer present after 28 days in the stream. Leaf litter tannin, lignin, and lignin: N ratios all correlated negatively with diversity. This work shows that the bacterial community on decomposing leaves in streams changes rapidly over time, influenced by leaf species via differences in genotype-level foliar chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Wymore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.
| | - Cindy M Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Egbert Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Lance B Price
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jane C Marks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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42
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Kinnison MT, Hairston NG, Hendry AP. Cryptic eco-evolutionary dynamics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1360:120-44. [PMID: 26619300 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural systems harbor complex interactions that are fundamental parts of ecology and evolution. These interactions challenge our inclinations and training to seek the simplest explanations of patterns in nature. Not least is the likelihood that some complex processes might be missed when their patterns look similar to predictions for simpler mechanisms. Along these lines, theory and empirical evidence increasingly suggest that environmental, ecological, phenotypic, and genetic processes can be tightly intertwined, resulting in complex and sometimes surprising eco-evolutionary dynamics. The goal of this review is to temper inclinations to unquestioningly seek the simplest explanations in ecology and evolution, by recognizing that some eco-evolutionary outcomes may appear very similar to purely ecological, purely evolutionary, or even null expectations, and thus be cryptic. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence for observational biases and mechanisms that might operate among the various links in eco-evolutionary feedbacks to produce cryptic patterns. Recognition that cryptic dynamics can be associated with outcomes like stability, resilience, recovery, or coexistence in a dynamically changing world provides added impetus for finding ways to study them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson G Hairston
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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43
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Mason CJ, Lowe-Power TM, Rubert-Nason KF, Lindroth RL, Raffa KF. Interactions between Bacteria And Aspen Defense Chemicals at the Phyllosphere – Herbivore Interface. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:193-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cole CT, Stevens MT, Anderson JE, Lindroth RL. Heterozygosity, gender, and the growth-defense trade-off in quaking aspen. Oecologia 2016; 181:381-90. [PMID: 26886130 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although plant growth is generally recognized to be influenced by allocation to defense, genetic background (e.g., inbreeding), and gender, rarely have those factors been addressed collectively. In quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), phenolic glycosides (PGs) and condensed tannins (CTs) constitute up to 30 % of leaf dry weight. To quantify the allocation cost of this chemical defense, we measured growth, defense chemistry, and individual heterozygosity (H obs at 16 microsatellite loci) for male and female trees in both controlled and natural environments. The controlled environment consisted of 12 juvenile genets grown for 3 years in a common garden, with replication. The natural environment consisted of 51 mature genets in wild populations, from which we sampled multiple ramets (trees) per genet. Concentrations of PGs and CTs were negatively correlated. PGs were uncorrelated with growth, but CT production represented a major cost. Across the range of CT levels found in wild-grown trees, growth rates varied by 2.6-fold, such that a 10 % increase in CT concentration occurred with a 38.5 % decrease in growth. H obs had a marked effect on aspen growth: for wild trees, a 10 % increase in H obs corresponded to a 12.5 % increase in growth. In wild trees, this CT effect was significant only in females, in which reproduction seems to exacerbate the cost of defense, while the H obs effect was significant only in males. Despite the lower growth rate of low-H obs trees, their higher CT levels may improve survival, which could account for the deficit of heterozygotes repeatedly found in natural aspen populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cole
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, 600 E. 4th St., Morris, MN, 56267, USA.
| | | | - Jon E Anderson
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, 600 E. 4th St., Morris, MN, 56267, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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45
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Valencia-Cuevas L, Tovar-Sánchez E. Oak canopy arthropod communities: which factors shape its structure? REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-015-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Jamieson MA, Schwartzberg EG, Raffa KF, Reich PB, Lindroth RL. Experimental climate warming alters aspen and birch phytochemistry and performance traits for an outbreak insect herbivore. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2698-2710. [PMID: 25538021 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and insect outbreaks are key factors contributing to regional and global patterns of increased tree mortality. While links between these environmental stressors have been established, our understanding of the mechanisms by which elevated temperature may affect tree-insect interactions is limited. Using a forest warming mesocosm, we investigated the influence of elevated temperature on phytochemistry, tree resistance traits, and insect performance. Specifically, we examined warming effects on forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) and host trees aspen (Populus tremuloides) and birch (Betula papyrifera). Trees were grown under one of three temperature treatments (ambient, +1.7 °C, +3.4 °C) in a multiyear open-air warming experiment. In the third and fourth years of warming (2011, 2012), we assessed foliar nutrients and defense chemistry. Elevated temperatures altered foliar nitrogen, carbohydrates, lignin, and condensed tannins, with differences in responses between species and years. In 2012, we performed bioassays using a common environment approach to evaluate plant-mediated indirect warming effects on larval performance. Warming resulted in decreased food conversion efficiency and increased consumption, ultimately with minimal effect on larval development and biomass. These changes suggest that insects exhibited compensatory feeding due to reduced host quality. Within the context of observed phytochemical variation, primary metabolites were stronger predictors of insect performance than secondary metabolites. Between-year differences in phytochemical shifts corresponded with substantially different weather conditions during these two years. By sampling across years within an ecologically realistic and environmentally open setting, our study demonstrates that plant and insect responses to warming can be temporally variable and context dependent. Results indicate that elevated temperatures can alter phytochemistry, tree resistance traits, and herbivore feeding, but that annual weather variability may modulate warming effects leading to uncertain consequences for plant-insect interactions with projected climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Jamieson
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ezra G Schwartzberg
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Adirondack Research, Saranac Lake, NY, 12983, USA
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Rubert-Nason KF, Couture JJ, Major IT, Constabel CP, Lindroth RL. Influence of Genotype, Environment, and Gypsy Moth Herbivory on Local and Systemic Chemical Defenses in Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides). J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:651-61. [PMID: 26099738 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the impacts of intraspecific genetic variation and environment on the induction of plant chemical defenses by herbivory. Relatively few, however, have considered how those factors affect within-plant distribution of induced defenses. This work examined the impacts of plant genotype and soil nutrients on the local and systemic phytochemical responses of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) to defoliation by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). We deployed larvae onto foliage on individual tree branches for 15 days and then measured chemistry in leaves from: 1) branches receiving damage, 2) undamaged branches of insect-damaged trees, and 3) branches of undamaged control trees. The relationship between post-herbivory phytochemical variation and insect performance also was examined. Plant genotype, soil nutrients, and damage all influenced phytochemistry, with genotype and soil nutrients being stronger determinants than damage. Generally, insect damage decreased foliar nitrogen, increased levels of salicinoids and condensed tannins, but had little effect on levels of a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, TI3. The largest damage-mediated tannin increases occurred in leaves on branches receiving damage, whereas the largest salicinoid increases occurred in leaves of adjacent, undamaged branches. Foliar nitrogen and the salicinoid tremulacin had the strongest positive and negative relationships, respectively, with insect growth. Overall, plant genetics and environment concomitantly influenced both local and systemic phytochemical responses to herbivory. These findings suggest that herbivory can contribute to phytochemical heterogeneity in aspen foliage, which may in turn influence future patterns of herbivory and nutrient cycling over larger spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy F Rubert-Nason
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA,
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Caseys C, Stritt C, Glauser G, Blanchard T, Lexer C. Effects of hybridization and evolutionary constraints on secondary metabolites: the genetic architecture of phenylpropanoids in European populus species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128200. [PMID: 26010156 PMCID: PMC4444209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the origin, maintenance and evolution of plant secondary metabolite diversity remain largely unknown. Decades of phenotypic studies suggest hybridization as a key player in generating chemical diversity in plants. Knowledge of the genetic architecture and selective constraints of phytochemical traits is key to understanding the effects of hybridization on plant chemical diversity and ecological interactions. Using the European Populus species P. alba (White poplar) and P. tremula (European aspen) and their hybrids as a model, we examined levels of inter- and intraspecific variation, heritabilities, phenotypic correlations, and the genetic architecture of 38 compounds of the phenylpropanoid pathway measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). We detected 41 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for chlorogenic acids, salicinoids and flavonoids by genetic mapping in natural hybrid crosses. We show that these three branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway exhibit different geographic patterns of variation, heritabilities, and genetic architectures, and that they are affected differently by hybridization and evolutionary constraints. Flavonoid abundances present high species specificity, clear geographic structure, and strong genetic determination, contrary to salicinoids and chlorogenic acids. Salicinoids, which represent important defence compounds in Salicaceae, exhibited pronounced genetic correlations on the QTL map. Our results suggest that interspecific phytochemical differentiation is concentrated in downstream sections of the phenylpropanoid pathway. In particular, our data point to glycosyltransferase enzymes as likely targets of rapid evolution and interspecific differentiation in the 'model forest tree' Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caseys
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christoph Stritt
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of science, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Blanchard
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lexer
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Contrasting effects of plant species traits and moisture on the decomposition of multiple litter fractions. Oecologia 2015; 179:573-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Hultine KR, Bean DW, Dudley TL, Gehring CA. Species Introductions and Their Cascading Impacts on Biotic Interactions in desert riparian ecosystems. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:587-601. [PMID: 25908667 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Desert riparian ecosystems of North America are hotspots of biodiversity that support many sensitive species, and are in a region experiencing some of the highest rates of climatic alteration in North America. Fremont cottonwood, Populus fremontii, is a foundation tree species of this critical habitat, but it is threatened by global warming and regional drying, and by a non-native tree/shrub, Tamarix spp., all of which can disrupt the mutualism between P. fremontii and its beneficial mycorrhizal fungal communities. Specialist herbivorous leaf beetles (Diorhabda spp.) introduced for biocontrol of Tamarix are altering the relationship between this shrub and its environment. Repeated episodic feeding on Tamarix foliage by Diorhabda results in varying rates of dieback and mortality, depending on genetic variation in allocation of resources, growing conditions, and phenological synchrony between herbivore and host plant. In this article, we review the complex interaction between climatic change and species introductions and their combined impacts on P. fremontii and their associated communities. We anticipate that (1) certain genotypes of P. fremontii will respond more favorably to the presence of Tamarix and to climatic change due to varying selection pressures to cope with competition and stress; (2) the ongoing evolution of Diorhabda's life cycle timing will continue to facilitate its expansion in North America, and will over time enhance herbivore impact to Tamarix; (3) defoliation by Diorhabda will reduce the negative impact of Tamarix on P. fremontii associations with mycorrhizal fungi; and (4) spatial variability in climate and climatic change will modify the capacity for Tamarix to survive episodic defoliation by Diorhabda, thereby altering the relationship between Tamarix and P. fremontii, and its associated mycorrhizal fungal communities. Given the complex biotic/abiotic interactions outlined in this review, conservation biologists and riparian ecosystem managers should strive to identify and conserve the phenotypic traits that underpin tolerance and resistance to stressors such as climate change and species invasion. Such efforts will greatly enhance conservation restoration efficacy for protecting P. fremontii forests and their associated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hultine
- *Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Dan W Bean
- Palisade Insectary, Colorado Department of Agriculture, Palisade, CO, USA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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