Early repair of ventral incisional hernia may improve quality of life after surgery for abdominal malignancy: a prospective observational cohort study

A Scoping Review of Quality-of-Life Assessments Employed in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction

INTRODUCTION

Surgeons use several quality-of-life instruments to track outcomes following abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR); however, there is no universally agreed upon instrument. We review the instruments used in AWR and report their utilization trends within the literature.

METHODS

This scoping review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane databases. All published articles in the English language that employed a quality-of-life assessment for abdominal wall hernia repair were included. Studies which focused solely on aesthetic abdominoplasty, autologous breast reconstruction, rectus diastasis, pediatric patients, inguinal hernia, or femoral hernias were excluded.

RESULTS

Six hernia-specific tools and six generic health tools were identified. The Hernia-Related Quality-of-Life Survey and Carolinas Comfort Scale are the most common hernia-specific tools, while the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) is the most common generic health tool. Notably, the SF-36 is also the most widely used tool for AWR outcomes overall. Each tool captures a unique set of patient outcomes which ranges from abdominal wall functionality to mental health.

CONCLUSIONS

The outcomes of AWR have been widely studied with several different assessments proposed and used over the past few decades. These instruments allow for patient assessment of pain, quality of life, functional status, and mental health. Commonly used tools include the Hernia-Related Quality-of-Life Survey, Carolinas Comfort Scale, and SF-36. Due to the large heterogeneity of available instruments, future work may seek to determine or develop a standardized instrument for characterizing AWR outcomes.

Abdominal Core Health: What Is It?

Abdominal core health encompasses the stability and function of the abdominal core and associated quality of life. Interventions to maintain core health include surgical and non-surgical therapies that integrate the functional relatedness of the abdominal core components.

Chemotherapy and Abdominal Wall Closure Technique Increase the Probability of Postoperative Ventral Incisional Hernia in Patients With Colon Cancer

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy is associated with postoperative ventral incisional hernia (PVIH) after right hemicolectomy (RHC) for colon cancer, and abdominal wall closure technique may affect PVIH. We sought to identify clinical predictors of PVIH.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent RHC for colon cancer from 2008-2018 and later developed PVIH. Time to PVIH was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier analysis, clinical predictors were identified with multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling, and the probability of PVIH given chemotherapy and the suture technique was estimated with Bayesian analysis.

RESULTS

We identified 399 patients (209 no adjuvant chemotherapy and 190 adjuvant chemotherapy), with an overall PVIH rate of 38%. The 5-year PVIH rate was 55% for adjuvant chemotherapy, compared with 38% for none (log-rank P < .05). Adjuvant chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR] 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-2.31, P < .01), age (HR .99, 95% CI .97-1.00, P < .01), body mass index (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.04, P < .01), and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.21-3.00, P < .01) were independently associated with PVIH. Postoperative ventral incisional hernia was more common overall in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (46% compared with 30%, P < .01). In patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy, the probability of PVIH for incision closure with #1 running looped polydioxanone was 42%, compared with 59% for incision closure with #0 single interrupted polyglactin 910.

DISCUSSION

Exposure to chemotherapy increases the probability of PVIH after RHC, and non-short stitch incision closure further increases this probability, more so than age or body mass index. The suture technique deserves further study as a modifiable factor in this high-risk population.

Is There Indication for the Use of Biological Mesh in Cancer Patients?

Up to 28% of all patients who undergo open surgery will develop a ventral hernia (VH) in the post-operative period. VH surgery is a debated topic in the literature, especially in oncological patients due to complex management. We searched in the surgical database of the Hepatobiliary Unit of the National Cancer Institute of Naples “G. Pascale Foundation” for all patients who underwent abdominal surgery for malignancy from January 2010 to December 2018. Our surgical approach and our choice of mesh for VH repair was planned case-by-case. We selected 57 patients that fulfilled our inclusion criteria, and we divided them into two groups: biological versus synthetic prosthesis. Anterior component separation was used in 31 patients (54.4%) vs. bridging procedure in 26 (45.6%). In 41 cases (71.9%), we used a biological mesh while a synthetic one was adopted in the remaining patients. Of our patients, 57% were male (33 male vs. 24 female) with a median age of 65 and a mean BMI of 30.8. We collected ventral hernia defects from 35 cm² to 600 cm² (mean 205.2 cm²); 30-day complications were present in 24 patients (42.1%), no 30-day mortality was reported, and 21 patients had a recurrence of pathology during study follow-up. This study confirms VH recurrence risk is not related with the type of mesh but is strongly related with BMI and type of surgery also in oncological patients.

The Abdominal Hernia-Q: a critical analysis of the components that impact quality-of-life

PURPOSE

Ventral hernias (VH) are a common surgical problem associated with significant morbidity. While assessment tools have examined quality-of-life (QoL), the relative change in specific domains of hernia-related QoL measures from pre- to post-operative period has yet to be comprehensively examined. Using the Abdominal Hernia-Q (AHQ), this study aims to assess the impact of ventral hernia repair (VHR) on key components of QoL.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients undergoing VHR between September 2017 and September 2019 who had completed at least one pre- and post-operative AHQ. Post-operative intervals were created to capture AHQ responses around standard follow-up visits (< 1.5 months, 1.5-4.5 months, 4.5-11 months, and 11 + months) and scores were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 136 patients were included, with an average age of 54.8 years at the time of VHR. Compared to the pre-operative period, the appearance score increased significantly (p < 0.05). The physical domain score increased from < 1.5 month to the 1.5-4.5 month period (p = 0.03) and remained significantly higher in later time period. The appearance score decreased from the 1.5-4.5 month to 4.5-11 month period (p = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

VHR leads to a sustained multi-dimensional increase in hernia-specific QoL measures during the post-operative course driven by early positive changes in appearance and sustained physical functioning. The initial increase in QoL is mainly driven by an improvement in appearance, while the sustained increase may be due to restored physical function.

Are perioperative outcomes in cancer-related ventral incisional hernia repair worse than in the general population? An Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative (ACHQC) database study

PURPOSE

Patients with a history of cancer-related abdominal surgery undergoing incisional hernia repair (IHR) are highly heterogenous and increasingly prevalent. We explored whether cancer surgery should be considered an independent risk factor for worse IHR perioperative outcomes.

METHODS

Patients undergoing IHR between 2018 and 2020 were identified within the Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative (ACHQC). Regression models were used to assess associations between cancer operation history and 30 d surgical site occurrences-exclusive of infection (SSO-EIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), reoperations, time to recurrence, and quality of life (QoL) scores. Cancer cohort subgroup analysis was performed for operative approach and mesh location.

RESULTS

8019 patients who underwent IHR were identified in the ACHQC, 1321 of which had a history of cancer operation. Cancer cohort patients were more likely to be older, males with a higher ASA status and lower BMI, and have longer and wider hernias (p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding, the cancer cohort was less likely to experience SSO-EIs (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.94 p = 0.0092) and showed lower odds of SSIs, reoperations, and recurrence (SSI OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.47-1.05, p = 0.0542; reoperation OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.37-1.17, p = 0.1002; recurrence OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.63-1.02, p = 0.08). There was no difference in postoperative QoL scores between cohorts. There were also no differences in perioperative or QoL outcomes within the cancer cohort based on operative approach or mesh location.

CONCLUSION

These data show no evidence that history of cancer operation predisposes patients to worse incisional hernia repair perioperative or quality of life outcomes.

Greatest Quality of Life Improvement in Patients With Large Ventral Hernias: An Individual Assessment of Items in the HerQLes Survey

BACKGROUND

Ventral hernia repair (VHR) has been shown to improve overall quality of life (QOL) by the validated 12-question Hernia-Related Quality-of-Life survey (HerQLes). However, which specific aspects of quality of life are most affected by VHR have not been formally investigated.

METHODS

Through retrospective analysis of the Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative national database, we measured the change in each individual component of the HerQLes questionnaire from a pre-operative baseline assessment to one-year postoperatively in VHR patients.

RESULTS

In total, 1,875 VHR patients had completed both pre- and post-operative questionnaires from 2014-2018. They were predominately Caucasian (92.3%), 57.9 ± 12.4 Y old, and evenly gender split (50.5% male, 49.5% female, P = 0.31). Most operations were performed open (80.5%) with fewer laparoscopic (7.5%) or robotic cases (12.1%). For each of the 12 individual categories, improvement in QOL from baseline to 1-Y was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). This held true with subgroup analysis of small (<2 cm), medium (2-6 cm), and large (>6 cm) hernias (P < 0.0001), though a larger improvement was seen in 8 of 12 components in hernias >6 cm (P < 0.001). Operative approach did not carry a significant effect except in medium hernias (2-6 cm), where an open approach saw a greater improvement in the "accomplish less at work" item (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

VHR is associated with improvement in each of the 12 components of QOL measured in the HerQLes questionnaire, regardless of the size of their hernia. The amount of improvement, however, may be dependent on hernia size and approach.

A New Device for Measuring Abdominal Wall Tension and Its Value in Screening Abdominal Infection

OBJECTIVE

This study is the largest clinical study of noninvasive Abdominal wall tension (AWT) measurement with a tensiometer to date. It also initially applies a polynomial regression equation to analyze the correlation between AWT measurement and intravesical pressure (IVP) measurement and remarkably finds interesting changes between different IVP intervals and AWT.

METHODS

Critically ill patients who were treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, from August 30, 2018, to June 30, 2020, and met the inclusion criteria were prospectively included in this study. The patients were divided into an intra-abdominal hypertension group and a non-intra-abdominal hypertension group and an abdominal infection group and no abdominal infection group. AWT and IVP were measured at 9 points on the abdominal wall on the first day after admission to the ICU. The correlations between AWTs and IVP were analyzed, and the role of AWT in the diagnosis of complications of abdominal infection and the prediction of adverse prognosis were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 127 patients were included. The average AWT and IVP were 2.77±0.38 N/mm and 12.31±7.01 mmHg, respectively, on the first day of admission. There was a positive correlation between AWT and IVP (correlation coefficient r = 0.706, p < 0.05). The polynomial regression model was AWT= -1.616×10-3 IVP2 +8.323×10-2 IVP+2.094. The cutoff value of the sensitivity and specificity of AWT for the diagnosis of abdominal infection was 2.57 N/mm. Furthermore, AWT = 2.57 N/mm had the best diagnostic efficiency, which was better than that of IAH and lactate.

CONCLUSION

There was a correlation between AWT and IVP. AWT measurement was helpful in the diagnosis of IAH and abdominal infection complications and can therefore serve as a new method for the clinical diagnosis of IVP and abdominal infection.

A systematic review of outcome reporting in incisional hernia surgery

Background

The incidence of incisional hernia is up to 20 per cent after abdominal surgery. The management of patients with incisional hernia can be complex with an array of techniques and meshes available. Ensuring consistency in reporting outcomes across studies on incisional hernia is important and will enable appropriate interpretation, comparison and data synthesis across a range of clinical and operative treatment strategies.

Methods

Literature searches were performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE (from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2019) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. All studies documenting clinical and patient-reported outcomes for incisional hernia were included.

Results

In total, 1340 studies were screened, of which 92 were included, reporting outcomes on 12 292 patients undergoing incisional hernia repair. Eight broad-based outcome domains were identified, including patient and clinical demographics, hernia-related symptoms, hernia morphology, recurrent incisional hernia, operative variables, postoperative variables, follow-up and patient-reported outcomes. Clinical outcomes such as hernia recurrence rates were reported in 80 studies (87 per cent). A total of nine different definitions for detecting hernia recurrence were identified. Patient-reported outcomes were reported in 31 studies (34 per cent), with 18 different assessment measures used.

Conclusions

This review demonstrates the significant heterogeneity in outcome reporting in incisional hernia studies, with significant variation in outcome assessment and definitions. This is coupled with significant under-reporting of patient-reported outcomes.

Measuring quality of life in patients with abdominal wall hernias: a systematic review of available tools

INTRODUCTION

Abdominal wall herniation (AWH) is an increasing problem for patients, surgeons, and healthcare providers. Surgical-site specific outcomes, such as infection, recurrence, and mesh explantation, are improving; however, successful repair still exposes the patient to what is often a complex major operation aimed at improving quality of life. Quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes, such as aesthetics, pain, and physical and emotional functioning, are less often and less well reported. We reviewed QOL tools currently available to evaluate their suitability.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature in compliance with PRISMA guidelines was performed between 1st January 1990 and 1st May 2019. English language studies using validated quality-of-life assessment tool, whereby outcomes using this tool could be assessed were included.

RESULTS

Heterogeneity in the QOL tool used for reporting outcome was evident throughout the articles reviewed. AWH disease-specific tools, hernia-specific tools, and generic tools were used throughout the literature with no obviously preferred or dominant method identified.

CONCLUSION

Despite increasing acknowledgement of the need to evaluate QOL in patients with AWH, no tool has become dominant in this field. Assessment, therefore, of the impact of certain interventions or techniques on quality of life remains difficult and will continue to do so until an adequate standardised outcome measurement tool is available.

Ventral Hernia Management in Obese Patients

Ventral and incisional hernias in obese patients are particularly challenging. Suboptimal outcomes are reported for elective repair in this population. Preoperative weight loss is ideal but is not achievable in all patients for a variety of reasons, including access to bariatric surgery, poor quality of life, and risk of incarceration. Surgeons must carefully weigh the risk of complications from ventral hernia repair with patient symptoms, the ability to achieve adequate weight loss, and the risks of emergency hernia repair in obese patients.