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Chen SY, Ho CJ, Lu YT, Lin CH, Lan MY, Tsai MH. The Genetics of Primary Familial Brain Calcification: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10886. [PMID: 37446066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), also known as Fahr's disease, is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bilateral calcification in the basal ganglia according to neuroimaging. Other brain regions, such as the thalamus, cerebellum, and subcortical white matter, can also be affected. Among the diverse clinical phenotypes, the most common manifestations are movement disorders, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric disturbances. Although patients with PFBC always exhibit brain calcification, nearly one-third of cases remain clinically asymptomatic. Due to advances in the genetics of PFBC, the diagnostic criteria of PFBC may need to be modified. Hitherto, seven genes have been associated with PFBC, including four dominant inherited genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) and three recessive inherited genes (MYORG, JAM2, and CMPK2). Nevertheless, around 50% of patients with PFBC do not have pathogenic variants in these genes, and further PFBC-associated genes are waiting to be identified. The function of currently known genes suggests that PFBC could be caused by the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit, the dysregulation of phosphate homeostasis, or mitochondrial dysfunction. An improved understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms for PFBC may facilitate the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jui Ho
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
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2
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Zeng YH, Lin BW, Su HZ, Guo XX, Li YL, Lai LL, Chen WJ, Zhao M, Yao XP. Mutation Analysis of MYORG in a Chinese Cohort With Primary Familial Brain Calcification. Front Genet 2021; 12:732389. [PMID: 34745211 PMCID: PMC8570371 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.732389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a progressive neurological disorder manifesting as bilateral brain calcifications in CT scan with symptoms as parkinsonism, dystonia, ataxia, psychiatric symptoms, etc. Recently, pathogenic variants in MYORG have been linked to autosomal recessive PFBC. This study aims to elucidate the mutational and clinical spectrum of MYORG mutations in a large cohort of Chinese PFBC patients with possible autosomal recessive or absent family history. Mutational analyses of MYORG were performed by Sanger sequencing in a cohort of 245 PFBC patients including 21 subjects from 10 families compatible with a possibly autosomal-recessive trait and 224 apparently sporadic cases. In-depth phenotyping and neuroimaging features were investigated in all patients with novel MYORG variants. Two nonsense variants (c.442C > T, p. Q148*; c.972C > A, p. Y324*) and two missense variants (c.1969G>C, p. G657R; c.2033C > G, p. P678R) of MYORG were identified in four sporadic PFBC patients, respectively. These four novel variants were absent in gnomAD, and their amino acid were highly conserved, suggesting these variants have a pathogenic impact. Patients with MYORG variants tend to display a homogeneous clinical spectrum, showing extensive brain calcification and parkinsonism, dysarthria, ataxia, or vertigo. Our findings supported the pathogenic role of MYORG variants in PFBC and identified two pathogenic variants (c.442C > T, c.972C > A), one likely pathogenic variant (c.2033C > G), and one variant of uncertain significance (c.1969G>C), further expanding the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of PFBC-MYORG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Heng Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bi-Wei Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Su
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin-Xin Guo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun-Lu Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu-Lu Lai
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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3
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Basal ganglia calcification: a Fahr's disease case report. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:3055-3059. [PMID: 34429801 PMCID: PMC8365450 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), known as Fahr's disease, is a rare neurological disorder characterized by metabolic, biochemical, neuroradiological and neuropsychiatric alterations caused by symmetrical and bilateral intracranial calcifications. The disease has, in most cases, an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and genetic heterogeneity. Overlap of neuropsychiatric symptoms is common with movement disorders accounted for 55% of the manifestation. Here we present the case of a 58-year-old woman, presenting to the emergency department because of an accidental fall. Her past medical history was unremarkable and she denied any neurological symptoms a part from insomnia and anxiety. Patient was sent to the emergency department to perform a Brain Computed Tomography (CT) exam that showed bilateral symmetrical calcifications in cerebellar white matter, the corpus striatum, the posterior thalami, and the centrum semiovale of both cerebral hemispheres. Beeing a case of IBGC without relevant symptoms, diagnosis was mainly obtained thanks to the characteristics features of CT examination.
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4
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Tekin Orgun L, Besen Ş, Sangün Ö, Bisgin A, Alkan Ö, Erol İ. First pediatric case with primary familial brain calcification due to a novel variant on the MYORG gene and review of the literature. Brain Dev 2021; 43:789-797. [PMID: 33958240 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the myogenesis-regulating glycosidase (MYORG) gene which is known as the first autosomal recessive gene that has been associated with primary familial brain calcification (AR-PFBC). Although adult patients have been reported, no pediatric case has been reported until now. Herein, we review the clinical and radiological features of all AR- PFBC patients with biallelic variants in the MYORG gene who were reported until now, and we report the youngest patient who has a novel homozygous variant. Since the first identification of the MYORG gene in 2018, 74cases of MYORG variants related to AR-PFBC were evaluated. The ages of symptom onset of the patients ranged between 7.5 and 87 years. The most frequent clinical courses were speech impairment, movement disorder and cerebellar signs. All patients showed basal ganglia calcification usually bilaterally with different severities. Conclusion; herein, we reported the first pediatric patient in the literature who had a novel homozygous variant in the MYORG gene with mild clinic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leman Tekin Orgun
- Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Adana Dr. Noyan Teaching and Medical Research Center, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Şeyda Besen
- Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Adana Dr. Noyan Teaching and Medical Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Özlem Sangün
- Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana Dr. Noyan Teaching and Medical Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Atıl Bisgin
- Cukurova University AGENTEM (Adana Genetic Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center) & Medical Genetics Department of Medical Faculty, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Alkan
- Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Adana Dr. Noyan Teaching and Medical Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - İlknur Erol
- Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Adana Dr. Noyan Teaching and Medical Research Center, Adana, Turkey
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5
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Auburger G, Graeber MB, Ptáček LJ. Welcoming articles on genotype-dependent clinical features and diagnostics. Neurogenetics 2021; 22:103-104. [PMID: 33792798 PMCID: PMC8119393 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-021-00638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Manuel B Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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6
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Gao L, Chen J, Dong H, Li X. A novel mutation in MYORG leads to primary familial brain calcification and cerebral infarction. Int J Neurosci 2021; 132:1182-1186. [PMID: 33372568 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1869000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bilateral calcification mainly in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellar nuclei. Recently, the MYORG gene, as the first autosomal recessive causal gene for PFBC, was reported in six unrelated Chinese families. Patients with PFBC rarely present with cerebrovascular disease. Here, we report a young patient with PFBC who carried a novel homozygous mutation in the MYORG gene presenting with cerebral infarction involving the posterior limb of the right internal capsule. Brain computed tomography (CT) demonstrated symmetric calcifications in the basal ganglia, thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum and frontal lobes. We found one homozygous mutation in the MYORG gene (NM_020702.3 exon2: c.830delC; p.P277Qfs*3) in this patient by Sanger sequencing. Currently, the association of PFBC and cerebral infarction, as well as the physiological role of the MYORG gene, is not clear and worth special attention and further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huifang Dong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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7
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Cen Z, Chen Y, Chen S, Wang H, Yang D, Zhang H, Wu H, Wang L, Tang S, Ye J, Shen J, Wang H, Fu F, Chen X, Xie F, Liu P, Xu X, Cao J, Cai P, Pan Q, Li J, Yang W, Shan PF, Li Y, Liu JY, Zhang B, Luo W. Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in JAM2 cause primary familial brain calcification. Brain 2020; 143:491-502. [PMID: 31851307 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification is a monogenic disease characterized by bilateral calcifications in the basal ganglia and other brain regions, and commonly presents motor, psychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Currently, four autosomal dominant (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, XPR1) and one autosomal recessive (MYORG) causative genes have been identified. Compared with patients with autosomal dominant primary familial brain calcification, patients with the recessive form of the disease present with more severe clinical and imaging phenotypes, and deserve more clinical and research attention. Biallelic mutations in MYORG cannot explain all autosomal recessive primary familial brain calcification cases, indicating the existence of novel autosomal recessive genes. Using homozygosity mapping and whole genome sequencing, we detected a homozygous frameshift mutation (c.140delT, p.L48*) in the JAM2 gene in a consanguineous family with two affected siblings diagnosed with primary familial brain calcification. Further genetic screening in a cohort of 398 probands detected a homozygous start codon mutation (c.1A>G, p.M1?) and compound heterozygous mutations [c.504G>C, p.W168C and c.(67+1_68-1)_(394+1_395-1), p.Y23_V131delinsL], respectively, in two unrelated families. The clinical phenotypes of the four patients included parkinsonism (3/4), dysarthria (3/4), seizures (1/4), and probable asymptomatic (1/4), with diverse onset ages. All patients presented with severe calcifications in the cortex in addition to extensive calcifications in multiple brain areas (lenticular nuclei, caudate nuclei, thalamus, cerebellar hemispheres, ± brainstem; total calcification scores: 43-77). JAM2 encodes junctional adhesion molecule 2, which is highly expressed in neurovascular unit-related cell types (endothelial cells and astrocytes) and is predominantly localized on the plasma membrane. It may be important in cell-cell adhesion and maintaining homeostasis in the CNS. In Chinese hamster ovary cells, truncated His-tagged JAM2 proteins were detected by western blot following transfection of p.Y23_V131delinsL mutant plasmid, while no protein was detected following transfection of p.L48* or p.1M? mutant plasmids. In immunofluorescence experiments, the p.W168C mutant JAM2 protein failed to translocate to the plasma membrane. We speculated that mutant JAM2 protein resulted in impaired cell-cell adhesion functions and reduced integrity of the neurovascular unit. This is similar to the mechanisms of other causative genes for primary familial brain calcification or brain calcification syndromes (e.g. PDGFRB, PDGFB, MYORG, JAM3, and OCLN), all of which are highly expressed and functionally important in the neurovascular unit. Our study identifies a novel causative gene for primary familial brain calcification, whose vital function and high expression in the neurovascular unit further supports impairment of the neurovascular unit as the root of primary familial brain calcification pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Cen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - You Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dehao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Fourth Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lebo Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyang Tang
- Children's Hospital and Department of Biophysics, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Ye
- Children's Hospital and Department of Biophysics, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Neurology, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhui Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianzhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Cai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qinqing Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Wuyi First People's Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jieying Li
- Department of Neurology, Guiyang Second People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuezhou Li
- Children's Hospital and Department of Biophysics, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Palombo F, Graziano C, Al Wardy N, Nouri N, Marconi C, Magini P, Severi G, La Morgia C, Cantalupo G, Cordelli DM, Gangarossa S, Al Kindi MN, Al Khabouri M, Salehi M, Giorgio E, Brusco A, Pisani F, Romeo G, Carelli V, Pippucci T, Seri M. Autozygosity-driven genetic diagnosis in consanguineous families from Italy and the Greater Middle East. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1429-1441. [PMID: 32488467 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autozygosity-driven exome analysis has been shown effective for identification of genes underlying recessive diseases especially in countries of the so-called Greater Middle East (GME), where high consanguinity unravels the phenotypic effects of recessive alleles and large family sizes facilitate homozygosity mapping. In Italy, as in most European countries, consanguinity is estimated low. Nonetheless, consanguineous Italian families are not uncommon in publications of genetic findings and are often key to new associations of genes with rare diseases. We collected 52 patients from 47 consanguineous families with suspected recessive diseases, 29 originated in GME countries and 18 of Italian descent. We performed autozygosity-driven exome analysis by detecting long runs of homozygosity (ROHs > 1.5 Mb) and by prioritizing candidate clinical variants within. We identified a pathogenic synonymous variant that had been previously missed in NARS2 and we increased an initial high diagnostic rate (47%) to 55% by matchmaking our candidate genes and including in the analysis shorter ROHs that may also happen to be autozygous. GME and Italian families contributed to diagnostic yield comparably. We found no significant difference either in the extension of the autozygous genome, or in the distribution of candidate clinical variants between GME and Italian families, while we showed that the average autozygous genome was larger and the mean number of candidate clinical variants was significantly higher (p = 0.003) in mutation-positive than in mutation-negative individuals, suggesting that these features influence the likelihood that the disease is autozygosity-related. We highlight the utility of autozygosity-driven genomic analysis also in countries and/or communities, where consanguinity is not widespread cultural tradition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Palombo
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Graziano
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Al Wardy
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nayereh Nouri
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Craniofacial and Cleft Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Caterina Marconi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pamela Magini
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Severi
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile, DAI Materno-Infantile, AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Neuropsychiatry Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Mohammed Nasser Al Kindi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mazin Al Khabouri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Department of ENT, Al Nahdha Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mansoor Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pippucci
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Seri
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Chen Y, Cen Z, Chen X, Wang H, Chen S, Yang D, Fu F, Wang L, Liu P, Wu H, Zheng X, Xie F, Ouyang Z, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Huang X, Wang F, Huang G, An H, Liang Y, Hong W, Wang A, Huang S, Chen W, Yin L, Yang Y, Huang H, Zeng R, Zhao N, Jiang B, Zhang B, Luo W. MYORG Mutation Heterozygosity Is Associated With Brain Calcification. Mov Disord 2020; 35:679-686. [PMID: 31951047 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic mutations in the MYORG gene were first identified as the cause of recessively inherited primary familial brain calcification. Interestingly, some heterozygous carriers also exhibited brain calcifications. OBJECTIVES To further investigate the role of single heterozygous MYORG mutations in the development of brain calcifications. METHODS A nation-wide cohort of Chinese primary familial brain calcification probands was enrolled from March 2016 through September 2019. Mutational analysis of MYORG was performed in 435 primary familial brain calcification probands who were negative for mutations in the other four known primary familial brain calcification-causative genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1). RESULTS Biallelic MYORG mutations were identified in 14 primary familial brain calcification patients from 10 unrelated families. Interestingly, 12 heterozygous carriers from seven of these families also exhibited mild-to-moderate brain calcifications. Moreover, single heterozygous mutations were detected in an additional 9 probands and in 7 of their family members affected with brain calcifications. In our cohort, clinical and imaging penetrance of individuals with biallelic mutations were 100%, whereas among individuals with heterozygous mutations, penetrance of imaging phenotype was reduced to 73.7% (28 of 38) and clinical penetrance was much lower. Most (34 of 38) remained asymptomatic whereas 4 carriers had symptoms of uncertain clinical significance (nonspecific depression, epilepsy and late-onset parkinsonism). Compared with individuals with biallelic MYORG mutations, individuals with heterozygous mutations had brain calcifications with much lower calcification scores (P < 2e-16). CONCLUSIONS Presence of brain calcifications in individuals with heterozygous MYORG mutations suggested a semidominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. This finding further expanded the genotype-phenotype correlations of MYORG-related primary familial brain calcification. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhidong Cen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhui Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dehao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lebo Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongji Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Geriatric Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital Chengbei branch), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuerong Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangsu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongwei An
- Department of Neurology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Yubing Liang
- Department of Neurology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Weijun Hong
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) Enze Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Pujiang County People's Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuangling Huang
- Department of Neurology, Liping Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Liping, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenhai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Liping County People's Hospital, Liping, Guizhou, China
| | - Lili Yin
- Department of Neurology, Sanmen People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.,Geriatric Department, the Second Clinical Medicine College of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Huayun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Changxing County People's Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruxin Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Cangnan People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Bauer M, Rahat D, Zisman E, Tabach Y, Lossos A, Meiner V, Arkadir D. MYORG Mutations: a Major Cause of Recessive Primary Familial Brain Calcification. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019; 19:70. [PMID: 31440850 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-019-0986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Until recently, the gene associated with the recessive form of familial brain calcification (PFBC, Fahr disease) was unknown. MYORG, a gene that causes recessive PFBC was only recently discovered and is currently the only gene associated with a recessive form of this disease. Here, we review the radiological and clinical findings in adult MYORG mutation homozygous and heterozygous individuals. RECENT FINDINGS MYORG was shown to be the cause of a large fraction of recessive cases of PFBC in patients of different ethnic populations. Pathogenic mutations include inframe insertions and deletions in addition to nonsense and missense mutations that are distributed throughout the entire MYORG coding region. Homozygotes have extensive brain calcification in all known cases, whereas in some carriers of heterozygous mutation, punctuated calcification of the globus pallidus is demonstrated. The clinical spectrum in homozygotes ranges from the lack of neurological symptoms to severe progressive neurological syndrome with bulbar and cerebellar signs, parkinsonism and other movement disorders, and cognitive impairments. Heterozygotes are clinically asymptomatic. MYORG is a transmembrane protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and is mainly expressed in astrocytes. While the biochemical pathways of the protein are still unknown, information from its evolution profile across hundreds of species (phylogenetic profiling) suggests a role for MYORG in regulating ion homeostasis via its glycosidase domain. MYORG mutations are a major cause for recessive PFBC in different world populations. Future studies are required in order to reveal the cellular role of the MYORG protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Bauer
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University, POB 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dolev Rahat
- Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elad Zisman
- Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Tabach
- Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Lossos
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University, POB 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vardiella Meiner
- Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Arkadir
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University, POB 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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11
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Nicolas G, Grangeon L, Wallon D. Reply: New homozygous indel in MYORG linked to brain calcification, thyroidopathy and neuropathy. Brain 2019; 142:e52. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Lou Grangeon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
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12
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Ferreira LD, de Oliveira JRM. New homozygous indel in MYORG linked to brain calcification, thyroidopathy and neuropathy. Brain 2019; 142:e51. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Ferreira
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo M de Oliveira
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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13
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Donzuso G, Mostile G, Nicoletti A, Zappia M. Basal ganglia calcifications (Fahr's syndrome): related conditions and clinical features. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:2251-2263. [PMID: 31267306 PMCID: PMC6817747 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Basal ganglia calcifications could be incidental findings up to 20% of asymptomatic patients undergoing CT or MRI scan. The presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with bilateral basal ganglia calcifications (which could occur in other peculiar brain structures, such as dentate nuclei) identifies a clinical picture defined as Fahr's Disease. This denomination mainly refers to idiopathic forms in which no metabolic or other underlying causes are identified. Recently, mutations in four different genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) were identified, together with novel mutations in the Myogenic Regulating Glycosylase gene, causing the occurrence of movement disorders, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. On the other hand, secondary forms, also identified as Fahr's syndrome, have been associated with different conditions: endocrine abnormalities of PTH, such as hypoparathyroidism, other genetically determined conditions, brain infections, or toxic exposure. The underlying pathophysiology seems to be related to an abnormal calcium/phosphorus homeostasis and transportation and alteration of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Donzuso
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mostile
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nicoletti
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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